Mercury: wani hadari ga mutane. A mafi hatsari da Mercury

A farko bayanai game da mahadi dauke da Mercury, sauko mana daga a tarihi mai nisa. Aristotle ya ambaci shi a karon farko a 350 BC, amma archaeological shaida da shawara wani a baya lokacin da aikace-aikace. Babban wuraren yin amfani da Mercury sun magani, art da kuma gine-gine, samar da Venetian madubai, karfe aiki, da sauransu. D. Yana siffofi mutane gano kawai ta gwaji cewa bukata lokaci mai tsawo da kuma kudin mutane da yawa. Gaskiyar cewa Mercury ne m ga mutane, an san tun farkon da amfani. Hanyoyin zamani da kuma hanyar bincike da yafi tasiri da kuma mafi aminci, amma har yanzu da yawa daga wannan karfe mutane har yanzu ba su sani ba.

sinadari

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, da Mercury - wani nauyi ruwa ne fari, da azurfa, shi nasa ne da karafa an tabbatar M. V. Lomonosovym da I. Brown a 1759. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa a cikin m jihar ne electrically conductive da kuma iya ƙirƙirãwa. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, Hg) a cikin lokaci-lokaci D. I. Mendeleeva yana atomic lambar 80, an located in na shida lokaci, kungiyar 2, da kuma dangantaka da wani tutiya subgroup. Fassara daga Latin sunan zahiri tana nufin "azurfa ruwa" daga Old - "to mirgine." The musamman da suka bambanta da rabi ne riga a gaskiyar cewa kawai ruwa karfe, wanda a yanayi ne a Tarwatsa tsari da kuma na faruwa a cikin nau'i na mahadi. Sauke na Mercury, zamiya a kan dutse, - da sabon abu na ba zai yiwu ba. Matauni taro kashi - 200 g / mol, da atomic radius - 157 pm.

Properties

A 20 ^{° C} da takamaiman nauyi na Mercury ne 13,55 g / ^cm3, da narkewa tsarin da ake bukata ^{game da} -39 C wa tafasar - 357 ^{° C,} ga misãlin -38,89 ° ^C. Karuwan tururi matsa lamba bada high danshin rate . Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, da Mercury tururi ne mai hatsari ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kuma ba wata matsala ba ruwa ko kuma wani ruwa ga tsari. Mai dukiya bukaci a yi - da samun amalgam cewa an kafa ta rushe na karfe Mercury. Tare da manyan yawan jũya semiliquid gami tara jihar. Mercury sauƙi kofofi daga fili cewa an yi amfani da dawo da daraja karafa daga tama. Hade kasar ba za karafa kamar tungsten, da baƙin ƙarfe, molybdenum, vanadium. Chemically Mercury - isasshe resistant memba wanda ya wuce readily a 'yan qasar jihar da kuma reacts tare da oxygen kawai a high yanayin zafi (300 ° ^C). By maida martani da wani acid rushe auku ne kawai a nitric acid da Ruwa regia. Ƙarfe Mercury aka oxidized da sulfur ko potassium permanganate. Yana rayayye reacts tare da halogens (aidin, bromine, sunadarin flourine, chlorine) da kuma wadanda ba karafa (selenium, phosphorus, sulfur). Organic mahadi da carbon zarra (alkyl-Mercury) ne mafi barga tsari da kuma a yanayi. Methylmercury an dauki daya daga cikin mafi guba organometallic mahadi da takaice sarkar links. A wannan jiha, da Mercury Hazard ga mutum ya zama mafi girma.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Idan muka yi la'akari da Mercury matsayin ma'adinai, wanda aka yi amfani da mutane da yawa masana'antu da kuma yankunan da ayyukan mutane, shi ne mai rare karfe. An kiyasta cewa, a cikin farfajiya Layer na duniya ɓawon burodi ƙunshi kawai 0.02% na jimlar adadin ce kashi. Mafi yawa daga cikin Mercury da mahadi ne a cikin teku da kuma ruwayen tarwatsa a cikin yanayi. Recent nazarin ya nuna cewa wani babban abun ciki na wannan kashi ƙunshi Duniya ta alkyabba. A daidai da wannan sanarwa, akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin "Mercury numfashin na Duniya." Yana da yake a cikin shakka daga degassing ta kara danshin daga surface. A mafi Mercury watsi faruwa a lokacin da volcanic eruptions. Daga bisani na halitta da kuma mutum da aka yi watsi kunshe a cikin zagayowar, wanda ya auku saboda da fili da sauran abubuwa a karkashin m muhalli da yanayi. Kan aiwatar da samuwar kuma lalata na Mercury tururi talauci karatu, amma mafi m jarrabawa an dauki hannu na wasu iri kwayoyin. Amma babban matsalar ne methyl da demitil-wanda aka samu mahadi da cewa rayayye kafa a yanayi - a cikin yanayi, ruwa (demersal a cike da laka yankunan ko sassa mafi kwayoyin gurbatawa) - ba tare da sa hannu na catalysts. Methylmercury yana da matukar high kama tare da nazarin halittu kwayoyin. A hatsari Mercury - don haka wannan yiwuwar jari a wani rai gabar saboda shigar azzakari cikin farji da kuma sauƙi na karbuwa.

ajiya

Ma'adanai dauke da Mercury da Mercury yana da fiye da 100, amma wani asali fili wanda ya samar da samar da riba protrudes cinnabar. A kashi sharuddan, yana da wadannan tsarin: sulfur 12-14%, 86-88% Mercury, 'yan qasar Mercury m ores, da dai sauransu metacinnabarite bawa babban sulfide ma'adanai ... Girma cinnabar lu'ulu'u kai 3-5 cm (matsakaicin), ya fi na kowa ne na size 0.1-0.3 mm kuma iya ƙunsar impurities na tutiya, da azurfa, arsenic da kuma kama. D. (20 abubuwa). Ore adibas a duniya akwai game da 500, mafi m filayen a Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Kyrgyzstan. Biyu na asali hanyoyin da ake amfani da aiki tama: hadawan abu da iskar shaka a high zafin jiki don saki Mercury da kuma maida hankali na fara abu bi ta sarrafa sakamakon tattara.

aikace-aikace

Saboda gaskiya cewa hatsarin Mercury tabbatar, tare da 70-ies na XX karni shi iyakance aikace-aikace a magani. An togiya ne thimerosal amfani domin kiyayewar alurar. Amalgam azurfa yau kuma samu a Dentistry, amma an rayayye gudun hijira nunawa like. A mafi tartsatsi amfani da m karfe da ake gyarawa a halittar kida da daidaici kida. Mercury vapors aka yi amfani ga mai kyalli da kuma ma'adini fitilu. A wannan yanayin, da feedback dogara a kan haske watsarwa cover daga cikin gidaje. Saboda da musamman zafi damar ƙarfe Mercury bukatar a samar da high-daidaici ma'auni kida - thermometers. A gami amfani ga yi na matsayin masu auna sigina, bearings, shãfe haske sauya, actuators, bawuloli da kuma kama. D. Biocidal Paint baya ma na dauke Mercury da kuma amfani da su rufe da jirgin ta ƙwanso, wanda ya hana su daga fouling. Chemical masana'antu yana amfani da babban kundin na gishiri da wani kashi a matsayin mai kara kuzari a cikin kasafi na acetaldehyde. A noma sulemu calomel da kuma amfani ga zalunta iri - mai guba Mercury kare hatsi da tsaba daga kwari. A metallurgy, mafi in bukatar amalgam. Mercury mahadi sukan yi amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari ga electrolytic samar da chlorine, Alkali karfe da kuma aiki. Na Gold aiki sinadari da ake amfani da aiki tama. Mercury da mahadi aka yi amfani da kayan ado, a yi madubai da recyclable aluminum.

Yawan guba (da hatsari Mercury)

A sakamakon mutumin da aka yi da mutum aiki a cikin yanayi mai qara maida hankali mai guba abubuwa, pollutants. Wata irin wannan kashi, ya nuna a na farko matsayi a virulence ne Mercury. A hatsari ga mutane da kwayoyin da inorganic mahadi da kuma ta biyu. Wannan tarawa sosai guba guba cewa zai iya tara a cikin jikin mutum ga shekaru ko yi a lokaci guda. Shafa CNS, enzymatic da hematopoietic tsarin, da kuma mataki na guba da kuma sakamako dogara a kan kashi da kuma Hanyar shigar azzakari cikin farji, yawan guba na fili daukan hotuna. Kullum Mercury guba (jari na wani m taro na kaya a cikin jiki) ne halin da astenovegetativnogo syndromes, cuta na juyayi tsarin. A farko ãyõyi ake rawar jiki eyelids, cikin sauki, sa'an nan kuma wata gabar jiki, harshe da kuma jiki. Tare da kara bunkasuwar guba bayyana rashin barci, ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, illa ayyuka na gastrointestinal fili, neurasthenia, memory sosai. Idan akwai Mercury tururi mai guba, da halayyar bayyanar cututtuka masu numfashi cututtuka. Lokacin da fallasa su bã ya yankẽwa sinadaran wakili kasa deducing tsarin cewa zai iya sa mutuwa.

Dalma ta Mercury salts

The fi sauri qoramu da wuya tsari. Alamun: ciwon kai, ƙarfe dandano, zub da jini gumis, stomatitis, ta ƙara urination a lokacin da hankali akan rage da kuma cikakken lõkacin fatara. A tsanani na koda lalacewa halayyar, gastrointestinal fili, hanta. Idan wani mutum zai tsira, shi ko da yaushe za a kashe. A mataki na Mercury da sakamakon a cikin hazo sunadaran da jini erythrocyte hemolysis. Kan bango na wadannan cututtuka akwai komowar lalacewar da tsakiya m tsarin. Irin wannan kashi, kamar Mercury, hatsari ga mutumin da yake a cikin wani nau'i na hulda, da kuma guba effects iya zama irreparable: shafi dukan jiki, da suka iya nuna ma a cikin wadannan al'ummomi.

Hanyoyi na shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin guba

Babban kafofin na guba ne iska, ruwa, abinci. Mercury iya shiga cikin numfashi fili da danshin da kayan daga surface. Good bandwidth yana da fata da kuma gastrointestinal fili. Domin guba isasshe iyo a cikin ruwa, wanda aka gurbata da masana'antu jini dauke da Mercury. cinye abinci mai arziki a cikin sinadaran kashi cewa zai iya samun su daga kamuwa da nau'in (kifi, nama). Mercury tururi mai guba ne yawanci saboda wani sana'a aiki - ba yarda da aminci da suke da alaka da bayanai a kan abubuwa na samarwa. Shin ba togiya da guba a wani gida da muhalli. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da m aiki na na'urorin da kuma kida dauke da Mercury da mahadi.

Hadari na Mercury ma'aunin zafi da sanyio

Da aka fi amfani likita kayan aiki daidaito - a ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, shi ne samuwa a kowane gida. Karkashin talakawa yanayin rayuwa, mafi yawan mutane ba su da damar yin amfani da sosai guba mahadi da suka hada da Mercury. "Fasa ma'aunin zafi da sanyio" - wannan shi ne mafi m halin da ake ciki na hulda da guba. Mafi yawan mu compatriots har yanzu amfani da Mercury thermometers. Wannan shi ne saboda da farko zuwa na daidaiton su kalamai da kuma jama'a shakka daga sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. A cikin hali na Mercury ma'aunin zafi da sanyio lalacewar hatsari ga mutum, ba shakka, amma shi babban an ma fi girma barazana jãhilci. Idan da sauri, da nagarta sosai da kuma yadda ya kamata gudanar da wani jerin sauki jan, da rauni zai iya lalacewa idan, da ƙaramar

.

mataki 1

Da farko, kana bukatar ka tattara duk guda na karya thermometers da Mercury. Wannan shi ne mafi lokaci-cinyewa tsari, amma da aiwatar dogara a kan kiwon lafiya na duk 'yan uwa da kuma dabbobi. Domin dace dashi, dole ne ka dauki gilashin kwalba, wanda dole ne a tam rufe. Kafin fara aiki cikin dakin kawar da duk haya, shi ne mafi kyau je waje ko zuwa wani daki, inda akwai yiwuwar m iska. A tsari na tattara Mercury droplet ba za a iya yi amfani da wani injin tsabtace ko tsintsiya. A karshen iya murkushe wani ya fi girma ƙunshi juzu'i na karfe da kuma tabbatar da wani babban yanki na su rarraba. Lokacin da injin tsabtace shi ne a cikin hatsari a lokacin dumama a lokacin engine aiki, tasiri da kuma yawan zafin jiki hanzarta da danshin daga cikin barbashi da wannan kayan iya sa'an nan ba za a yi amfani da manufar da aka nufa, za ta kawai za a zubar.

jerin ayyuka

1. Sa yarwa roba safar hannu, m mask, takalma inuwõyi ko roba bags ga takalma.
2. Hankali duba wurin da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya karye, idan da yiwuwar akwai na Mercury a kan Textiles, da tufafi, da kyãwãwa, suna tam cushe a cikin wani datti jakar da kuma zubar.
3. Glass sassa faruwa a cikin shirye ganga.
4. Manyan saukad da na Mercury yin amfani da takardar da takarda ko allura saka needles tattara daga bene surface.
5. Amfani da makamai da tocila, ko bunkasa lighting na cikin dakin, shi wajibi ne fadada search for karami barbashi (saboda da launi na karfe, yana da sauki a samu).
6. Hankali yayi nazari jinsi gibba, gidajen abinci dabe, baseboards kawar yiwu samu na karami droplets.
7. A m wuraren da Mercury da yake faruwa a sirinji, to, wanda aka dole a zubar.
8. Kananan droplets daga karfe za a iya harhada tare da m tef, m.
9. A dukkan lokaci na bukatar barin a ventilated yanki ko a cikin titi kowane minti 20.
10. Duk abubuwa da kuma m kayayyakin amfani a cikin tarin Mercury dole a zubar da tare da abinda ke ciki na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio.

mataki 2

Bayan da hankali manual taro wajibi ne don yin sinadaran aiki wurare. Amfani iya zama potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - wani babban taro bayani (duhu launi) a cikin bukata adadin to bi da yankin. Dole bukatar sa sabon latex safar hannu da kuma mask. All saman suna bi da sakamakon bayani ta hanyar Rags, da kuma ciwon sako, Ramin, fasa da kuma gidajen abinci ana mafi kyau ta cika da wani bayani. A 10:00 na gaba mafi kyau ga barin surface a mai tsarki hanya. Bayan wannan lokaci potassium permanganate bayani da aka wanke da ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa, sa'an nan tsabtace tare da wani abu don wanka, kuma a kusa da gida. Next 6-7 days ake bukata don gudanar da wani na yau da kullum airing na gabatarwa da kuma kullum rigar tsaftacewa. Domin tabbatar da rashi na Mercury, za ka iya kira masana da musamman kayan aiki na epidemiology cibiyoyin.

maye hanyoyin kwantar da hankali

WHO Highlights 8 mafi m abubuwa, da abun ciki wanda a cikin yanayi, abinci da ruwa dole ne a hankali da sanya idanu saboda su barazana ga rayuwar mutum da kuma kiwon lafiya. Wannan gubar, cadmium, arsenic, tin, da baƙin ƙarfe, jan, tutiya da, ba shakka, Mercury. Hazard aji na data abubuwa ne sosai high, da kuma sakamakon da guba ne ba zai yiwu ba ga dakatar da su gaba daya. Zaunanniyar magani ne mutum kariya daga m lamba tare da guba. Lokacin da slack da kuma wadanda ba na kullum lokuta na Mercury guba ne excreted a cikin tumbi, fitsari, zufa. Mai guba kashi ne 0.4 ml, m - 100 MG. Lokacin da ake zargin hulɗa tare da guba, dole shafi wani gwani wanda a kan tushen da gwajin sakamakon sanin mataki na maye da kuma rubũta far.