Na biyu, shugaban kasar Amurka Dzhon Adams: A Biography

Dzhon Adams aka fi sani a matsayin na biyu da shugaban kasar Amurka (1797-1801 biennium). Yana saurayi fadi zuwa cikin mulkin na Biritaniya. Bayan da juyin juya halin, ya zama mashahuri jama'a adadi da kuma jami'an kasar. Tare da tashi daga ofishin shugaban kasar Adams daina za a tsunduma a harkokin siyasa, da kuma shekara da shekaru ya zauna tabbata a cikin ja da baya.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

A nan gaba na biyu da shugaban kasar Amurka da aka haife shi a 1735 a Quincy. By matsayin {asar Amirka, da shi da tushe mai zurfi na sake ma su matsugunni. Kakan kaka Adams tafiya zuwa yamma, ya karbi 40 ekoki na qasa da umurnin Sarki Charles I Stuart.

John aka haife shi a wani noma iyali. Riga kasancewa wani tsohon mutum, ya bar wani babban memoirs da epistolary al'adunmu. A cikin memoirs, na biyu da shugaban kasar Amurka ya yi magana da girman kai game da ubansa, ya kira shi "mafi gaskiya daga cikin mafi gaskiya mutane." Kolonistskoy bisa al'ada, dukan iyali da aka ceton kudi don wani abu to aika da babban dan a kwalejin. A 1755, da shekara Adams sauke karatu daga Harvard. Ya fi so kimiyya fara harsuna, musamman Latin. Ya aka karanta wannan free-tunani marubuta na haske, duka biyu Milton da Voltaire, kazalika da litattafansu - Plutarch da Virgil. Ilimi ya yi ta aiki - Adam ba har wani aiki clergyman, wanda zai haskaka a kan shi bayan koleji.

Malami da lauya

A cikin matasa, Dzhon Adams yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta. Ya ba ya so ya dakatar a can ya fara karatu dokar. A 1758, Adams zama lauya, kuma wannan ya sanã'anta suna don kansu. A nan gaba na biyu shugaban na Amurka ya rayu a Boston - daya daga cikin mafi girma a American birane a lokacin. Akwai bubbling rayuwa, wanda yana nufin mai yawa na aikin for m lauya.

Career jerk for Adams ya fara tsaro na Birtaniya sojojin da suka yi an daure wadannan boren da ya samu title a historiography na Boston Kisa. Wannan gwaji ya faru a 1770. Lauya cika ta tsaro da kuma ceto daga ƙarshe na mutane da dama.

Saka hannu cikin rayuwar siyasa

Adams ta siyasa aiki ya fara a 1765, sa'ad da yake a cikin latsa bayyana rashin biyan bukata da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta zartar da hatimi dokar. Wannan dokar dora ƙarin aikinsu a kan hukumar duk ma'amaloli a yankunan Amirka. A gaskiya ma, Birtaniya sake zuwa amso kudi a kan su a} asashen waje ta Ƙasa. A yi da aka wuce domin rufe rami a cikin kasafin kudin na mulkin, kafa a lokacin da shekaru bakwai 'War a Turai. Tare da zargi na wannan hukunci, har ya bayyana a buga na gaba shugaban na Amurka. Hotuna adana a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na asali jawabi na Independence ma ya ƙunshi ya sanya hannu.

Sa'an nan, a cikin 1776, Adams ya riga shahararren dan siyasa, masani a cikin doka intricacies. Wannan masu sana'a iyawa ne da amfani sosai ga makomar shugaba na Continental Congress, inda Turanci mazauna yanke shawarar karya tare da mahaifiyarsa kasar.

jami'in diflomasiyyar

A lokacin da American Revolutionary War , Adams ya ba a gaban, amma da yawa yi a kan shari'a da kuma diplomasiyya filin. Ya zama daya daga cikin mawallafa na kundin tsarin mulki na sabuwar kafa jihar Massachusetts. Wannan ƙasa kuwa shi ne ƙasar haihuwarmu siyasa, da kuma, ba shakka, ba zai iya ba ka bijire daga kasuwancin gida.

A 1777-1779 gg. Adams shi ne na farko jakadan Amurka a Faransa. Bourbon daular mulkinsu riga gane da 'yancin kai na mazauna a domin raunana matsayi na United Kingdom. Mulkin taimaki Amurkawa da kuma sojojin. Lokacin da yaki ya ƙare tare da shan kashi na Burtaniya, a wani yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu ba kawai a ko'ina, amma a Paris. Akwai, a 1783, kuma ya halarci John Adams, wanda ya dauki wani aiki sashi a jawo sama da maki na yarjejeniya. A wannan ya diplomasiyya aiki bai ƙare. A lauya har yanzu shekaru da dama kamar yadda jakadan Burtaniya, sa'an nan a cikin 1788 ya karshe koma kasarsa.

Mataimakin shugaban

An bayyanar a kan US m siyasa scene Adams zabi mafi nasara. Kamar yadda a kasar da aka jurewa da majalisu canje-canje da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar sarari jihar na tsarin. Bisa ga sakamakon da sauye-sauye a 1789 ya ba da Amurka ta farko shugaba - Dzhordzh Vashington.

Adams shi ne ya fi kusa mataimaki da kuma goyon bayan. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Washington tsaya a mulki, ya gudanar da wurin zama na mataimakin shugaban kasar - matsayi na biyu a cikin burokrasi.

Shugaban kasa

Dzhon Adams (wanda shi ne na biyu shugaban Amurka) an zabe shugaban kasa a 1797, bayan ƙarshen lokaci na ofishin to George Washington. Shi ne mai m zamanin, cike da haske events. Sun American gwamnati ci gaba da neman amincewar kasashen duniya, ci gaba ciki kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma girma arziki.

Kafin Adams babban birnin kasar a Philadelphia, inda, musamman, gudanar da Continental Congress. Duk da haka, a karshen da XVIII karni da aka yanke shawarar gina wani sabon birni da zai zama cibiyar da jama'a, jin dãɗin. Shahararren White House zo a lokacin da matsayin da aka shagaltar da ta biyu Shugaban Amurka. A biography wannan siyasa na cike da wuya yanke shawara.

Lokacin Adams fara diplomasiyya yaki tare da Faransa, da aka bayyana a rikicin fleets na kasashen biyu a cikin tekun Atlantic. Wannan tarihi episode aka mai suna XYZ tafarkin. Lamarin tsanani ya shafa da yanayi a Washington.

A rikici da Faransa ya zargi na Adams girman juyin juya halin Musulunci domin a Paris. A wannan lokaci, da Jacobites hambarar da gwamnatin daular mulkinsu kuma har ma da kisa da na sarki. Bugu da kari, a rapprochement tare da Amurka tafi zuwa ga madawwami abokin gaba na Faransa, Great Britain. Wannan ya faru duk da cewa tsohon tashin hankali tsakanin tsohon uwa kasa da mazauna.

Amirkawa da kuma Birtaniya hannu da Jay yarjejeniyar, da Mafarin wanda shi ne na biyu da shugaban kasar Amurka Dzhon Adams. A kasashen biyu kafa wani fatauci, kuma tun sa'an nan kullum sha'awar su hada gwiwa. A rikici ne da Faransa daraja lalace dangantakar da ke tsakanin Washington da kuma Paris.

'yan shekarun nan

Adams shi ne shugaba kishiya na wani majagaba Thomas Jefferson American siyasa. A 1801, ya zama na uku shugaban Amurka. Adams bar siyasa da kuma daina gudanar da wani posts. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da zama aiki a cikin jama'a sarari yi magana a lokacin da ya kasance mai zaman kansa mutum. Har yanzu matasa Adams fara al'ada na ajiye wani diary. Tare da shekaru da ya tara da wata babbar da kuma invaluable kayan. Memoirs (da aka buga daga baya) sun zama wani muhimmin fount na ilimi game da farko shekaru na zama na Amurka da kuma tallafi na sunadaran don muhimmanci yanke shawara.

Adams mutu cikin salama a 1826 a ƙasarsa ta Massachusetts. Ya kasance shekaru 90 da haihuwa. Zuriyarka kuwa za su tuna da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin jin dadi na Amurka, ya zama halitta na American nationhood.