Organelle - shi ne ... ayyuka, tsarin da wasu gabbansa

Organelle - akai samuwar a cikin cell cewa ya aikata wani takamaiman aiki. Su kira wasu gabbansa. Organelle - wannan shi ne abin da damar da cell zuwa rayuwa. A wannan hanya kamar yadda dabbobi da mutane suke yi har na gabobin, don haka kowane cell da aka hada da wasu gabbansa. Su ne bambancin da kuma cika dukan ayyukan da cewa samar da tantanin halitta rayuwa: wannan ne metabolism, da kuma ajiya na, da kuma division.

Mene ne wasu gabbansa?

Organelle - wani hadadden tsarin. Wasu daga cikin su ma suna da nasu DNA da RNA. A duk Kwayoyin akwai mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, da cell cibiyar, da na'ura (hadaddun) Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Tsire-tsire kuma da takamaiman salula da wasu gabbansa: da vacuole da plastids. Wasu koma zuwa wasu gabbansa da microtubules da microfilaments.

Organelle - shi ne ribosome, da kuma vacuole da cell cibiyar, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Bari mu dauki wani kusa look at tsarin da kuma aiki na da wasu gabbansa.

mitochondria

Wadannan wasu gabbansa samar da tantanin halitta da makamashi - su ne alhakin salula numfasawa. Su ma suna da shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da kuma fungi. Wadannan biyu salula da wasu gabbansa da membranes: waje da ciki, wanda shi ne tsakanin intermembrane sarari. Mene ne a ciki da harsashi, da ake kira mai matrix. Akwai da dama daga enzymes - abubuwa wajibi ne ga accelerating sinadaran halayen. A ciki membrane yana da folds - cristae. Shi ne a kan su, kuma da aiwatar da salon salula numfasawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin mitochondrial matrix ne mitochondrial DNA (cDNA) da kuma mRNA da ribosome ma kamar irin waɗanda na prokaryotic Kwayoyin.

ribosome

Wannan organelle alhakin fassarar tsari, a cikin abin da mutum amino acid daga cikin sunadaran hada. A tsarin da ribosome organelle sauki fiye da mitochondria - ba shi da wani membrane. Wannan organoid kunshi sassa biyu (subunits) - ƙanana da manyan. Lokacin da ribosome m, suka rabu da kuma lokacin da ya fara haduwa gina jiki - a hade. Har ila yau, zai iya zo tare da kuma da dama ribosomes, idan polypeptide sarkar, hada da su, shi ne sosai dogon. Wannan tsari ne da ake kira "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

Wasu gabbansa aiki na da irin wannan an rage wa aiwatar da salon salula narkewa. Lysosomes mallaka daya membrane cikin waxanda suke enzymes - catalysts na sinadaran halayen. Wani lokaci wadannan da wasu gabbansa ba kawai aka narkewar gina jiki, amma kuma nike dukan halitta. Wannan na iya faruwa a lokacin tsawo azumi Kwayoyin da kuma damar ta zuwa rayuwa don wani lokaci. Ko da yake idan na gina jiki har yanzu ba a fara hallara, tantanin halitta ya mutu.

Cell cibiyar: sifa da aiki

Wannan organelle da aka hada da sassa biyu - da centrioles. Wannan ilimi a cikin nau'i na cylinders, kunsha na microtubules. Cell cibiyar - mai da muhimmanci sosai organelle. An hannu a cikin samuwar mitotic dogara sanda. Bugu da kari, ya ce cibiyar microtubule kungiyar.

Golgi image

Yana da wani hadadden faifai-dimbin yawa membrane sacs kira cisternae. The aiki na wannan organelle suna kasawa, da kuma yin Adanar na wasu abubuwa. Hada su ne yafi carbohydrates, wanda wani bangare ne na glycocalyx.

Tsari da kuma aiki na endoplasmic reticulum

Yana da wani cibiyar sadarwa na shambura da kuma Aljihuna kewaye da wani membrane. Akwai iri biyu endoplasmic reticulum: santsi da kuma m. A surface, da karshen located ribosome. Bayar da m reticulum yi daban-daban ayyuka. Na farko shi ne alhakin da kira na ji ba gani, ajiya da kuma hira carbohydrates. Bugu da ƙari, akwai an kafa rudiments vacuoles - wasu gabbansa musamman domin shuka Kwayoyin. M endoplasmic reticulum ƙunshi ribosomes a kan bãyan tẽkun, wanda samar da polypeptide sarkar amino acid. Sa'an nan kuma ya shiga cikin endoplasmic reticulum, kuma akwai aka kafa a wasu sakandare, manyan da quaternary tsarin da gina jiki (sarkar yadda ya kamata Twisted).

vacuoles

Wannan organelle na shuka Kwayoyin. Bã su da wani guda membrane. Su tara da cell sap. A vacuole wajibi ne don kula turgor. Tana kuma da hannu a cikin tsari na osmosis. Bugu da kari, akwai contractile vacuole. Suna dauke da yafi a unicellular kwayoyin da suke zaune a ruwa, da kuma zama wata famfo efflux daga Kwayoyin wuce haddi ruwa.

Plastids: jinsunan, sifa da aiki

Haka ma, wani organelle na shuka Kwayoyin. Su na uku iri: leucoplasts, chromoplasts da chloroplast. A farko ana amfani da su adana abinci reserves, yafi sitaci. Chromoplasts dauke da daban-daban pigments. Godiya a gare su, da shuke-shuke multicolored petals. Yana da ake bukata by jiki da fari domin jawo hankalin pollinating kwari.

Chloroplast - mafi muhimmanci plastids. The most yawan su ne a cikin ganye, kuma mai tushe na shuke-shuke. Su suke da alhakin photosynthesis - sarkar sunadarai halayen a cikin tsari na da jiki samun kwayoyin inorganic abubuwa. Wadannan wasu gabbansa da biyu membranes. Matrix chloroplast kira "stroma". Yana dauke da plastid DNA, RNA, enzymes, da kuma sitaci kunnawa. membranous Tsarin a cikin nau'i na tsabar kudi - thylakoids suna located in chloroplast. Tu su, kuma photosynthesis. Yana kuma ƙunshi chlorophyll, abin da hidima a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga sinadaran halayen. Thylakoids na chloroplast ake hada cikin wani tari - grana. Har ila yau, da wasu gabbansa da suke lamellae wanda suke juna mutum thylakoids da kuma samar da sadarwa therebetween.

organelle motsi

Suna halin da yafi ga guda-celled kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da flagella da cilia. A farko ba a Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Har ila yau ba a cikin maniyyi flagella dabbobi. Cilia da ciliates da sauran unicellular kwayoyin.

microtubules

Sun bayar da kai daga abubuwa, kazalika da m nau'i na wani cell. Wasu masana kimiyya siffantãwa da microtubules da wasu gabbansa.