Nau'in da misalai biogeocoenose. Biogeocoenosis da yanayin kasa

Kalmar "yanayin kasa" da aka gabatar a shekarar 1935 ta A. Arthur Tansley, Birtaniya botanist. Wannan lokaci ya sanya wani rukuni na kwayoyin da suke zaune tare, kazalika da yanayi. A ta definition jaddada karin dogaro da juna, mutunta dangantakar, causal dangantakar data kasance tsakanin abiotic yanayi da kuma nazarin halittu al'umma, hada su a cikin wani irin aikin naúrar. Yanayin kasa, bisa ga masana kimiyyar - wani tarin daban-daban alƙarya da jinsuna daban cewa rayuwa a kan wannan dukiya, kazalika da suke kewaye da matattun Laraba.

Biogeocoenosis - wata halitta samuwar, yana bayyana iyaka. Ya ƙunshi wani sa na biocenoses (wanda yake), wanda ya zauna a wani wuri. Alal misali, a cikin ruwa kwayoyin wannan wuri - ruwa, ga wadanda suka rayu a kan ƙasa, - da yanayi da kuma ƙasa. Kasa za mu dubi misalan biogeocoenose cewa zai taimake ka ka fahimci abin da shi ne. Wadannan tsarin, za mu bayyana a cikin daki-daki. Za ka koyi game da abin da tsarin, abin da suke ra'ayoyi da kuma yadda suka canza faruwa.

Biogeocoenosis da kuma kunsa: bambance-bambance

Don wasu har, manufar "yanayin kasa" da kuma "biogeocoenosis" ne unambiguous. Duk da haka, a cikin sharuddan ba su ko da yaushe daidaita. Biogeocoenosis da yanayin kasa a matsayin ma'ana kasa m, kuma mafi fadi ra'ayi. A yanayin kasa ba a hade tare da wasu iyaka rabo daga surface. Wannan ra'ayi za a iya amfani da su duk barga, kuma matattu tambaya tsarin rayuwa gyara, a cikin abin da akwai wani gida da na waje da'irar da makamashi abubuwa. A yanayin kasa, misali, hada da wani digo na ruwa tare da kwayoyin ne a shi, a tukunya na furanni, akwatin kifaye biofilter aeration tank, da kumbon sama jannati. Amma biogeocenoses ba za a iya kira. An yanayin kasa iya hada 'yan biogeocenosis. Magana game da misalai. Zaka iya zaɓar biogeocoenoses tekuna da biosphere matsayin dukan nahiyar, zone, gona-climatic yankin, yankin, larduna, gundumomi. Saboda haka, za mu iya zaton babu wani biogeocenosis kowane yanayin kasa. Mun same shi ta hanyar Magana game da misalai. Amma wani biogeocoenosis za a iya kira muhalli tsarin. Da fatan da yanzu ka gane da ƙayyadaddu daga wadannan Concepts. "Biogeocoenosis" da "yanayin kasa" sukan yi amfani da interchangeably, amma bambancin da ke tsakanin su ne har yanzu akwai.

Features biogeocoenose

Da yawa iri yawanci zaune a wani daga cikin ƙuntata sarari. Tsakanin su kafa hadaddun da gudana dangantaka. A wasu kalmomin, daban-daban na kwayoyin cewa wanzu a wani sarari, halin da hadaddun musamman physico-sinadaran yanayi ne mai wuyar ganewa tsarin, wanda yana kiyaye fiye ko žasa da dogon lokaci a cikin yanayi. Don fayyace wannan definition, mun lura cewa biogeocoenosis - wata al'umma daga kwayoyin daban-daban jinsunan (tarihi ci gaba), wanda aka nasaba, tare da juna da kuma da matattun yanayi da suke kewaye da su, da musayar makamashi da kuma kome. Biogeocoenose musamman halayyar shi ne cewa shi ne spatially da iyaka kuma fairly uniform a nau'in abun da ke ciki kunshe a shi halittu masu rai, kazalika da a kan wani fanni na daban-daban abiotic dalilai. Zama a matsayin Hadakar tsarin samar da akai akai a cikin kewayon makamashin hasken rana. Matsayin mai mulkin, iyakar da aka kafa a kan iyakar biogeocoenose phytocenosis (shuka al'umma), wanda shi ne ta fi muhimmanci bangaren. Wadannan su ne da manyan siffofin. Biogeocoenose babban rawa. Yana auku a matakin duk matakai na samar da makamashi ya kwarara da kuma wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa a cikin biosphere.

Uku muhalli al'umma kungiyoyin

Main rawa a hulda tsakanin ta daban-daban aka gyara biocoenosis nasa, cewa shi ne, halittu masu rai. Suna raba bisa ga ayyuka a cikin 3 kungiyoyin - decomposers, masu amfani da kuma kera - da kuma aiki kafada da kafada da da biotope (matattun hali) da kuma tare da juna. Wadannan halittu suna da ha ta data kasance links tsakanin su abinci.

Furodusa - wani rukuni na autotrophic kwayoyin. Cinyewa hasken rana makamashi da kuma ma'adinai al'amari daga biotope, suka haifar da shi da farko kwayoyin abubuwa. Wannan kungiyar hada da wasu daga cikin kwayoyin cuta, da kuma shuke-shuke.

Consuments - shi ne heterotrophic kwayoyin, wanda ake amfani da a cikin hanyar shirye-sanya abinci kwayoyin abubuwa hidima su a tushen samar da makamashi da kuma abubuwa da ake bukata da masu amfani da ga rayuwar. Za mu iya koma zuwa gare su kusan dukan dabbobi, shuke-shuke, parasites, da yara na shuke-shuke, kazalika da wasu daga cikin (parasitic) kwayoyin da fungi.

Decomposers decompose sharan matattu kwayoyin, kazalika da kwayoyin cleaved zuwa inorganic abubuwa, game da shi ya dawo zuwa biotope "janye" kera ma'adanai. Wannan, misali, wasu jinsunan unicellular fungi da kwayoyin cuta.

Abinci dangantaka tsakanin muhalli al'umma kungiyoyin

Data kasance tsakanin wadannan uku aka gyara na abinci biogeocoenose dangantakar sanin ko hawan keke na al'amarin, kuma makamashi gudana a cikinsa. Kamawa makamashin hasken rana da kuma mamaye ma'adinai abubuwa, Organic abubuwa haifar da kera. Na su gina jikin su. Kamar wancan makamashin hasken rana ne tuba zuwa cikin sinadaran makamashi. Belly juna da kuma samar da, consuments (herbivorous, parasitic da predatory kwayoyin), game da shi decompose kwayoyin abubuwa. Su yi amfani da su, da kuma ma saki a sakamakon wannan makamashi don samar da ikon rayuwa da kuma gina nasu jiki. Decomposers, cin matattu kwayoyin, sun decompose kwayoyin halitta. Su cire haka suka bukatar makamashi da kuma kayan, da kuma samar da biotope koma inorganic abubuwa. Tun wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa ne da za'ayi a biogeocoenose. Ya daidaito ne key zuwa dogon lokaci wanzuwar muhalli tsarin, duk da cewa da wadata da ma'adanai da aka iyakance in shi.

Dynamic balance tsarin

Halin da tsauri ma'auni dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin kansu, kuma tare da kewaye inorganic yanayi. Alal misali, a cikin shekara a lokacin da yanayi ne m (da yawa rana kwanaki, da dabi'u na zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki ganiya) da tsire-tsire samar da wani ƙara adadin da primary kwayoyin abubuwa. Irin wannan yalwa abinci take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa hakori fara massively ninka. Wannan, bi da bi, ya haddasa karuwa a parasites, kuma da yara da cewa rage yawan hakori. A sakamakon haka, wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a yawan yara, saboda wasu daga cikinsu suna mutuwa daga rashin abinci. Saboda haka, da farko jiha ne a mayar da yanayin kasa.

iri biogeocoenose

Biogeocoenosis iya zama halitta da kuma wucin gadi. The iri na karshen ne agrobiocenoses da kuma birane biogeocoenoses. Bari mu zauna a kan kowane daga cikinsu.

biogeocoenosis halitta

Lura cewa kowane halitta halitta biogeocoenosis - wani tsarin da cewa ya ci gaba a kan lokaci - dubbai kuma miliyoyin shekaru. Saboda haka, duk ta abubuwa suna "lapped" to juna. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa zaman lafiyar da biogeocoenose daban-daban canje-canje faruwa a yanayi, shi ne sosai high. "Ƙarfin" yanayin kasa ba Unlimited. Mai zurfi da kuma kaifi canje-canje a cikin yanayi na zama, sun rage yawan jinsunan kwayoyin (msl, a sakamakon manyan-sikelin ciniki nau'in amfanin ƙasa) take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa ma'auni iya gaji da damuwa da kuma iya a hallaka su. A wannan yanayin akwai wani canji biogeocenosis.

agrobiocenoses

Agrobiocenoses - musamman al'umma da kwayoyin da cewa ci gaba, a yankunan da amfani da mutane don aikin noma (dasa, amfanin gona na horar da shuke-shuke). Furodusa (shuke-shuke), da bambanci ga halitta look biogeocenosis, wakilta nan ta daya irin na amfanin gona girma da mutum, kazalika da wani yawan sako jinsunan. A iri-iri na herbivorous dabbobi (hakori, da tsuntsaye, kwari da sauransu. N.) ma'anar ciyayi. Wannan shi ne nau'in da za a iya ciyar a kan girma a cikin agrobiocenoses shuke-shuke, da kuma zama cikin sharuddan al'adunsu. Wadannan yanayi ƙayyade gaban sauran jinsunan dabbobi, shuke-shuke, kwayoyin da fungi.

Agrobiocenosis dogara da farko daga ayyukan mutane (hadi, nõmansa, ban ruwa, pesticide handling, da dai sauransu ..). Biogeocoenose kwanciyar hankali na wannan irin rauni - ya sauri halaka ba tare da ɗan adam baki. Wannan shi ne saboda a wani bangare da gaskiyar cewa amfanin gona shuke-shuke suna da yawa fiye da whimsical fiye da daji. Saboda haka, ba za su iya gasa tare da su.

birane biogeocoenoses

Urban biogeocoenoses ne na musamman sha'awa. Wannan shi ne wani irin mutum ya kunsa. A matsayin misali, Parks. Key muhalli dalilai, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da agrobiocenoses, ne mutum da aka yi a cikin su. Species abun da ke ciki na shuke-shuke ma'anar da mutum. Ya sanya su kuma kula da su da kuma magani. A mafi sosai bayyana muhalli canje-canje a garuruwan - Temperatuur karuwa (2 zuwa 7 ° C), da takamaiman halaye na ƙasa da na yanayi abun da ke ciki, da wani yanayin zafi, haske tsanani, da iska mataki. Duk wadannan abubuwan da samar da birni biogeocoenoses. Wannan ne mai matukar ban sha'awa da kuma takamaiman tsarin.

Misalai biogeocoenose yawa. Daban-daban tsarin bambanta da juna a cikin nau'in abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin, kazalika da kaddarorin na matsakaici da suke rayuwa a. Misalai biogeocoenose, wanda za a tattauna a daki-daki, - wani deciduous gandun daji da kandami.

Masu raunin juriya gandun daji a matsayin misali biogeocoenose

Masu raunin juriya gandun daji ne mai hadaddun muhalli tsarin. A tsarin biogeocoenose a cikin wannan misali ya hada da irin nau'in yadda itacen oak, Beech, Linden, hornbeam, Birch, Maple, ash, Aspen da sauran itatuwa, wanda ya zubar ganye a cikin fall. Da dama tiers na tsaye a cikin gandun daji: low kuma high woody, mossy ƙasa murfin, ciyawa, shrubs. Shuke-shuke da zauna cikin manya tiers ne karin haske-ƙauna. Su ne mafi resistant zuwa hawa da sauka a cikin zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki, maimakon da wakilan da ƙananan tiers. Mosses, ciyawa kuma shrubs inuwa-m. Sun zama a faɗuwar rana na bazara, da hoton bayan ka tura da itãce da itatuwa. Zuriyar dabbobi kwance a ƙasa surface. An kafa na jera bazu sharan, rassan Bishiyoyi, auku ganye, matattu ciyawa.

Forest kunsa, ciki har da deciduous gandun daji ne halin da mai arziki fauna. Suna sanaki yawa kamar bĩga hakori, da yara (bear, Badger, fox), zemleroyuschih insectivores. Akwai ma zaune a kan itatuwa dabbobi masu shayarwa (kurege, kurege, Lynx). Deer, Elk, deer wani bangare ne na rukuni na manyan herbivores. Boars ne mai tartsatsi ne. A daban-daban yadudduka da gandun daji da tsuntsaye gida: kututturan, a bushes, a kan ƙasa, ko a kan fi bishiyoyi, da kuma a cikin hollows. Akwai da dama na kwari ciyar a kan ganye (misali, waƙoƙi), da kuma katako (haushi beetles). A babba yadudduka na kasar gona, kazalika a cikin zuriyar dabbobi rayuwarsu, fãce kwari, kuma, wata babbar dama sauran vertabrate (mites, earthworm, kwari larvae), da yawa daga jikin kwayoyin cutar da fungi.

Pond a matsayin biogeocoenosis

La'akari da yanzu kandami. Wannan misali ne biogeocoenose, kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin yanayi wanda shi ne ruwa. Manyan iyo ko rooting shuke-shuke (pondweed, ruwa furannin bi-rana, kyauro) shirya a cikin kududdufi tafkunan. Kananan iyo shuke-shuke rarraba a ko'ina cikin ruwa shafi zuwa zurfin to wanda haske yake shiga. Wannan shi ne yafi algae, kira phytoplankton. Su ne wani lokacin mai yawa, a sakamakon wanda da ruwa ne kore, "blooms". A jam'i na blue-kore, kore algae da diatoms kunshe ne a cikin phytoplankton. Tadpoles, kwari larvae, herbivorous kifi, crustaceans ciyar a kan amfanin gona sharan ko rai shuke-shuke. Kifi da predatory kwari ciyar a kan kananan dabbobi. Kuma ga herbivorous da karami predatory kifi farauta manyan ganima. Rubabben kwayoyin halitta kwayoyin (fungi, flagellates, kwayoyin) suna yadu rarraba a ko'ina cikin kandami. A musamman, da yawa daga gare su, a kan kasa, domin akwai tara guntattakin matattu shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Kwatanta da misalai biyu

Gwada misalai biogeocoenose, muna ganin yadda jũna, kuma a cikin nau'in abun da ke ciki da kuma bayyanar da yanayin kasa na kandami da kuma dazuzzuka. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin cewa zauna su, a daban-daban mazauninsu. A kandami ne ruwa da iska, a cikin gandun daji - gona da iska. Duk da haka, aikin kungiyoyin na kwayoyin ne da irin. A cikin gandun daji kera - shi ne mosses, ciyawa, Bishiyoyi. a cikin wani kandami - iyo shuke-shuke da kuma algae. A cikin gandun daji na consuments hada da kwari, tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da kuma sauran halittu sun inhabiting zuriyar dabbobi da kuma ƙasa. By da masu amfani da a cikin kandami ne da dama halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, kwari, crustaceans, carnivorous da herbivorous kifi. A cikin gandun daji decomposers (kwayoyin da fungi) ne terrestrial siffofin, kuma a cikin kandami - ruwa. Lura kuma cewa kandami, kuma deciduous gandun daji - wata halitta biogeocoenosis. Misalai na wucin gadi nakalto a sama.

Me biogeocoenoses bi da juna?

Biogeocoenosis ba zai iya zama har abada. Shi ne makawa jima ko daga baya maye gurbinsu da wani. Wannan shi ne saboda canje-canje a cikin matsakaici da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da mutum a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, canza yanayin damina.

MISALI canji biogeocoenose

La'akari da matsayin misali al'amarin, a lõkacin da suka kansu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne dalilin yanayin kasa canji. Wannan ya magance dutsen ciyayi. Na bayar da muhimmanci a farkon matakai na wannan tsari ya weathered kankara: m rushe ma'adanai da kuma gyara su sinadaran Properties, halakarwa. A muhimmanci sosai irin rawa da farko natsuwa a farkon matakai na: algae, kwayoyin, crustose lichens, blue da kuma kore. Furodusa ne blue-kore algae a cikin abun da ke ciki na lichens da kuma algae free-rai. Sun haifar da kwayoyin halitta. Blue-kore daga iska dauki nitrogen da wadãtar da su har yanzu m ga mazauninsu. Lichens ake narkar da secretions na Organic acid bedrock. Sun bayar da gudunmawa ga gaskiya cewa abubuwa na ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki a hankali tara. Fungi da kwayoyin da halaka su da kera kwayoyin abubuwa. A karshen ne ba gaba daya mineralized. A hankali tara cakuda kunsha na ma'adinai da kuma Organic mahadi da nitrogen-arziki shuka sharan. Yana halitta da yanayi na zama na bushy lichens da kuma mosses. Accelerating da aiwatar da jari na nitrogen da kwayoyin halitta, a turɓãya, sai wãbilin.

Kafa wani m al'umma da cewa zai iya zama a cikin wannan maƙiya yanayi. Don yanayi mai wahala da na duwatsu suna da kyau saba farko natsuwa - kuma suka gagara sanyi da zafi, da kuma Dry. A hankali su canza yanayi, samar da yanayi na samuwar sabuwar alƙarya. Bayan bayyana herbaceous shuke-shuke (Clover, ciyawa, sedges, Bell et al.), Tsauraran gasar domin gina jiki, haske da ruwa. A wannan gwagwarmaya, majagaba, natsuwa gudun hijira da sabon nau'in. Shrubs shirya domin ganye. Su acikin sarƙa asallanta kunno kai gona. Forest al'ummomi an maye gurbinsu da ciyawa da kuma shrub.

A lokacin dogon aiwatar da ci gaba da kuma canza biogeocoenose yawan ta bijiro da batun kafa jinsunan halittu hankali kara. Zama mafi hadaddun al'umma, kuma da m ne ta abinci yanar gizo. Kara bambancin da links cewa wanzu tsakanin kwayoyin. All Fuller al'umma yana amfani da muhalli da albarkatun. Kamar wancan ne tuba a cikin wani balagagge, wanda yana da kyau saba da muhalli da yanayi da kuma yana da wani kai-tsari. Yana daga alƙarya da nau'in sake bugawa da kuma sauran jinsunan ba maye gurbinsu. Dubban shekaru sun bayyana canji yana biogeocenosis. Duk da haka, akwai canjawa da suke faruwa a gaban ƙarni guda kawai. Alal misali, shi ne overgrown da kananan tafkunan.

Saboda haka, za mu yi magana game da abin da yake biogeocoenosis. Misalai na bayanin ba sama, samar da wani gani wakilci shi. Duk da cewa muna gaya, yana da muhimmanci ga fahimtar da topic. Biogeocenosis iri, su tsari, halaye, da misalai - duk wadannan ya kamata a bincika don ya zama Mafi sani game da su.