Rasha kimiyya hadaddun. Scientific-Technical Complex na Rasha: yanayi, kintace da yiwuwa ga ci gaban

Kimiyya Complex na Rasha, ta shiga wani wuya lokaci. Tun zamanin da perestroika, da tsarin kullum ana sake tsarafa, an soke, sauya, gyara - bisa ga matsalolin halin yanzu a cikin kasar da kuma jama'a, da kuma iyawa daga waɗanda shugabannin da suke kira don warware wadannan matsaloli.

Rasha kimiyya da kuma bayani dalla-dalla na ta ci gaba

Modern kimiyya Sphere, kazalika da wani harkar daidaitacce tsarin cike yake da rikice-rikice da kuma tsarin saba wa juna. A daidai wannan lokaci mai muhimmanci da tasiri a kan ci gaban kimiyya m jihar su samar da tattalin arziki siyasa aiwatar da gwamnatin. A cewar wasu manazarta, na tsari rikicin da cewa ya tsiya da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙi, ciki har da sosai raya kasashe, da irinta m Rasha kimiyya hadaddun. Amma akwai dalilin fata - kasar mu ya ko da yaushe shawo sau da rikicin godiya ga karfi ciki m, ciki har da a ci gaba da kwatance.

A ci gaba da kimiyya a Rasha da aka za'ayi a matakai, saboda kasar tana nuna mamayewa na "intruders", sa'an nan da sauri gano bayan da yaki da kuma halakar da shi samu ciki kona - juyin juya halin da kuma gyara. Ko da yaushe wani musamman hanya don gina su aiki, Rasha Academy of Sciences - dangane da kasar data kasance "rashin daidaituwa" na sojojin da kuma damar da ya kamata a shafe. Neman baya, za mu iya ganin cewa matsalolin da na Rasha kimiyya hadaddun taso ba a yau, amma muna bukatar mu warware su - tsare da kuma tare.

Kimiyya hadaddun kasa: sifa da aiki

Key ayyuka na kimiyya - wani Hasashen na m trends, sakamakon jarrabawa da kuma ci gaban asali da kuma amfani da bincike kamar yadda wani babban hanya a cikin ayyukan da kimiyya al'umma.

A tsarin kimiyya hadaddun ya hada da dukan kungiyoyi da cewa a cikin ko ta wani hanya aiki na nan gaba, da kuma "ga mai kyau na ƙasarka." Rasha kimiyya hadaddun ne a daya-yanki samuwar kunshi fannoni daban daban, da samar da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha da kuma samar da sabon ilmi. A Tsakiya yankin na kasar mayar da hankali rabin dukkan bincike kungiyoyin, aiki up to 70% na yawan ma'aikata (bincike - mutane da mafi girma ilimi, 'yan takara da kuma likitoci da sciences) da kuma sanya up 75% na cikin gida da halin kaka na gudanar da bincike.

A al'ada da ingantaccen aiki na kimiyya filayen ne ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da wani m gina kimiyya da fasaha iya aiki, wanda ci gaban da ya dogara da girma na] a] e daga kasafin kudi na duk matakan - wannan ne evidenced da duniya yi. Kimiyya matsalolin da kakkarfan dangankata da matsaloli na tattalin arziki. A cewar darektan Cibiyar tattalin arziki da Dabarun B. N. Kuzyka, da ilimi da tattalin arziki a lokacin da ake zama taimakawa a ci gaban dabarun daga cikin manyan kasashe a duniya, da kuma wannan lokaci kalubale ga kasar mu.

Kimiyya yuwuwar na zamani Rasha: ci gaban sabon bincike yankunan

Babban kalubale da ke fuskantar "manyan zukatan" - da ci gaban kimiyya a Rasha, da halitta da kiyaye wani m shirin-manufa shiryawa ne a kimiyance ga management na ci gaban duk tsarin a cikin Rasha kimiyya hadaddun.

Saboda dogon lokacin da kimiyya da fasaha kintace, kazalika da sakamakon hadadden saka idanu na kimiyya da fasaha yuwuwar na kasar (kima na yiwuwa na mutum bincike kungiyoyin magance matsalar) da aka ɓullo da wani musamman jerin fifiko kwatance na kimiyya da m ci gaba da kuma wani daki-daki wajabta sunadaran don su aiwatar.

Domin latest bincike yankunan sun hada da nasara fasahar yankunan: nanotechnology da kuma fasahar binciken halittu, bayanai da kuma fasahar sadarwa, sabon kayan, kazalika da ikon yinsa, daga cikin kimiyya-masana'antu hadaddun, kyale haduwa da asali hanyoyin fasaha da kuma nasarori a ambata yankunan. Godiya ga ci gaban sabuwar fasaha hanyoyi, kasar mu iya ƙwarai nasara a miƙa mulki ga wani sabon matakin, saboda duniya da wani m canji a cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa duniyoyin da aka shirya ta 2020-2025.

Scientific-Technical Complex: al'amurra

Kimiyya fasaha Complex dogara ne a kan kintace game da dogon lokacin da cigaban kimiyya da fasaha na tsaro, tsaro da kuma ingantaccen ci gaban masana'antu da fasahar a Rasha. A da ayyukan, da hadaddun samar da wani m aikin shiryawa da kuma sauti management na tara kimiyya-fasaha da masana'antu-fasaha yuwuwar na iri daban-daban na masana'antu.

Aiyuka da matsaloli na kimiyya-fasaha fanni na aiki, wanda shi ne yanzu - a wuya lokacin da samuwar wani multipolar duniya - su ne a sahun gaba, su ne:

• da samuwar manufar soja-fasaha siyasa, kimiyya da kuma zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kima na yiwuwa ga duniya ci gaban zamani makamai (10-25 shekaru).
• bincike na asali da kuma m soja fasahar na} asashen waje da kuma samuwar jerin ayyuka don inganta karfin ta soja kayan aiki;
• gudanar da tsarin zane makami tsarin domin tabbatar da su daidaita ci gaban;
• da kafa jihar shirin na armaments ayyukan da samuwar jihar tsaro da oda, ya yi daidai da sabon tattalin arziki yanayi, domin foreseeable nan gaba.
• -din-din aiwatar a lokacin har zuwa shekarar 2020 high quality-da haɓaka na Armed Forces, sauran iri da sojojin, soja tsarin da kuma jikinsu (da aminci a kan makaman nukiliya deterrence da kuma janar-manufa dakarun).

Kimiyya da fasaha hadaddun da matsaloli na aikinsa

Scientific-fasaha hadaddun dangane high fasahar da aka hankali alaka da tattalin arziki kansu. Saboda gaskiya cewa a cikin XXI karni, da bukatar da ƙarni na ilmi, bidi'a da kuma ingancinsu na high-daidaici ci gaba biya kashe da tattalin arziki, da kokarin masanan kimiyya da injiniyoyi, tsara don shawo kan fragmentation da kadaici, Mun halitta wani m kayayyakin more rayuwa:

• m aiwatar da jihar siyasa da tsare-tsaren a fagen kimiyya da kuma amfani da (Science, Technology, kuma Innovation) ayyukan. da mafita daga matsalolin da fasaha na zamani na tattalin arzikin kansu .
• cimma sauri girma na samar da high fasahar kayayyakin da sosai-sarrafa kayayyakin.
• bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na m ayyuka (ci gaba da kuma tallafawa aikin bidi'a da fasahar Parks, fasahar Parks, fasahar canja cibiyoyin da dakin gwaje-gwaje da wuraren).
• halittar Hadakar Tsarin dual-yin amfani da abubuwa da suke da iya daidaita da kasuwar bukatun biyu da sojoji da kuma farar hula kayayyakin. ingantaccen amfani da baya ɓullo da dual-yin amfani da fasahar da halittar sababbi.

A bisa ga al'ada, da "karfi" gefe na kimiyya da fasaha hadaddun na Rasha - nukiliya da kuma Laser fasahar. gagarumin ci gaba cimma by mu masana kimiyya a ci gaba da kuma aikace-aikace na fasaha na sabon kayan, propulsion tsarin. Bukatar wani gagarumin jari na sojojin da nufin cimma duniya-aji micro-, nano- da opto-lantarki rediyo, fasahar kwamfuta sun fi mayar rabu amfani da bukatar canji na zamani da masana'antu kayan aiki. Wadannan fifiko fasaha aukuwa an goyan bayan masu ruwa da tsaki - ga mafi part, ba shakka, Jihar (abin da ake kira tarayya shirin - tarayya shirye-shirye).

Kimiyya Educational Complex: gyare-gyare da rikici

A halin yanzu, manufar "kimiyya-ilimi hadaddun" yana nufin a sa na kungiyoyi na makarantar sakandare, wanda tsunduma a ayyuka a cikin daban-daban kwatance: dace da ilimi, bincike, kimiyya, fasaha da kuma} ir}. Wannan na iya kuma sun hada da zamantakewa sadarwar abokin jami'o'i, bincike da kuma ilimi cibiyoyin, ilimi cibiyoyin.

Bincike da kuma ilimi cibiyar na kasar - shi ne mai "source of manpower", a yanzu ake daukarsu a matsayin wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci, "da magana daga kasuwar dangantakar", manufacturer da maroki na kimiyya, ilimi, da m kayayyakin, da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka. A halin yanzu tattalin arziki Hakika na kasar bi da bi, ya bukatar shi to dace martani da kuma shirye-shiryen da "kunkuntar" kwararru "generalists", da cewa shi ne, mutane da wanda ba shi da "ilmi da basira" amma da "gogewar" kuma suna "m kafofin daga m ra'ayoyin, hanyoyin fasaha da kuma ayyukan. "

Abin baƙin ciki, da bukatar sanya ga tsarin ilimi, kazalika da matakai lalacewa ta hanyar m gyara tsari, bai zama ba fãce baƙin ciki, ba sa. A matakin horo (wanda, duk da haka, baya bai yi aiki ba a cikin sana'a) ne ragu. Hakika, wannan jiha da aka kafa ba domin shekara guda, amma shi an halitta a hankali. Da yake a makaranta, a jami'a suka shiga zo unprepared (amma tare da wata babbar ci a kan jarrabawa!), Kuma da "a guje" zaɓi ne da wuya ga "ba" wani abu m.

Abin da za ta dauki ga bincike da kuma ilimi ma'aikatan kasar da aka kyau shirya? Ilimi shi ne wani muhimmanci na gina harsashin wani m tattalin arziki. A halin yanzu mataki ya zama dole biya saboda da hankali ga horo sosai tunanin, gwani kwararru masani a cikin peculiarities na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi na ma'aikata. Yana dole ne a yarda da cewa aiki da "tasiri management" yana da wata alaka da gaskiyar cewa su ya kamata a canza zuwa kwararru da suka sani peculiarities na aikin cikin filin, a dukkan matakai, kuma su yi shi a cikin jihar matakin. Haka ma wajibi ne don kula da tsarin na ci gaba da ilimi, gami da postgraduate da sana'a ci gaba, daidai arziki na litattafan da kuma bayar da damar yin amfani da bayanai, a kowane rukuni na dalibai.

Kimiyya Industrial Complex: manyan al'amurra da kuma al'amurra

Kimiyya masana'antu hadaddun a matsayin sa na tattalin arziki da ayyukan da kasa da tattalin arzikin da aka nasaba, da ayyukan wasu masana'antu gidaje, rabu a bisa ka'idar da masana'antu kansu:

• agro-masana'antu.
• tsaro masana'antu.
• Aerospace.
• atomic, da man makamashi.
• high-tech masana'antu da sinadaran-pharmaceutical, microbiological da kuma sinadaran masana'antu. kimiyya instrumentation, masana'antu na hadaddun na'urorin kiwon lafiya ;
• Yi da kuma samar, inji-ginin gidaje da kuma kama. D.

A mafi kyau duka sakamakon ci gaba mai dorewa ne hadewa na hadaddun kungiyoyin ilimi da masana'antu da kamfanonin yin amfani da m na kimiyya da fasaha rabawa. Wannan tsarin ya sa ya yiwu a hankali matsawa zuwa wani canji a cikin sunadaran da kimiyya da bincike da kuma ci-gaba aikin injiniya da kuma fasaha halitta, kuma Mu sanya su kamar yadda saba da bukatun data kasance masana'antu Enterprises. Halitta da irin wannan tari bincike kungiyoyi (kamar Center "Kurchatov Institute") da kuma masana'antu (atomic makamashi tari) a kan qa'idar na} ir} iya samar da ganiya sigogi da hawan keke na tafiyar matakai na zamani na kimiyya-masana'antu hadaddun na kasar.

A baza na zamani bayanai da kuma fasahar sadarwa za su mika ikon yinsa, daga high-tech sabis a cikin agaji filin - kiwon lafiya, ilimi, kudi kansu.

Kimiyya da bincike hadaddun: high abu da kuma subsoil

Research Complex kawo tare da kungiyoyi da gudanar da gwaji aiki kafin su sami sabon ilmi da kuma ta aikace-aikace da kuma m amfani don ƙirƙirar sabon samfurin - wani samfurin ko fasaha.

Yawanci, irin kungiyoyin da ake kira "Research Institute", amma a cikin hadaddun kuma ya hada da archives, daban-daban kimiyya da kuma bayanai cibiyoyin, yankin gogaggen balaguro, aluma sassan, sassan da kuma ayyuka, da bincike da samar da ƙungiyoyi da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kazalika da wani Observatory, Botanical lambu, dabbobi tashar, raba gwaji samfurori (msl, kasa da kasa thermonuclear gwaji reactor).

Kimiyya aiki, gwaji, gwajin a wadannan kungiyoyi ne a kan musamman kayan aiki. Alal misali, wani bincike rundunar Rasha a matsayin wata babbar bangaren na tsaron kasa tsarin da ke jihar a fagen bincike, ci gaba da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ma'adinai na teku amfani domin ta aiki da m kotu, sanye take da zama dole kayan aiki da kuma na'urorin.

Garambawul na Rasha Academy of Sciences

Halittar Academy of Sciences - kai tsaye shaida daga cikin garambawul kokarin Bitrus I da Catherine I (1725), da nufin karfafa tattalin arziki da siyasa 'yancin kai na Rasha. The sarki yabon yuwuwar na kimiyya da tunani, da muhimmancin ingancin da ilmi da al'adu da ci gaba na jihar. Halitta da Academy farko integrates da ayyuka na bincike da kuma ilimi ma'aikata (jami'a da kuma makarantar sakandare). A nan gaba - domin kusan uku ƙarni - da kimiyya aiki na Academy aiki a matsayin wani hali na halitta da kasar ta m. Isar da shi a ambaci sunayen irin sanannun masana kimiyya suka yi aiki a cikin ganuwar, kamar Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallas, KG Razumovsky.

"Gibba" a cikin ayyuka na RAS ya fara da karshen na XVIII karni, a lõkacin da ta fara da za a soki wuce kima so ga ka'idojin aukuwa, samoizolirovannost, kadaici daga gaggawa matsaloli na kasar da kuma a general - "m". Kuma a 1870-80-ies. Academy ja hankalin jama'a dangane da ƙi zuwa lambar yabo ilimi kyaututtuka na mashawarta masana kimiyya Mechnikov, IM Sechenov kuma D. Mendeleyev. Busa zargin "anti-Rasha" mayar da hankali na wannan kimiyya tsarin.

Bayan da juyin juya halin da Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences ya mayar da hankali a kan aikin injiniya da kuma amfani da bincike - duk da nasarorin da kasa tattalin arzikin da aka halitta a karkashin ta shugabanci. Duk da haka, a lokacin daga 90th. karshe karni, da kuma yanzu da Rasha Academy of Sciences ne fuskantar mai Jihar m rikicin. Da tsarin da aka fadada da kuma fara aiki, sa'an nan ba zato ba tsammani soke.

Tun shekarar 2013 ne lokacin da na zurfin gyare-gyare da reorganization na Rasha Academy of Sciences. Jigon da gyara, bisa ga D. A. Medvedeva, - "ba da damar masana kimiyya ya mayar da hankali musamman a kan kimiyya da bincike, da kuma taimaka musu daga wadanda ba-core kadara management ayyuka da kuma zamantakewa da sabis". Duk da haka, da kimiyya al'umma Allah wadai da sunadaran da cewa gwamnatin ta samarwa, saboda "suna hõre a cikin nau'i na m da kuma hallakaswa." Saboda haka, samarwa reorganization, amma a gaskiya - wani m jam'iyya na daban-daban Tsarin na RAS, wanda zai ƙarshe kai Scientific Complex na Rasha a matsayin "kai-shirya" tsarin to fadi.

A buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa V. V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov lura da wadanda fice nasarori da suka fito a kasar mu yi godiya ga Rasha Academy of Sciences: "halittar nukiliya garkuwa. makamashin nukiliya da kuma makaman nukiliya jiragen ruwa. nazarin sararin samaniya da kuma Northern Sea Route. Siberia da kuma Far East da kungiyar inda sabon bincike cibiyoyin; radar da semiconductor "juyin juya halin" da kuma waɗansu da yawa. " Tasiri gyara zama dole, amma kawai tare da taimakon manyan masana kimiyya da kuma m yanke shawara a cikin tsarin - shi ke da ainihin ra'ayin zanga zangar, wanda ya samo asali a cikin watan Yuli 2013

Matsala yankunan a cikin rayuwar zamani Rasha kimiyya da ilimi

Babban aiki na kimiyya al'umma - samar da wani cikakken gwani taimako ga jihar da fifiko yankunan. Bayyane matsaloli da cewa tsaya daga kan bango na ci gaba na zamani da kimiyya hadaddun na Rasha su ne kamar haka:

- tattalin arziki kasawa, shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin management da'irori unscrupulous "tasiri manajoji" cin hanci da rashawa generated kungiyoyi (msl, "Skolkovo" Asusun).

- hallakaswa sunadaran da dokokin sake fasalin dokokin kimiyya da ba da ilimi, musamman, samarwa gyara daga cikin RAS, da al'amurra, don ya hallaka ta kimiyya yuwuwar na RAS cibiyoyi na bayar da kasa a matsayin dukan.

- Corporate da administrative lobbying kimiyya ci gaba da kuma harkokin na: duniya.

- tare da rashin amfani da kudi akwai wani rashin kudade high-tech bincike.

Saboda haka, don magance matsalar da kimiyya - shi ne ba kawai malamai, amma kuma manazarta, tattalin arziki, da kuma jami'an gwamnati.