Modern whaling: description, tarihi da kuma aminci

Mene ne whaling? Wannan whaling domin ya sami tattalin arziki, maimakon abinci. Girbe, kuma yi amfani da kifi Whale nama kamar abinci ya fara ne kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na XX karni.

Products whaling

Yau, kowane schoolchild sani cewa whaling fara leɓe mai kumbura samar - Whale mai, wadda aka yi amfani da farko ga lighting, a yi na jute da kuma yadda lubricants. A Japan, da leɓe mai kumbura aka yi amfani a matsayin magani da fara a cikin shinkafa filayen.

A tsawon lokaci, fasahar ta canza kitsen kauda sabon kayan zo. Leɓe mai kumbura aka daina amfani ga lighting muddin akwai kananzir, amma shi haifar da wata abu da ake bukata domin samar da sabulu. Kuma amfani da shi a matsayin wani kari da kayan lambu mai a shiri na margarine. Glycerol, Oddly isa, shi ne byproduct na kau da m acid daga leɓe mai kumbura.

Whale mai amfani a yi na kyandirori, kayan shafawa da kuma kiwon lafiya shirye-shirye da kuma wajen, canza launin pencils, tawada, linoleum, Paints.

Whale nama don dafa abinci da nama tsantsa, ko kamar yadda kashi foda ga abincin dabbobi. Babban masu amfani na Whale nama ga abinci - Japan.

Kashi foda ne har yanzu amfani da matsayin taki a fannin aikin gona.

A Pet abinci ne da ake kira bayani nama broth bayan jiyya a autoclaves, arziki da furotin da kayayyakin.

Whale fata a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na II aka yi amfani da takalma masana'antu domin yi na soles, duk da haka, shi ne, ba kamar yadda karfi kamar yadda al'ada fata.

Jini foda baya amfani saboda da babban abun ciki na nitrogen a matsayin taki, amma saboda da kaddarorin da m - kamar yadda wani m a cikin woodworking masana'antu.

Daga jiki nama Whale gelatin shirya daga hanta - bitamin A, daga pituitary - adrenocorticotropic hormone daga hanjinsu - ambergris. Na dogon lokaci a Japan na pancreatic insulin cirewa.

Shi ke kusan ba amfani whalebone, wanda a wani lokaci aka bukata domin yi na corsets, high wigs, crinolines, umbrellas, kitchen kayayyakinsa, furniture da kuma wasu masu amfani abubuwa. Har yanzu, akwai zane-zane da kuma crafts daga maniyyi Whale hakora, matukin jirgi Whale da kisa Whales.

A takaice, a yau Whales amfani sosai.

A tarihin whaling

A haifuwa daga whaling iya a yi la'akari Norway. Tuni a cikin dutse zane-zane na ƙauyuka dating baya hudu shekara dubu, akwai al'amuran da farauta Whales. Kuma daga can zo na farko shaida na yau da kullum Whale sana'ar kamun kifaye a Turai a lokacin da 800-1000 shekaru BC. e.

A XII karni shi aka farauta a cikin Basque Whales a Bay na Biscay. Daga can, whaling koma arewa to Greenland. The Danes, bi da Birtaniya da kuma farauta Whales cikin ruwa na Arctic. A gabas Coast na Arewacin Amirka whalers zo a cikin XVII karni. A farkon wannan karni guda kama kifi samo asali a Japan.

A waɗannan kwanaki da jiragen ruwa da aka tafiya. Whaling sailboats sun kananan, tare da haske-taƙawa, kuma ba sosai maneuverable. Saboda haka farauta bowhead Whales da Biscay da rowboats hannunka harpoons da kuma yanka su a cikin tẽku, shan kawai leɓe mai kumbura, kuma whalebone. Baya da cewa wadannan dabbobi ne kananan, ba su nutsar, ake kashe, sun za a iya daura da jirgin ruwan da towed zuwa gaci, ko jirgin ruwan. Kawai Japan sun dauka fita zuwa teku flotilla na kananan jiragen tare da raga.

A cikin XVIII da XIX ƙarni, da labarin kasa na whaling masana'antu ya girma, shi kãma kudancin Atlantic, Pacific da kuma Indian tekuna, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Seychelles.
A arewa na whalers fara farautar bowhead da dama Whales, humpback Whales kuma, daga baya, a Greenland, Devisovom mashigar kuma kusa Spitsbergen, a tekuna na Beaufort, Bering da Chukchi.

A lokacin da ya zo a lokacin da hargi da aka kirkiro wani sabon zane, wanda, tare da qananan canje-canje har yanzu akwai, da kuma hargi gun. Around lokaci guda sailing jiragen ruwa da aka maye gurbinsu da tururi, da mafi sauri da kuma maneuverability kuma da yawa ya fi girma. A wannan yanayin, da zan iya ba canza da kuma whaling. 19th karni da ci gaban fasaha ya kai ga kusan cikakkiyar wargajewa da jama'ar na santsi da kuma bowhead Whales, don haka da cewa a farkon gaba karni, ya daina zama Birtaniya whaling a cikin Arctic. farauta cibiyar a kan marine dabbobi masu shayarwa koma cikin Pacific Ocean, to Newfoundland da kuma gabar yammacin Afrika.

A karni na ashirin whaling kai West Antarctic tsibiran. Manyan iyo masana'antu a ƙi bays, daga baya-igiyar ciki tasoshi, tare da zuwan da whalers wanda ba ya dogara da bakin tekun, ya kai ga halittar aiki a cikin teku fleets. New hanyoyin da aiki Whale mai, wanda shi ne na albarkatun kasa a cikin yi na nitroglycerine zuwa Dynamite, ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Whales sun zama, a cikin wasu abubuwa, da dabarun manufa jinsunan.

A shekarar 1946, aka kafa ta kasa da kasa Whaling Hukumar, wanda daga baya ya zama wani aiki jiki na kasa da kasa Yarjejeniyar ga Regulation na Whaling, wanda aka shiga da kusan dukkan kasashen, hakan ma'adinai Whales.

Tun da farkon zamanin kasuwanci whaling har yakin duniya na biyu, da shugabanni, a wannan yanki sun kasance Norway da Ingila, Holland, USA. Bayan da yaki, suka maye gurbinsu da Japan, bi da Tarayyar Soviet.

Harpoons da hargi bindigogi

Daga tsakiyar karni XIX wa yau kasuwanci whaling ba ba tare da hargi gun.

Norwegian whaler Svend Foyn ƙirƙira da hargi gun da wani sabon zane zuwa gare shi. Shi ne mai nauyi da makami a cikin nauyi na 50 kg da kuma tsawon mita biyu, da mashi-gurnati a karshen wanda ake saka kafafu, ja-saukar riga a cikin jiki na Whale, kuma ya kiyaye shi kamar yadda wani anga, hana nutsẽwa. Ibid lazimta karfe akwatin tare da wani foda da kuma gilashin jirgin ruwa tare da sulfuric acid, wanda aiki a matsayin wani fis lokacin da tushe ya barke bayyana clutches cikin wani rauni dabba. Daga baya, da jirgin ruwa da aka maye gurbinsu da wani m detonator.

Kamar yadda kafin, da kuma yanzu harpoons sanya daga musamman na roba Swedish karfe, ba su karya ko da lokacin da ya fi iko jerks Whale. Tare da hargi alaka sturdy tench dama da ɗari mita dogon.

Kewayon da harbe-harben bindiga da ganga tsawon game daya mita da diamita na 75-90 mm tashar kai 25 mita. Wannan nesa ya isa, saboda yawanci jirgin kusata da kifi Whale kusan zo. Da farko gun aka tuhuma da ganga, amma da sabuwar dabara smokeless gunpowder zane canza sai ta zama cajin breech. By zane hargi gun ne ba daban-daban daga talakawa manyan bindigogi da sauki sighting kuma jawo inji, da inganci da tasiri na wuta kamar yadda kafin, da kuma yanzu ya dogara da fasaha na harpooner.

whaler

Tun da shiri na farko tururi da kuma gabatar da duka biyu tururi da kuma dizal whalers, duk da ci gaban fasaha, da manyan ka'idojin da ba su canza. Al'ada whaler yana da m baka da mãsu kauri, mãsu da rushe yadu cheekbones dabaran balance irin, samar ya karu maneuverability, sosai low gefen kuma high forecastle, tasowa gudun 20 kullin (ƙasar 37 km / h). Tururi ko dizal ikon shuka ne game da 5 dubu. L. wani. A jirgin ruwa da aka sanye take da wani kewayawa da search na'urorin.

A makamai qunshi hargi bindigogi, Whale winch domin ja zuwa ga gefen cikin kwampreso domin yin famfo iska a cikin gawa da kuma tabbatar da buoyancy, ko Foynom ƙirƙira dakatar tsarin da nada marẽmari kuma pulleys su hana katsewa a lokacin lin harpooned dabba jerks.

aikin whalers

Canje-canje a cikin yanayi na farauta teku dabbobi masu shayarwa, da kuma ga alama whaling aminci shawara ba a bukata. Amma wannan ba shine al'amarin ba.

Whaling faruwa a arewacin tekuna daruruwan mil daga bakin tekun ko iyo tushe, sau da yawa a lokacin hadiri.

Big iko gudun jiragen farautar manyan Whales. Kawai yi shudi Whale zamani whaler - riga babba fasaha. Kuma a yanzu, duk da bincike da kayayyakin aiki, a zaune a kan mast a cikin "hankaka ta gida" tsaro, da kuma harpooner yana tsammani da shugabanci na motsi na babbar dabba da daidaita zuwa ga gudun, yana tsaye a jagorantar kungiyar. An gogaggen mafarauci iya bi da jirgin ruwan haka da cewa shugaban vynyrnuvshego Whale hadiye iska ne kusa da hanci na jirgin haka kusa da cewa za ka iya duba a babbar dabba ta blowhole. A wannan lokaci, da harpooner watsa da tuƙi kwalkwali da kuma gudanar daga gada zuwa gun. Sa'an nan, ya ba kawai na sa ido da ƙungiyoyi na dabba, amma kuma bayar da umurni da helmsman.

Lokacin da kifi Whale zaglotnuv iska, lowers kansa a karkashin ruwa, a kan surface nuna masa baya, a wannan lokacin da harpooner da harbe, a hankali shan nufa. Yawancin lokaci daya hit bai isa ba, Whale vyvazhivayut kamar kifi, da jirgin samun kusanta zuwa gare shi, kuma ya bi wani sabon harbi.

Gawa winch ya ja har zuwa surface, ta hanyar da bututu da ake inflated tare da iska da kuma makale da iyakacin duniya tare da wani pennant ko alama, wanda aka saka a cikin watsawa, yanke da iyakar da wutsiya filafilin kifi, a yanka a kan fata na serial number da kuma bar wa shiga wani hali.

A karshen farauta duk rugujewa carcasses aka zaba da kuma towed da jirgin-mahaifa ko Coast tashar.

Coast tashoshin

Coast tashar da aka kafa a kusa da manyan zamewa tare da m winch a kan wanda Whales da ake tãyar da yankan da kuma chopping wukake. A garesu na boilers located: a daya hannun - domin kauda da leɓe mai kumbura, da sauran - ga matsin lura da nama da kashi. A kilns kashi da nama mai bayan kauda da bushe kuma aka niƙa nauyi sarƙoƙi na madaukai, wanda aka dakatar a cikin cylindrical makera, sa'an nan milled zuwa foda a musamman Mills da kuma cushe a cikin jaka. Gama kayayyakin da aka adana a cikin warehouses da kuma tankuna. A zamani gaci-saka a tsaye autoclave da Rotary kilns.

Tsari Control kuma leɓe mai kumbura analysis za'ayi a cikin wani sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje.

iyo factory

A lokacin da heyday na iyo masana'antu, wanda yanzu mutuwa fita, sai suka fara amfani da manyan kasuwanci ko canja fasinja jiragen ruwa.

A gawa ne a yanka a cikin ruwa, tayi ta hawa dutsen a kan jirgin ne kawai da m Layer cewa peretaplivalsya a kan jirgin, kuma su carcasses aka jefa shi cikin teku da za a ci abinci da kifi. Coal reserves aka iyakance, ba isa sararin samaniya, don haka da kayan aiki domin samar da takin a kan kotuna ba sa. Carcasses ana amfani irrationally, amma a iyo masana'antu da dama abũbuwan amfãni. Da fari dai, shi bai yi hayan ƙasar domin a tekun tashar. Na biyu, da motsi na da ma'aikata damar isar da leɓe mai kumbura zuwa wurinta a kan wannan jirgin, babu famfo na onshore tankuna.

Tuni a cikin XX karni fara gina teku whaling jirãge cewa suna sanye take da fasahar ta zamani, za su iya a adana manyan hannun jari na man fetur da kuma ruwan sha. Sun kasance-igiyar ciki tasoshin, wanda aka sanya wa kananan whaling fleets.

The fasaha aiwatar da yankan da kuma aiki na kitse a irin wannan tasoshi, duk da bambanci a kayan aiki, ya alla guda kamar yadda a bakin teku tashoshin.

Mutane da yawa masana'antu a can aka misãlin kayan aiki loin Whale nama, wanda aka yi amfani da abinci.

Modern whaling balaguro

Modern whaling aka iyakance ta kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyar a kan kama da duration na farauta kakar, wanda, duk da haka, ba su aiwatar da duk ƙasar.

A tsarin da whaling balaguro jirgin shiga cikin mahaifa, da sauran zamani whaling jiragen ruwa, kazalika da Tsohon soji wanda tsunduma a towing carcasses iyo a cikin masana'antu da kuma isar da abinci, da man ruwa kayayyaki daga sansanoninsu a cikin jirãge tsunduma a search da kuma harbi Whales.

Kokarin da aka yi don neman Whales daga cikin iska. Kyakkyawan bayani ya yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu zuwa kasa a kan bene na babban jirgin, kamar yadda ya yi a Japan.

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, da Whales sun kasance a tsakiyar jama'a juyayi da hankali, da kuma yawan mafi jinsunan saboda overhunting ya ci gaba da samun koma baya. Kuma wannan duk da cewa kusan duk iri whaling kayayyakin riga ya wanzu wucin gadi musanya.

A adadi kaɗan, ci gaba whaling Norway, a cikin yan asali kama - Greenland, Iceland, Canada, Amurka, Grenada, Dominica da St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling a Japan

A Japan, da bambanci ga sauran kasashe ba, har abada tsunduma a whaling, musamman prized Whale nama, leɓe mai kumbura, kuma kawai sai.

A tsarin da zamani Japan whaling expeditions dole hada da mai raba jirgin ruwa, a firiji, wanda aka daskararre mined ko saya daga whalers na Turai nama.

Yi amfani da harpoons farautar Whales da Japan ya fara zuwa ƙarshen XIX karni, da kara girma daga cikin kama a sau da mikawa kama kifi ba kawai a kan tekun Japan, amma kuma a cikin arewa-maso-gabas bakin tekun Pacific Ocean.

Modern whaling a Japan har kwanan nan aka mayar da hankali, yafi a cikin Antarctic.

Whaling flotilla kasashe daban-daban da most yawan kimiyya kayan aiki. Sonar nuna da nisa zuwa Whale da shugabanci na da motsi. Banana ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ta atomatik detects da zazzabi canji a cikin farfajiya yadudduka na ruwa. Tare da bathythermograph sanin halaye na ruwa da talakawa da kuma a tsaye rarraba ruwa zazzabi.

Irin wannan adadin kayayyakin zamani ya sa ya yiwu ya baratar da Japan whaling kimiyya data darajar da fuska da farauta domin dakatar da International Whaling Hukumar zuwa kasuwanci kama jinsunan.

Mutane da yawa ba na gwamnati kungiyoyin duniya, musamman ma Amurka da kuma Australia, an yi tsayayya da Japan don kare miyagun rare jinsunan Whales.

Australia gudanar ya yanke shawara na kotun duniya, wanda ya haramta Japan za su gudanar da whaling a cikin Antarctic.

Japan ke farauta ita Whales da su bankuna, bayanin da hadisai na jihar bakin teku kauyuka na yawan jama'a. Amma yan asali kama kifi da aka jiyar da kawai mutane ga wanda Whale nama ne daya daga cikin manyan iri abinci.

Whaling a Rasha

Pre-neman sauyi Rasha ya ba daga cikin shugabannin na whaling. Whales ganima tsunduma Pomors, mazaunan Kola Larabawa da Chukotka da 'yan asalin mutane.

Whaling a cikin Tarayyar Soviet na dogon lokaci, tun 1932, an mayar da hankali a Far East. A farko whaling flotilla "Aleut" kunshi uku kitobazy da whalers. Bayan da yaki a cikin Pacific sarrafa 22 whaling jirgin ruwa da kuma biyar yankan bakin teku da kwasfansu, da kuma a cikin 60s -. Kitobazy "Far East" da "Vladivostok"

A shekarar 1947, ya zo da gaba da Antarctic whaling jiragen ruwa "Tsarki ya tabbata", wanda aka samu daga Jamus a kan reparations. Its abun da ke ciki da aka sarrafa daffo jirgin da kuma 8 whalers.

A tsakiyar XX karni a cikin yankin sun fara whaling flotilla "Soviet Ukraine" da kuma "Soviet Rasha", da kuma kadan daga baya da "Yury Dolgoruky" da duniya most iyo kwasfanta, tsara don aiwatar up to 75 Whales da rana.

Far whaling Tarayyar Soviet daina a shekarar 1987. Bayan da kungiyar tarayyar buga bayanai a kan take hakki na Soviet fleets IWC Ƙa'idodi.

Yau, a matsayin wani bangare na yan asali kiwon kifi a cikin Chukotka cin gashin kanta District gudanar da jihar bakin teku samar ƙa'ida na launin toka Whales da beluga Whales a IWC yarda bayar Rosrybolovstvo.

ƙarshe

Lokacin da wani ban a kan sayar da kifi, ya fara mai da yawan humpbacks kuma blue Whales a wasu yankunan teku.
Amma da yawan dama Whales a arewacin yammancin duniya har yanzu suna karkashin barazana nau'i nau'i. A wannan kamfani ne bowhead Whales na Okhotsk Sea da launin toka Whales a arewa maso yammacin tekun Pacific. Yana iya zama da latti don dakatar da dabbanci lalata wadannan marine dabbobi masu shayarwa.