Me wani sauki fensir da ake kira "sauki"? Yadda za a yi alama da fensir taurin a kasashe daban-daban?

A rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma aiki, kowane daga cikin mu, a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, bukatar pencils. Ga mutane irin fasahohin matsayin artist, m, fasaha, zanen da draftsman al'amari na irin wannan muhimmanci kamar yadda taurin da fensir.

A labarin da fensir

A XIII karni na farko prototypes na pencils ake yi na azurfa ko gubar. Goge abin da suka rubuta, ko kõma, ba shi yiwuwa. A XIV karni, za mu fara amfani da sanda sanya daga lãka baki allo tas, wanda aka kira "Italian fensir."

A XVI karni a cikin harshen Turanci a garin Cumberland makiyaya bazata zo fadin wani abu ajiya na cewa ya dubi sosai kama da kai. Harsasai da bawo fita daga gare ta ba samuwa, amma Draw da kuma lalata da tumaki suka juya daga mai girma. Graphite karfe, don samar da bakin ciki da sandunansu wasa a karshen, wanda ba a dace domin rubuce-rubuce da kuma ƙwarai washe.

Wani lokaci daga baya daya daga cikin artists lura cewa, zana graphite da sandunansu, lazimta a wata itãciya, fiye da m. Wannan yadda sauki Slate pencils da jiki bayyana. Hakika, babu-daya kuma, kuma ban zaton a lokacin game da fensir taurin.

zamani pencils

A irin a wadda pencils aka sani a gare mu a yau, ƙirƙira a cikin marigayi XVIII karni Faransa masanin kimiyya Nicolas Zhak Konte. A cikin marigayi XIX da farkon XX karni. Da dama muhimmanci canje-canje da aka sanya a cikin zane na pencils.

Saboda haka, Graf Lotar von Faberkastl canja siffar wani fensir hali tare da wani zagaye a kan hex. Wannan rage skatyvaemost pencils da daban-daban karkata saman amfani dashi a rubutun.

A Amurka kirkiro Alonzo Townsend Cross, tunani game da rage adadin consumable abu a fensir da karfe hali da kuma tura zuwa da ake so tsawon na graphite sanda.

Me ya sa yake da muhimmanci don haka taurin?

Duk da a kalla kamar wata sau da cewa a Draw ko jahannama, cewa alkalama iya barin shanyewar jiki da kuma Lines, iri dabam-dabam a cikin launi jikewa da kuma kauri. Irin wannan halaye ne da muhimmanci ga aikin injiniya tarbiyya, domin kowane farko zane da aka yi da wani m itace, misali T2, kuma a karshe mataki - softer, labeled M-2m ƙara da tsabta Lines.

Daidai da muhimmanci shi ne taurin da fensir don artists kuma duka da kwararru da kuma yan koyo. Don ƙirƙirar almara da kuma zayyana amfani da fensir da taushi gubar, da kuma aiki domin matuƙar tsaftacewa - wuya.

Menene pencils?

All alkalama za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu: sauki da kuma m.

Pencils yana da wannan sunan, domin shi ne fasali mai sauqi qwarai, kuma ya rubuta ya fi na kowa graphite fensir, ba tare da wani Additives. All sauran iri pencils ne mafi hadaddun da ake bukata gabatarwar da daban-daban dyes.

Nau'in na canza launin pencils kyakkyawa da yawa ya fi na kowa - shi ne:

• misali launi, wanda zai iya zama ko dai daya mai gefe ko biyu mai gefe.
• kakin zuma.
• kwal.
• watercolor.
• pastel.

Nau'in sauki graphite pencils

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a wani sauki fensir sa fensir graphite. An nuna alama kamar wani fensir taurin fensir gubar, shi ne dalilin rarrabuwa.

Qasashe daban-daban suna da daban-daban markings sanya na nuna taurin pencils, na abin da ya fi yadu amfani da Turai, Rasha da kuma Amirka.

Rasha da kuma Turai lakabtawa chernografitnyh kuma aka sani da pencils, daban-daban daga American gaban kamar yadda na zahiri, kazalika da] aukar dijital.

Don koma zuwa wani fensir taurin a Rasha lakabtawa tsarin, an zaci cewa: T - m M - taushi, TM - talakawan. Don fayyace wannan mataki na softness ko taurin gabatar a kusa da alphabetic, Tazarar dabi'u.

A kasashen Turai, wani sauki fensir taurin kamar yadda denoted da haruffa, dauka daga cikin kalmomi characterizing taurin. Saboda haka, amfani da harafin «B» daga sĩlĩli baƙi daga kalmar (baki), kuma domin da wuya a taushi pencils - harafin «H» daga English taurin scores (taurin). Bugu da kari, akwai kuma an sa alama da F, za daga English lafiya nufi (fineness) da kuma nuna talakawan irin fensir. Yana da tsarin kasashen Turai na lakabtawa haruffa taurin an dauke su da duniya da misali da shi ne ya fi kowa.

A tsarin {asar Amirka, wadda aka ƙaddara da taurin pencils, sa alama ne da za'ayi kawai a Figures. Ina 1 - m, 2 - talakawan, da kuma 3 - m.
A wannan yanayin, idan wani fensir da aka ba a kayyade ba, babu alama, da tsoho, shi nasa ne da wuya-m (TM HB) rubuta.

Abin da kayyade taurin?

Yau, domin yi na fensir gubar graphite fensir amfani kaoline (fari lãka) da kuma graphite. A rabbai daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da za a gauraye a matakin farko na samar da dogara a kan taurin da fensir. A mafi aza fari kaolin yumɓun, da wuya da fensir da aka samu. Idan ya karu adadin graphite, da fensir ne softer.
Bayan da hadawa da dukan zama dole aka gyara na da sakamakon cakuda an ciyar a cikin extruder. Wannan shi ne inda sandunansu kafa da kafa darajar. Sa'an nan calcined graphite sandunan cikin wani musamman makera a cikinsa da zazzabi kai 10 000 ⁰ C. Bayan harbe-harben, da sandunansu ana niyyar baftisma cikin na musamman mai bayani, da samar da wani surface m film.