Oxides, salts, da kwasfansu, acid. Kadarorin oxides, da kwasfansu, acid, salts

Modern sinadaran kimiyya ne a fannoni a dama, kuma kowane daga cikinsu, a cikin Bugu da kari ga msar tambayar tsarin, shi ne na girma m muhimmancin, m. Duk abin da ka taba, kome a kusa da - kayayyakin da sunadarai samar. Babban sassan - shi ne wani inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai. Ka yi la'akari da abin da babban azuzuwan mahadi ake magana a kai a matsayin inorganic, da kuma abin da kaddarorin da suka yi.

Babban Categories inorganic mahadi

Don wadanda yarda to da wadannan:

1. Oxides.
2. Gishiri.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Kowace daga cikin azuzuwan da aka wakilta wani babban iri-iri na inorganic mahadi, kuma yana da wata daraja kusan a kowane tsarin tattalin arziki da kuma masana'antu da ayyukan mutum. Dukkan manyan Properties halayyar wadannan mahadi, kasancewa a cikin yanayin da yin karatu a makaranta sunadarai ba shakka shi ne m, a maki 8-11.

Akwai janar tebur na oxides, salts, da kwasfansu, acid, wanda suke misalai na kowanne daga cikin abubuwa da kuma su bayyana na tari, kasancewa a yanayi. A kuma nuna da hulda da kwatanta sinadaran Properties. Duk da haka, za mu yi la'akari da kowane daga cikin azuzuwan dabam da kuma a cikin mafi daki-daki.

A rukuni na mahadi - oxides

Oxides - wani aji na inorganic mahadi kunsha na biyu abubuwa (binary), daya daga wanda yake shi ne ko da yaushe Yã (oxygen) daga cikin ƙananan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar -2, a tsaye a karo na biyu wuri a cikin empirical dabara fili. Misali: N ₂ Ya _5, Cao da sauransu.

A oxides suna classified kamar haka.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - shi ne ba su iya kafa salts.

II. Salt-kafa - suna iya kafa salts (tare da kwasfansu, amphoteric mahadi da juna acid).

1. Acid - a lokacin da ya sa a cikin ruwa don samar da acid. Nonmetals sau da yawa kafa ko karafa da wani babban CO (hadawan abu da iskar shaka).
2. Key - form tushe a ruwa ya shiga. Kafa karfe kashi.
3. Amphoteric - nuna acid-tushe biyu yanayi, wanda aka ƙaddara ta dauki yanayi. Kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya karfe.
4. Mixed - sau da yawa koma zuwa salts da kuma kafa abubuwa da dama hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi.

Higher oxide - shi ne wani oxide, cikinsa da kafa memba ne a cikin iyakar hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. MISALI: Te ^_+6. Domin tellurium iyakar hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +6, yana nufin TeO ₃ - mafi girma oxide ga wannan kashi. A lokaci-lokaci tsarin na abubuwa domin kowane rukunin hannu janar empirical dabara nuna babba oxide ga dukkan abubuwa a cikin ƙungiyar, amma kawai babban subgroup. Alal misali, a farko rukuni na abubuwa (Alkali karafa) ne dabara da siffan R ₂ Ya, wanda ya nuna cewa duk da abubuwa na babban subgroup wannan kungiya zai samu irin wannan dabara ne mafi girma oxide. MISALI: RB ₂ Ya, Cs ₂ Ya kuma haka a.

mu sami m hydroxide A mafi girma oxide narkewa a cikin ruwa (Alkali, acid ko amphoteric hydroxide).

halaye oxides

Oxides iya zama a cikin wani Jihar tari a talakawa yanayi. Mafi yawansu ba su ne a wani m crystalline ko foda siffan (Cao, Sio ₂₎ wasu CO (acid oxides) samu a cikin nau'i na taya (mn ₂ Ya ₇₎ da kuma iskar gas (NO, NO _2). Wannan shi ne saboda da crystal raga tsarin. Saboda haka, bambanci a ruwan maki kuma narkewa maki cewa bambanta tsakanin daban-daban da wakilan -272 ⁰ C zuwa 70-80 ⁰ C (da kuma wani lokacin mafi girma). A solubility a ruwa dabam.

1. Narkewa - asali karfe oxides, da aka sani da alkaline, alkaline ƙasa, kuma duk acid da wasu fiye da silicon oxide (IV).
2. Insoluble - amphoteric oxides, duk sauran asali da kuma Sio _2.

Abin da oxides amsa?

Oxides, salts, da kwasfansu, acid nuna irin wannan Properties. Janar Properties na kusan duk oxides (sai nesoleobrazuyuschih) - wannan ikon kamar yadda sakamakon takamaiman interactions da nunawa daban-daban salts. Duk da haka, domin kowane rukuni na oxides hankula su takamaiman sinadaran halaye nuna Properties.

A Properties daga cikin daban-daban kungiyoyin oxides

Basic oxides - Oktoba	Acidic oxides - CO	Dual (amphoteric) oxide - AO	A oxides ba nunawa salts
1. halayen da ruwa: samuwar alkalis (oxides Alkali da alkaline duniya karafa) Fr 2 Ya + ruwa = 2FrOH 2. halayen da wani acid: samuwar salts da ruwa acid + Ni + n Yã = H 2 Ya + gishiri 3. Reaction da CO, da samuwar salts da ruwa lithium oxide + nitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. The halayen sakamakon a cikin abubuwa canza CO Ni + n Yã + C = ni + CO 0	1. reagent ruwa: acid samuwar (Sio 2 togiya) CO + ruwa = acid 2. halayen da kwasfansu: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 Ya 3. halayen da asali oxides: gishiri samuwar P 2 Ya 5 + 3MnO = mn 3 (PO 3) 2 4. halayen OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Nuna dual Properties mu'amala kan acid-tushe Hanyar (tare da acid, alkalis, asali oxides da kuma acid oxides). Tun da ruwa ba ya zo a cikin lamba. 1. Da wani acid: samuwar salts da ruwa AO + acid = gishiri + H 2 Ya 2. sansanonin (Alkali): samuwar hydroxo Al 2 Ya 3 + LiOH + ruwa = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Reaction da acidic oxides: Shiri na salts FeO + SO 2 = FeSO 3 4. Reaction da GA: samuwar salts Fusion MnO + RB 2 Ya = RB 2 biyu gishiri MnO 2 5. Halayen Fusion tare da alkalis kuma Alkali karfe carbonates kamar yadda salts samuwar Al 2 Ya 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 Ya	Samar da ba acid kuma alkalis. Nuna musamman Properties tsallaka.

Kowane babba oxide kafa kamar yadda da karfe, kuma nonmetal, narkewa a cikin ruwa, ba mai karfi acid ko Alkali.

Organic acid da kuma inorganic

A gargajiya sauti (bisa Ed matsayi - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius acid) - wannan fili a wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici to dissociate da H ⁺ cations da anions acid sharan An ^-. Yau, duk da haka, a hankali karatu acid da kuma karkashin anhydrous yanayi, don haka akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban theories kamar yadda ya hydroxides.

Empirical dabara oxides, da kwasfansu, acid, salts kara kawai na alamomin abubuwa da fihirisa nuni da adadin su a cikin abu. Alal misali, inorganic acid bayyana ta da dabara H ⁺ acid saura ^n-. Organic abubuwa da daban-daban msar tambayar Taswirar. Bayan empirical, za a iya rubuta su cika da takaice tsarin dabara, wanda zai gani ba kawai abun da ke ciki da yawa daga cikin kwayoyin, amma domin na tsari na kwayoyin halitta, da dangantaka da juna da kuma wani babban aikin kungiyar for carboxylic acid -COOH.

A duk inorganics acid ya kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCI da sauransu.
• oxygen (oxo acid) - HClO ₃ da kuma duk inda akwai oxygen.

Har ila yau inorganic acid classified da kwanciyar hankali (barga ko barga - duk fãce carbonic da sulphurous, maras tabbas ko m - da kuma sulphurous ci). By da karfi na karfi acid na iya zama: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, da sauransu, kazalika da rauni: hydrogen sulfide, da hypochlorous da sauransu.

Yana ba da irin wannan iri-iri na yayi kwayoyin sunadarai. A acid din da suke kwayoyin a cikin yanayi, suna carboxylic acid. Su kowa alama - gaban aikin kungiyar COOH. Alal misali, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) da sauransu.

Akwai da dama daga acid, wanda ke mayar da hankali musamman hankali lokacin da la'akari da wannan batu a cikin makaranta sunadarai hanya.

1. Gishiri.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Coal.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. Acetic acid ko ethane.
9. Butane ko man fetur.
10. Benzoic.

10 Waɗannan acid ne muhimman hakkokin sunadarai abubuwa m aji a wata makaranta hanya, da kuma a general, a masana'antu da kuma syntheses.

Properties na inorganic acid

Babban jiki Properties dole ne a dangana farko, kuma farkon wani daban-daban jihar tari. Lalle ne, akwai da dama na acid da ciwon nau'i na lu'ulu'u ko powders (boric, phosphoric) a karkashin al'ada yanayi. Mafiya yawa na sanannun inorganic acid ne daban-daban ruwa. Ruwan da dab yanayin zafi ma bambanta.

Acid iya sa mai tsanani konewa, tun suna da wani karfi lalata kwayoyin nama da kuma fata. Domin ganewa na acid amfani Manuniya:

• methyl orange (a cikin saba yanayi - orange a acid - ja)
• Litmus (a tsaka tsaki - Violet a acid - ja), ko wasu.

A mafi muhimmanci sinadaran Properties hada da ikon yi hul] a da duka sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi.

A sunadarai Properties na inorganic acid

abin da samu.	Misali na dauki
1. Da sauki-abu karafa. Na kafin lokaci: karfe dole tsaya EHRNM zuwa hydrogen, don haka kamar yadda karafa, hydrogen bayan tsaye, ba su iya zuwa kau da shi daga acid. A dauki ko da yaushe kafa a cikin nau'i na hydrogen gas da kuma gishiri.	HCI + AL = aluminum chloride + H 2
2. sansanonin. A sakamakon dauki ne gishiri da ruwa. Irin wannan halayen da karfi acid tare da alkalis ake kira neutralization halayen.	Duk wani acid (da karfi) = + narkewa tushe gishiri da kuma ruwan
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: gishiri da ruwa.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = zama (NO 2) 2 (talakawan gishiri) + 2h 2 Ya
4. Tare da asali oxides. Subtotal: ruwa, gishiri.	2HCL + FeO = baƙin ƙarfe chloride (II) + H 2 Ya
5. amphoteric oxides. Total sakamako: gishiri da ruwa.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 Ya
6. salts kafa weaker acid. Total sakamako: gishiri da mai rauni acid.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium bromide + H 2 Ya + CO 2

Lokacin da hulda da karafa amsa kamar wancan ba duk acid. Chemicals (sa 9) a makaranta ya shafi sosai m nazarin irin halayen, duk da haka, da kuma a irin wannan matakin dauke musamman Properties na mayar da hankali nitric da sulfuric acid, ta dauki tare da karafa.

Hydroxides: Alkali, da kuma insoluble amphoteric sansanonin

Oxides, salts, da kwasfansu, acid - duk wadannan abu azuzuwan da na kowa sinadaran yanayin da crystal raga tsarin da aka bayyana, kuma da juna rinjayar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin. Duk da haka, idan ya yiwu ba wani sosai musamman definition ga oxide, sa'an nan da acid da kuma tushe yi shi da wuya.

Kamar yadda acid, sansanonin sojin a kan ka'idar Ed ne abubuwa iya disintegrating a wani ruwa-ruwa bayani tare da karfe cations Ni ^{n +} kuma anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Raba ta da tushe category kamar haka:

• Narkewa ko Alkali (karfi tushe Manuniya canza launi). Kafa karfe I, II kungiyoyin. Misali: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (Ina nufin an rubuta kawai babban kungiyar abubuwa);
• Talauci mai narkewa ko insoluble (matsakaici ƙarfi, ba su canja launi da Manuniya). Misali: magnesium hydroxide, da baƙin ƙarfe (II), (III), da sauransu.
• Kwayoyin (rauni tushe a cikin wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici reversibly dissociate cikin ions kwayoyin). Misali: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (dual nuna tushe-acid Properties). Misali: aluminum hydroxide, beryllium, tutiya da sauransu.

Kowace kungiya gabatar karatu a makaranta shakka daga sunadarai a cikin "filaye". Chemistry Class 8-9 shafi cikakken nazari na dan kadan mai narkewa mahadi da alkalies.

Babban halayyar fasali na filaye

All Alkali da kuma narkewa mahadi samu a yanayi a cikin m crystalline jihar. Da narkewa zafin jiki na yawanci low, da kuma talauci mai narkewa hydroxides decompose a lokacin tsanani. Launi daban-daban filaye. Idan Alkali fari lu'ulu'u da talauci mai narkewa da kwayoyin da kwasfansu na iya zama na sosai launi daban-daban. A solubility na mafi mahadi wannan aji za a iya gani a tebur, wanda gabatar da dabara oxides, da kwasfansu, acid, salts, su solubility da aka nuna.

Alkalis iya canza launi na Manuniya kamar haka: phenolphthalein - Crimson, methyl orange - rawaya. Wannan an tabbatar da kasancewar gidroksogrupp free a cikin bayani. Saboda haka talauci mai narkewa tushe irin halayen ba ba.

A sunadarai Properties na kowane rukuni na daban-daban sansanonin.

sinadaran Properties
alkalis	dan kadan mai narkewa sansanonin	amphoteric hydroxides
I. ya mayar da martani tare da CO (total -hydrochloric da ruwa): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 SO 4 + ruwa II. Ya mayar da martani tare da wani acid (gishiri da ruwa): al'ada neutralization dauki (ga acid) III. Hulɗa tare da AO ta samar da hydroxo gishiri da ruwa: 2NaOH + Ni + n Yã = Na 2 Ni + n Yã 2 + H 2 Ya, ko Na 2 [Ni + n (OH) 4] IV. Hulɗa tare da amphoteric hydroxides ta samar da salts gidroksokompleksnyh: A wannan matsayin da AD, amma ba tare da ruwa V. ya mayar da martani tare da narkewa salts ta samar da insoluble hydroxides da kuma salts: 3CsOH + baƙin ƙarfe chloride (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Hulɗa tare da tutiya da aluminum a cikin ruwa-ruwa bayani samar salts da kuma hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + ruwa = complexed da hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. Lokacin tsanani degradability: = Insoluble hydroxide oxide + ruwa II. Halayen da wani acid (total: gishiri da ruwa): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + ruwa III. Hulɗa tare da CO: Ni + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 Ya	I. Suka amsa tare da acid don ya samar salts da ruwa: Hydroxide, jan (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + ruwa II. Yana reacts tare da alkalis: total - Salt da ruwa (yanayin: fe) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2h 2 Ya III. Amsa tare da karfi hydroxides: sakamakon - gishiri, idan da dauki auku a wani ruwa-ruwa bayani: Cr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [Kr (OH) 6]

Wannan ne mafi yawan sinadaran Properties na cewa nuni tushe. Chemistry sansanonin ne mai sauki, kuma ya yi ɗã'a ga dokokin general na inorganic mahadi.

Class inorganic salts. Rarrabuwa, jiki Properties

Bisa ga matsayi Ed, inorganic salts za a iya ambata mahadi a ruwa-ruwa bayani to dissociate karfe cations ni ^{+ n} anions da anions An ^n-. Saboda haka ba za ka iya kwatanta da gishiri. Tabbatar da dalilin da Chemical samar da ba daya ba, amma wannan shi ne mafi m.

A wannan yanayin, bisa ga sinadaran halitta, duk salts kasu kashi:

• Acidic (da ciwon cations kunshi hydrogen). MISALI: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (samuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na gidroksogrupp). MISALI: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Average (hada kawai wani karfe cation da wani acid saura). MISALI: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Dual (hada biyu daban-daban karfe cation). MISALI: NaAl (SO _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, Ruwa gidaje da sauransu). Misali: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula salts gani da sinadaran halitta, kazalika da magana game da ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin.

Oxides, salts, da kwasfansu, acid da daban-daban ikon solubility, wanda za a iya kyan gani, a cikin Game da tebur.

Idan muka magana game da jihar na tari na salts, shi wajibi ne don tsayar da monotony. Sun zama kawai a cikin m, crystalline ko foda siffan. A launi iyaka ne quite bambancin. A mafita daga hadaddun salts yawanci suna da haske cikakken launuka.

Chemical hulda aji salts matsakaici

Da irin wannan sinadaran Properties na da tushe, acid salts. Oxides, kamar yadda muka riga muka tattauna, suna da ɗan daban-daban daga gare su a kan wannan factor.

All za a iya gano 4 asali iri interactions for matsakaici salts.

I. hulɗarka tare da acid (kawai karfi cikin sharuddan Ed) ta samar da wani gishiri da mai rauni acid:

KCNS + HCI = KCl + HCNS

II. Halayen da hydroxides tare da bayyanar mai narkewa salts da insoluble sansanonin:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{narkewa gishiri 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 insoluble tushe}

III. Hulda da sauran narkewa gishiri don samar da wani insoluble da kuma narkewa salts:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Halayen da karfe, ta a bar EHRNM cewa Forms gishiri. A wannan yanayin da shigowa karfe dole ba amsa a talakawa yanayin maida martani da ruwa:

MG + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Waɗannan su ne main iri interactions da suke da halayyar al'ada salts. Formula hadaddun salts, asali, acidic da biyu magana wa kansu game da bayani dalla-dalla nuna sinadaran Properties.

Formula oxides, da kwasfansu, acid, salts gani da sinadaran halitta dukkan wakilan wadannan azuzuwan na inorganic mahadi, kuma haka ma, ba wani tunani na title abu da kuma ta jiki Properties. Saboda haka, su rubuce-rubuce kamata biya musamman da hankali. A babbar iri-iri na mahadi kullum yayi mana mai ban mamaki kimiyya - sunadarai. Oxides, acid, salts - ne kawai na daga m bambancin.