Portuguese Empire a lokuta daban-daban

Portuguese Empire ya wakilta wani tarin babban yawan kasashen waje yankuna, suna located in sassa daban daban na duniya - a Afirka da Asiya da Latin Amurka. A bautar da waɗannan ƙasashe da jama'arsu dade na biyar ƙarni, daga XV, kuma har tsakiyar XX karni.

samuwar

Tarihi, cewa Portugal aka kusan kewaye a kan dukkan bangarorin da karfi Spanish mulkoki da kuma bai samu damar fadada da ƙasa ƙasa a kudi na sauran Turai asashe. Wannan Jihar harkokin ya kai ga cewa a karshen cikin XV karni fara zama babban Gwargwadon binciken sakamakon da ƙwazo aiki na Portuguese manya da yawa kasuwanci tsoma bakin. A sakamakon haka shi da daya daga cikin mafi girma a mulkin mallaka iko, wanda dade ga na gaba 'yan ƙarni.

The kafa na Empire yi imani da Infante Henry (Henrique) da Navigator, wanda yana goyan bayan da Portuguese matuƙan fara gano mini ne ba a sani ba nata, kuma sunã nẽman ta isa gaba na Indiya, gewaye Afirka. Duk da haka, a lokacin da ya rasu a 1460 mutanensa bai kai har ma zuwa ekweita, ya shiga jirgin ruwa kawai Sierra Leone da kuma bude da dama tsibiran a cikin Atlantic.

kara fadada

Bayan da cewa yawacen duniya ta ruwa a lokacin da aka katse, amma sabon sarki ya da sanin cewa jihar bukatar ya ci gaba da bude wasu asashe. Ba da da ewa Portuguese matuƙan isa tsibirin na Principe da Sao Tome, ya haye ekweita, da kuma a 1486 ya kai tekun Afrika. Lokaci guda tare da wannan fadada da ya faru a Morocco, kuma a Guinea sauri gina wani sansanin soja da kuma sabon shopping cibiyoyin. Saboda haka da yawa Portuguese mallaka fara fito fili.

Kusan lokaci guda, wani sanannen mai bincike Bartolomeu Dias kai Cape of Good Hope kuma Ƙididdigar Afirka, ya zo a cikin tekun Indiya. Saboda haka, ya ya iya tabbatar da cewa wannan nahiyar ba miƙa zuwa sandunan, kamar yadda ya yi da tsoho malamai. Duk da haka, Dias bai gani Indiya a matsayin maza ki tafi kara. A kadan daga baya, shi zai sa wani sanannen mai bincike wanda a karshe cika da aiki kafa fiye da shekaru 80 da suka wuce ta Enrique Infante.

samar da Empire

A 1500, ya tafi zuwa Indiya wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa - Pedro Alvares Cabral, wanda jiragen ruwa kauce zuwa yamma. Portuguese mallaka, wanda nan da nan yankin da'awar da aka yi - domin shi aka gano Brazil. Majagaba na kullum - João da Nova da Tristan da Cunha - Shiga St. Helena da Hawan Yesu zuwa sama Island Empire, kazalika da dukan tarin tsiburai, mai suna bayan karshen. Bugu da kari, a Gabashin Afrika, da dama kananan bakin teku Musulmi mulkoki suka ko dai soke ko ya zama vassals na Portugal.

Daya bayan wani, bude faru a tekun Indiya: a 1501 gano Madagascar, kuma a 1507, - Mauritius. Next, hanyar da Portuguese jiragen ruwa kasance a kan Arabian Sea da kuma Persian Gulf. Kasance aiki Socotra da kuma Ceylon. Kusan lokaci guda, sa'an nan mai mulkin Portugal Manuel na kafa wani sabon jama'a ofishin Halĩfa na Indiya, a gudanar da abin da suke mazauna a Gabashin Afrika da kuma Asia. Sun zama Francisco de Almeida.

A 1517, Fernand Feres de Andrade ziyarci Canton da kuma kafa cinikayya tare da kasar Sin, da kuma shekaru 40 da daga baya, da Portuguese da aka yarda su zauna Macao. A 1542, fatake bazata gano teku hanya zuwa Japan tarin tsiburai. A 1575 ya fara mulkin mallaka na Angola. Saboda haka, a lokacin da flowering na daular sun Portuguese mazauna a Indiya, ta Kudu East Asia da kuma a nahiyar ta Afrika.

United daular mulkinsu

A 1580, kamar yadda ta da da ake kira kungiyar Yaren Kasar Portugal garwaya da ke makwabtaka da Spain. Kawai shekaru 60 daga baya ta ya iya mayar da statehood. Akwai m tambaya: kuma ko Portugal ya mai mallaka na Spain a wadannan shekaru? Wasu masana tarihi ba wani tabbatacce amsar. Gaskiyar cewa jam'iyya duk lokacin da ta zama ba, ya jagoranci wani m gwagwarmaya da irin wannan tsauri Maritime al'umma kamar Netherlands, wanda na kama dukan sabon yankuna a Afirka, Latin Amurka da Asiya. Spanish wadanada kuma kare da kuma bunkasa su kawai mallaka, ba musamman kula game da kawance ƙasar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa masana tarihi da kuma kafa da ra'ayin cewa Portugal - Spanish mallaka daga 1580 zuwa 1640

A ƙarshen XVI karni, da nasara, ya ci gaba da fadada a cikin Asia. Yanzu, ayyukansu suna hadewa daga Goa. Suka gudanar da kama Lower Burma da kuma shirya ya cinye Jaffna, amma sun shagaltar da kawai wani karamin tsibirin na Mannar. An sani cewa Brazil gudanar Portugal, wanda mallaka kawo ta babba samun kudin shiga. Duk da haka, kwafi Morits, wanda aka aiki a cikin bukatun da kasashen yamma India Company, mallakar da Dutch, da Portuguese buga wani yawan m wulãkantãwa kashi. Saboda wannan, a Brazil, akwai a sararin band na waje yankuna yanzu na ga Netherlands.

Bayan ƙarshe na kungiyar tarayyar da kuma Portugal tsiwirwirinsu statehood a 1654, shi sake kafa ta dalĩli a Luanda da kuma Brazil, amma ci da sabon ƙasashe a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da aka thwarted da Dutch. Saboda haka, daga cikin dukan ƙasar Indonesia, ta zauna kawai Gabashin Timor, wanda ya zama batu na yarjejeniyar da Lisbon, ya sa hannu a shekarar 1859,

A ci daga cikin Duhu nahiyar

A farko mazauna na Portugal a Afirka fito a cikin farkon XV karni. Famous explorers, kuma su tawagar, da samun da babban yankin, bincika gida kasuwanni, kazalika da kulawa ta musamman ga samuwar albarkatun. A Ceuta, located a arewacin Afirka, ta gudanar da wani brisk kasuwanci tsakanin Turawa da Larabawa, da kuma babban kayayyakin ne da zinariya, da hauren giwa, da kayan yaji da kuma bayi. A invaders san cewa zai iya ƙwarai wadãtar, idan sun yi shi duk a karkashin iko. Ko da a cikin sau na Henry da Navigator an san cewa akwai m zinariya reserves a Afrika ta Yamma. Wannan ba zai iya zama sha'awar a cikin Portuguese, suka shirya kãmun mazauna a nahiyar.

Domin kare kanka da daraja karfe adibas a cikin 1433 balaguro zuwa bakin Senegal da shi da aka shirya. Akwai ne nan da nan a kafa wani shiri Argim. Daga wadannan wurare a cikin adalci shekaru 8 sun sanye take da farko jirgin, wanda aka ɗauke da kaya na zinariya a cikin kasar da kuma bayi.

Dole ne in ce cewa Portugal da kuma ta fadada goyon bayan da cocin Katolika karkashin jagorancin Paparoma, wanda ya ba ta dukkan hakkokin da kama da kuma mallaki wani Afirka yankuna. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa babu wani daga cikin jiragen ruwa na zuwa wasu kasashen Turai, ba daji to wadannan gaba domin kusan shẽkara ɗari. A wannan lokaci da Portuguese riba sabon ilmi, yin m maps of yankin da kuma sanya mafi kyau kewayawa takardun. Na farko, su yarda hadin guiwa da Larabawa da kuma raba tare da su ya kwarewa na tafiya da kuma sun fi mayar da godiya ga yawan mazauna a 1484 aka canonized Benin da kuma daga baya Liberia da kuma Sierra Leone.

Jihar Hakika

Kamar yadda muka sani daga cikin tarihin Black nahiyar, da invaders aka nan da tunani secretive da m siyasa. Bude wani teku hanya zuwa India, wanda gudanar tare da bakin tekun na Afirka, da Portuguese hankali boye bayanai ba kawai game da duk balaguro kayan aiki, amma kuma a kan shagaltar da yankuna. Bugu da kari, a nahiyar ya malale, lokacin da jama'a na 'yan leƙen asirin musu aiki, wanda ya tattara bayanai game da gida jihohi. A musamman, sun kasance sha'awar a cikin size daga cikin kasashen, da yawan da kuma sojojin. All data haka ya samu, sa a cikin tsanani tabbaci ga fafatawa a gasa, wanda shi ne abin da United Kingdom, Faransa da kuma Netherlands, su iya su mallaki daga gare su.

A XVI karni Portuguese Empire kai da ganiya, yayin da sauran Turai iko sun sha fuskantar wuya sau na yaki da kuma, sabili da haka, ta tsoma baki a cikin mulkin mallaka da manufofin ba da damar. Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa Afirka kabilan kusan daina yaƙi da juna. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kasance a hannunka zuwa ga Portuguese, kamar yadda da mazauni saukin fada a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Turawa.

al'adunmu

Mulkin mallaka a Afirka, wanda dade for biyar ƙarni, kusan babu wadãtar nasara underdeveloped kasashe, fãce, watakila, sabon amfanin gona, kamar rogo, abarba da kuma masara. Ko da al'adu da kuma addini na Portuguese bai tsira a nan saboda su musamman m sabili da haka suka ƙi manufofin.

Wani fasaha sababbin abubuwa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba gudanar da ganganci, domin ba riba ga mulkin mallaka. A wannan hasashe, za mu iya cewa lokacin mulkin mallaka na Portugal da kuma bayi al'ummai sun samu daga fadada mafi zãlunci daga mai kyau. Wannan shi ne musamman gaskiya na ruhaniya da kuma zamantakewa duniyoyin a kasashen yamma da kuma a gabashin Afrika.

India - Portuguese Colony

A teku hanya zuwa India ya bude duniya shahara Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama. Bayan wani dogon tafiya, da shi da jiragen ruwa Ƙididdigar da nahiyar Afrika, a karshe ya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa birnin Calicut (Kozhikode a yanzu). Haka ya faru a 1498, amma bayan shekaru 13, ya zama wani Portuguese mallaka.

A 1510, Duke Alfonso De Albuquerque sosai yaba a Goa. Daga wannan lokacin suka fara tarihin Portuguese mulkin mallaka na India. Tun daga farko, da Duke shirya ya kunna ƙasar a wani karfi domin kara shigar azzakari cikin farji daga mutanensa zurfi a cikin wannan yanki. Daga baya, ya fara consistently biya gida yawan zuwa Kristanci. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa imani ya dauka tushen, saboda har yanzu da yawan Katolika a Goa ne da ya fi yadda a cikin sauran India, kuma shi ne kamar 27% na jimlar yawan.

A mulkin mallaka kusan nan da nan ya dauki sama da gina wani shiri a cikin Turai style - Old Goa, amma wani birni a halin yanzu tsari da aka gina a XVI karni. Tun daga nan ya zama babban birnin kasar na Portuguese India. A na gaba ƙarni biyu saboda dama bugãwa a wadannan wurare da zazzabin cizon sauro annoba yawan hankali mayar da su cikin unguwar waje na Panaji, daga baya ya zama babban birnin kasar na mallaka, kuma sake masa suna da New Goa.

Asarar Indian ƙasa

A XVII zuwa karni na gaba na Indiya ya samu karin iko Birtaniya da kuma Dutch fleets. A sakamakon haka, Portugal ya rasa wasu da zarar sararin ƙasa a yamma, kuma a farkon karni na karshe, ta iya sarrafa kawai karamin sashi na su mulkin mallaka asashe. A karkashin ikonta zauna uku bakin teku yankin: Island a kan Malabar Coast, Daman kuma Diu, da alaka da bi a 1531 da kuma shekara ta 1535, bi da bi, da kuma Goa. Bugu da kari, da Portuguese ya zama karkashin mulkin mallakar tsibirin Salset da Bombay (yanzu Mumbai - yanzu daya daga cikin manyan garuruwan asar India). A 1661 ya zama mallakar Birtaniya kambi a matsayin sadaki na Princess Ekateriny De Braganza Sarki Charles II.

Madras City (asali aka kira tashar jiragen ruwa na Sao Tome) da aka gina da Portuguese a XVI karni. Daga bisani, yankin da aka dauka a kan ta Dutch, wanda ya gina robust karfafa a Pulicat zuwa arewa na yanzu Chennai.

A nan Portuguese Empire dade har zuwa tsakiyar karni na karshe. A 1954, na farko ya kama India Nagar Haveli Dadra kuma, kamar yadda a cikin shekarar 1961, Goa da kuma a karshe ya zama bangare na kasar. A Portuguese gwamnatin gane da 'yancin kai na waɗannan ƙasashe kawai a 1974. Daga baya, hudu yankunan da aka harhada cikin yankuna biyu, wanda ake kira a Dadra da Nagar Haveli da Daman kuma Diu. Yanzu wadannan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a kan jerin mafi mashahuri yawon shakatawa inda ake nufi da India.

farko na lalata

By da XVIII karni, Portugal rasa ta tsohon ikon mulkin mallaka daular. Napoleonic Wars muhimmanci da gudummawar da cewa shi rasa to Brazil, bayan da tattalin arzikin fara samun koma baya. Wannan ya biyo ta da kawar da daular mulkinsu kanta, wanda babu makawa ya kai ga lõkacin fatara daga expansionism da m kin amincewa da wasu mazauna.

Mutane da yawa masu bincike yi imani da insolvency version cewa Portugal - Faransa mallaka a lokacin Napoleonic Wars. Mafi m, shi ne daya daga cikin talakansa jihohi. A ƙarshen XIX karni Portugal aka ƙoƙarin ajiye saurã daga dũkiyõyinsu, masu tasowa, musamman shirin na kungiyar a Mozambique da kuma Angola, gabatar a taron na mulkin mallaka dauloli a Berlin. Duk da haka, ya fadi, ya ci karo da 'yan adawa na ultimatum da kuma Birtaniya, ya nuna shi a 1890

A gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai

By farkon da kuma tsakiyar karni na karshe daga dogon jerin mazauna na da sau daya Portugal, a karkashin ikonta ne kawai Cape Verde (Islands na Cape Verde), Indiya Diu, Daman kuma Goa, Sin Macao, kazalika da Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Angola , Principe, Sao Tome da kuma Gabas Timor.

A farkisanci tsarin mulki a kasar, ta kafa mulkin Salazar kuma Caetano, kuma gudummawar da aiwatar da decolonization, da ɗaukar hoto da lokaci na mallaki wasu Turai dauloli. Duk da haka, a cikin shagaltar da yankuna ne har yanzu sarrafa bar insurgent kungiyoyin cewa an fada domin samun 'yancin kai daga ƙasashensu. A wannan tsakiyar iko alhakin m tsõro, kuma musamman tsara punitive ayyukan soji.

ƙarshe

Portugal a matsayin mulkin mallaka daular bace kawai a shekarar 1975, lokacin da mulkin demokra ka'idojin da aka soma a kasar. A 1999, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ƙa'ida rubuta wani asarar kasashen waje yankuna - Gabashin Timor bayan shi ya faru don haka da ake kira furen karnesha juyin juya halin. A cikin wannan shekara da suka wuce da aka gano da kuma tsohon Portuguese mallaka a kasar Sin - Macau (Macau). Yanzu kadai sauran kasashen waje yankuna ne Azores kuma Madeira, wani bangare ne na kasar cin gashin.