"Safiya na dare" - hoton Rembrandt

Kwanni na 17 an samo shi ne ta hanyar ingantaccen hoton zane na Holland, wanda aka haɗu da haihuwar matsakaicin matsayi kuma rashin mulkin kama karya na Ikilisiya. Sakamakon wannan yanayin ne ya jagoranci masu zane su zane hotunan da ke nuna tarihin rayuwar mutanen zamani, har yanzu suna rayuwa da kuma shimfidar wurare a maimakon zane-zane a kan batutuwan addini. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa shagunan da kuma kungiyoyi na 'yan ƙasa sun fara tsara tsarin kungiya. Musamman, zanen da Rembrandt ya yi na "Night Watch" - hoto da aka rubuta a bisa gayyatar mambobin kungiyar Rifle Society of Netherlands. A yau an gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa na zane-zanen duniya, kuma wasu daga cikin rassansa ana fassara su da masu binciken da masana na nazarin tarihin fasaha a hanyoyi da dama.

Mawallafin zane "Maimaita Watch": bidiyon

An haifi Rembrandt van Rijn a 1606 a birnin Leiden. Ya ilmantarwa a makarantar Latin, yana aiki a jami'ar, kuma a lokaci guda ya halarci hotunan hoton da masanin shahararrun artist Jacob van Svanenbürh ya gudanar. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, yaron ya tafi Amsterdam ya kuma ɗauki darasi 4 daga Peter Lastman, inda ya sadu da Jan Leaven. Bayan kammala horarwa, matasa sun yanke shawarar kafa wani taron bita a Leiden, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka samu nasarar cimma nasara.

A 1631, Rembrandt ya koma Amsterdam, ya auri 'yar maigidan birnin Leeuwarden kuma ya fara zane hotunan' yan Amsterdam masu arziki. Duk da haka, rayuwar iyali mai farin ciki ta kasance kawai shekaru 10: a shekara ta 1641, mai zane ya binne matarsa mai ƙaunata, ya bar dan dan shekara daya a hannunsa.

Abokan ciniki na "Watch Night"

Shekaru daya bayan wannan asarar, Rembrandt ya karbi babban umurni daga 'yan bindiga goma sha takwas karkashin jagorancin Frans Banning Kok - don rubuta hoton kamfani na kamfani, wanda aka alkawarta masa, kuma daga baya ya biya 1600 florins. A yau an san wannan zane a matsayin "Watch Night" - zanen da ake kallon mai gabatar da irin wadannan zane-zane a matsayin hakikanin dabi'a. Abin takaici, masu zamani, ciki har da abokan ciniki, ba su yaba da wannan aikin ba, kuma hakan ya sa jama'a su kwantar da hankali ga masanin, wanda hakan ya kai shi talauci.

"Watch Day"

Mene ne aka nuna a kan wannan zane, abin da ke tattare da wasu ɓangarorin da suka wuce fiye da karni na haifar da gardama tsakanin masanan da kuma masoyan zane? Da farko, dole ne in ce hotunan "Watch Night", wanda za'a iya ganin hoto a kusan dukkanin litattafan da aka ba da aikin Rembrandt, ya nuna mataki na shirye-shirye don farawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa aikin yana faruwa a lokacin rana. To, me ya sa mai zane zane ya ba da launi kuma ya nuna alamar rana? Wannan asiri na dogon lokaci bai bada hutawa ga masu bincike ba. Duk da haka, maganin ya zama mai sauqi qwarai, kamar yadda a lokacin sabuntawa ya zama a fili cewa rashin haske bai zama kayan fasaha ba, amma talakawa ne. Bugu da kari, an gano cewa sunan "Night Watch" ne kawai aka samu ne kawai a karni na 19. Duk abin da ya, a yau, wannan fitacciyar da Rembrandt bayyana wa baƙi na Jihar Museum of Amsterdam a asalin tsari da kuma kokari ne ganin darajarsa ta connoisseurs of art.

Girman zane

Sakamakon halittar halittar Rembrandt, wanda kamfanin kamfanonin 'yan bindiga ya ba da izini, ya kasance 437 ta 363 cm amma duk da haka, an kafa cewa zane, wanda ake kira da Night Watch, hoto ne wanda ke wakiltar wani ɓangare na asali, wanda farko yana da matakan da ya fi girma. Gaskiyar ita ce, saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, an cire ɗan littafin da aka kwatanta da Jacobs Dirksen de Roy da Jan Bryugman. Abin farin cikin, akwai kundin da Gerrit Lundens ya yi a karni na 17, wanda ya ba da izinin yin la'akari da yadda aka duba asali a gaban lalacewa.

"Watch Night": bayanin zane

Shafin yana nuna wani rukuni na masu rijistar jagorancin Kyaftin Cock, wanda ke rataye a cikin gashin baki da kuma tayar da hankali, yana ba da umarni ga Lieutenant van Reitenbürg. Bayan baya na karshen shi ne mai sayarwa Jan Leydekers Klasen, kuma a bango a cikin Silinda ya nuna masanin Janar Okkersen. Wani mutum wanda yake jawo hankulansa shi ne Jan van der Hed, yana saye da raƙuman launin ja, yana caji. Duk waɗannan mutane suna kewaye da wasu wasu haruffa, wasu daga cikinsu ba su da dangantaka da masu harbi. Alal misali, har ya zuwa yau adadin yarinya a cikin tufafi na zinariya mai ban sha'awa yana da rigima, tun da yake ba a bayyana dalilin me yasa mai zane ya nuna yaron a cikin mazaje masu dauke da makamai ba. Wannan ya sake tabbatar da ra'ayi cewa "Watch Night" hoto ne da ke cike da ƙwarewa.

Ƙarin makomar zane

Lokacin da Rembrandt ya gabatar da hoton ga 'yan bindigar, ba za su iya ɓoye jin daɗin su ba, domin abin da suka gani bai dace da ra'ayi na wani kamfani na wannan lokaci ba. Musamman ma, abokan ciniki suna fatan za a nuna su kamar yadda masu daukar hoto a yau suke ba da su a cikin hotunan gargajiya a lokacin ƙarshen shekara ta makaranta. Duk da haka, a maimakon haka, mai zane ya ba su zane akan abin da yake cike da haruffa maras sani, kuma wasu kiban suna cikin bango, kuma siffofin su kusan ba a ganuwa. Saboda haka, hoto, wanda aka gane a matsayin fitacciyar duk, suka riga game shekaru 200 binciko kerawa Rembrandt bai sami yarda daga Sahaban. Bugu da ƙari, shekaru masu yawa ta rataye a ɗaya daga cikin kusurwar kullun, har sai - a cikin mummunar yanayin - an gano shi ta hanyar artist Van Dyck, wanda ya gan shi a karkashin sandan turɓaya sunan marubucin.

"Watch Night": Legends da hoaxes

A yau, mutum yakan iya ganin irin wannan batu mai ban mamaki na hoton Rembrandt cewa mutum zai iya mamakin jahilci na mutanen da suka ƙirƙira su. Alal misali, wasu masu bincike a cikin kwanan nan sun bayyana cewa dukkanin abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin haruffan suna nuna wa Amsterdam din biyu masu daraja wanda aka nuna a gefen hagu (daga masu kallo) gefen zane wanda ya umurci kisan gillar Lieutenant van Reitenbürg. Bugu da ƙari, sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ƙoƙari ne na Rembrandt ya nuna masu kisan da suka tada fushin masu laifin, kuma suka yi iyakar abin da suka fi dacewa wajen sa mai zane a cikin talauci. Duk da haka, dole ne a ce cewa jami'in da aka ambata ya mutu ne kawai a 1657, kuma mai zane ba zai san abin da ke jiran van Reitenbürg shekaru 15 ba bayan da aka kafa Night Watch.

Misalin 3D na "Watch Night"

Creativity Rembrandt, wanda, bayan ya rubuta hotunan da ke nuna 'yan bindigar, ya dakatar da karbar umarni kuma ya mutu a talauci, ya sake sha'awar masu sha'awar sana'a a karni na 19. A yau, aikin da wannan zane-zanen da wannan hoton ya yi ya sayar da shi a kan qarqashin qarqashin kudaden sha'anin banza, kuma ana zane zane-zanensa a matsayin kayan ado na tarin manyan gidajen tarihi a duniya.

Shekaru da dama da suka gabata kamfanonin Rasha M. Dronov da A. Taratynov sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar samfurin 3D na "Watch Night". Yana wakiltar siffofin tagulla guda 22 a cikin ci gaban mutum, yana maimaita cikakkun bayanai game da zane-zanen shahara. A yau ana yin wannan aikin tare da Rembrandt Square a Amsterdam kuma yana jin dadi sosai a cikin yawon bude ido.

Idan wani yana son yin magana game da "Watch Night", bayanin hoton, ko ta yaya cikakken da cikakken cikakken bayani, ba zai iya nuna ra'ayi da ya haɗa da duk waɗanda suke gaban wannan kyakkyawan abu ba a zauren Jami'ar Jihar Amsterdam. Kuma kowa da kowa ya dubi hoton ko jira na model 3D na Watch don dawowa zuwa Rasha.