Shari'a hukumomin na Rasha Federation: ra'ayi, tarihi, rawa, al'amurran da suka shafi, ɗawainiya, ayyuka, masu iko, aiki. Shari'a - shi ne ...

Shari'a - wani muhimmanci kashi na tsarin na jihar na'ura, yi dokokin for yarda da normative doka ayyukan a kasar, yin yawa ayyuka, kazalika da mallakan wani yawan takamaiman iko da su ne muhimmi ne kawai a cikin wannan jiha mahada.

XIX karni: farkon

A tsarin shari'a hukumomin na Rasha Empire aka farko da ya gabatar a karon farko cikin Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I, wanda bayar na musamman manifesto "A da kafa ma'aikatun." Wannan taron ya faru a 1802, 8 ga watan Satumba. Wannan doka yi na samar da ba kawai da iko na shari'a, amma kuma a matsayin shugaban ya yi kira a kasar, a post wanda ya iya kawai zauna da procurator-janar na Rasha Empire.

Da ayyukan shari'a da hukumomi a lokacin kunshi shirye-shiryen da 'yan majalisu ayyukan, kazalika da daidaituwa na la'anta sabis da shari'a ayyukan. kamar yadda ƙarin ayyuka na ma'aikatar don gudanar da canja wurin, canja wuri, sallama daga jami'an mamaye wani wuri a cikin sabis na jihar na'ura. Na farko kuma mafi fice Ministan Shari'a zama Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, wanda a hade a soyayya wakoki da jama'a ayyuka a rayuwarsu.

A kai tsaye hannu na Ma'aikatar Shari'a soma a aiwatar da shari'a garambawul, ta hanyar da iko na shugaban na jiki ƙwarai karu. A lokacin da 1864, wannan iko ne da za'ayi ba kawai jagorancin shari'a raka'a da m ofishin, amma aka kuma da hannu a cikin iko da kurkuku da kuma alama guda, ya kai notaries.

Da muhimmancin da shari'a hukumomi a tarihi za a iya gano ta hanyar bangaren gyãra, misali, ma'aikatar gabatar da wani majistare Institute, wanda aiki a wannan rana. su shiga kai tsaye a cikin halitta da jama'a manufofin, kazalika da fassara shelar dokokin cikin yi.

XX karni: post-neman sauyi da sake fasalin

A tarihin shari'a hukumomi a karni na ashirin juya zuwa ga canji na sama hukumomin a jihar jiki a karkashin sunan "The People ta Commissariat shari'a." Duk da m canji na sunan ma'aikatar, da ayyukan suna da za'ayi a cikin shugabanci - samuwar da sashen shari'a da kuma zaɓi na sosai m kwararru. Direct rawa a cikin samuwar wani sabon jihar siyasa na Soviet jihar shi da ci gaba da kuma aiwatar da high quality-sabon dokokin da Tarayyar Soviet.

A 1936, jurewa m canje-canje - da m ofishin saki a cikin wata mai zaman kanta hukumar. Duk da haka, saboda irin wannan wani gyara na shari'a hukuma ayyuka muhimmanci ƙaru a fanni na amfaninsa da kuma shirye-shiryen da codified doka ayyukan. A majalisu tsari da aka yi sama da uku da manyan matakai:

• Shiri na yakin, laifi da yin lambobin, kazalika da sauran iri tsara takardu (da kwasfansu na aiki da dokokin, kuma haka a).
• Development of ayyukan bayar da gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet.
• Kari ayyuka a fagen dokokin.

Research dakunan gwaje-gwaje, cibiyoyi ci gaba ne ma kunshe a sashen na shari'a. The ayyuka na jihar na'ura a karo na biyu da rabi na XX karni a fagen majalisu aiki su ne mafi muhimmanci a kwatanta da sauran hukumomin da kuma bayar da gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet da tasiri kai tsaye.

A shekarar 1991, Majalisar Koli ta yanke shawarar ci gaba ka koma ga jikin Rasha Federation Ma'aikatar Shari'a. A shekarar 1992 ya aka sanya duk dacewa gyara ga kundin tsarin mulki na jihar, kazalika da sabon dokokin na tarayya, da kuma sauran ƙarƙashin dokokin da aka bayar.

Sashen gaskiya: ayyuka, mas'ala ta wurin a yanzu mataki na ci gaba da bayyana

Don kwanan wata, shari'a hukumomin - shi ne wani muhimmin kashi na ayyukan da gwamnati ta na'ura na jihar. Akwai da yawa da ra'ayinta game da terminological ma'anar kalmar "adalci." Wasu bayar da shawarar cewa na ayyuka na kirki ne mai istinbadi aiki, yayin da wasu yi imani da cewa translation na ce daidaituwa na shari'a aiki. A cikin wani hali, duk abin da view iya zama mafi kusa zuwa gare ku, terminological ma'anar kalmar da aka alaka istinbadi ayyukan, cewa shi ne, abin da yake a shari'a hali. Binciken a more daki-daki, shi ne wajibi ne don bayyana a wannan batun, cewa terminological fassarar da kalmar "adalci" zuwa mafi girma har saboda tarihi hadisai da kuma tarihi na wannan jikin.

A lokacin, da Rasha Federation shari'a hukumomin gudanar da ƙungiya da kociya ayyuka. Babban tsara kayan aiki da ke kula da ayyukan jihar na'ura na sama abubuwa ne Regulation a Ma'aikatar Shari'a. An muhimmiyar rawa a wannan yanki taka leda yawa gwamnatin dokoki da umarni na shugaban kasar.

Justice Hukumomi: ayyuka, ayyuka, tsarin

Shari'a - a hukumar gwamnati ɗõra wa wadannan jerin ayyuka:

• Direct tasiri a kan misali-saitin ayyuka na jam'iyyar jikuna na kasar - shugaban kasar da kuma gwamnatin.
• A iko a kan littafin na yau da kullum doka ayyukan a yankin da kuma} ananan hukumomi, kazalika da tabbaci na haramun ce da kuma yarda da kasa da kasa ayyukan, dokokin na tarayya, da kuma dokoki. Aiwatar da saboda himma tsari, idan ya cancanta.
• Aiwatar da} ungiyoyin rajista, kunna jihar rajista da kuma tsari da su shiga yakin ma'amaloli, dukiya, da mutuncinsu, rajista na dukiya da sauransu. Wannan jeri ba iyakarsa, kamar yadda halin da ayyuka na} ananan hukumomi.
• Aiwatar da dokokin shari'a da sabis.
• Iko a kan kisan majalisu doka ayyukan.
• Samar da doka bayanai ga jama'a a hali na bukata, da kuma mafi muhimmanci al'amurran da suka shafi.

Babban ayyuka na shari'a gawarwakin yada a fadin ta tsarin, wanda yake shi ne kamar haka:

1. Ma'aikatar Shari'a.
2. Jikuna da Final cibiyoyin.
3. Ma'aikatar Shari'a na gefuna, jamhuriyoyin da kuma sauran yankuna a Rasha Federation.

Ma'aikatar Shari'a a matsayin overriding, tsakiyar tsarin naúrar

Shari'a - ne cibiyoyin da kungiyoyi da cewa wani bangare ne na babban kasar Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Don wadanda yawanci hada notaries, Registry Office hukumomi, da Rasha Dokar Academy, shari'a bayanai cibiyoyin, dakunan gwaje-gwaje ga aiwatar da na bincike edition na aikin hukuma saki na mujallu da sauransu.

Ma'aikatar Shari'a - ne tsakiya kashi, babban aiki na wanda kunshi kula da harhada dalĩli ga yankin jikinsu da kuma cibiyoyin, wanda suke kunshe a cikin sama tsarin. A Rasha da matsayi na wani manajan data kashi na jihar na'ura a cikin ni'imar ministan shari'a, wanda ya yi shaida sirri doka alhaki ga cikawa na aiwatar da ayyuka danƙa hidima.

Yadda shi ne aikin da "dokokin" na tsarin? Ministan shari'a ya sallama wa Shugaban kasa ko gwamnatin na Rasha Federation daftarin takardun dokokin aukuwa. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa ministan na da hakkin ya yi biyayya ga shawara kawai ne ga waɗanda takardun da aka kai tsaye alaka da ayyukan da za'ayi da su.

Amma ga tsarin gwamnati sashen, shi yafi kunshi ofisoshin, sassa da kuma rarrabuwa. Kowane tsarin division ke tsunduma a cikin majalisa ta zauna ya aiki daidai da hanya ta kafa doka ayyukan. A matsayin misali, a halin yanzu, da iko na shari'a hukumomin na Rasha Federation kasance a cikin management na amfaninsa dokokin, management gwani cibiyoyin, sashen na kotu yi da sauransu.

Tallafa rawa ga Scientific Cibiyar da Legal Information, da cibiyar shari'a jarrabawa a matakin tarayya, kazalika da Rasha Dokar Academy.

The jikin na RF batutuwa na adalci a kasa

Ba shi da wuya a tsammani, bisa sama tsarin cewa shari'a hukumomin na Rasha Federation a yankin matakin aka gabatar a matsayin ma'aikatun gefuna, jamhuriyoyin, shugabannin Rasha yankuna. Kowane yankin da aka kaddara da kansa wanda shi ne shugaban ma'aikata a wani post jami'i ko minista.

Duk da shari'a hukumomi a filin, ko da kuwa su ilimi a karkashin ma'aikatar shari'a da sauran tarayya zartarwa jikuna na jihar iko. Da iko na shari'a hukumomi a ƙasa a mutunta mutane da yawa kama da tsakiyar ofishin na aiki, don haka yankin shari'a hukuma ayyuka, ayyuka da za'ayi kamar haka:

• Standard-saitin ayyukan nezapreschonnyh doka iyaka.
• Tsara aikin notaries a cikin filin.
• Gudanar da wani lasisi ayyukan: bayar da lasisi, iko da tushe, da aikace-aikace na shari'a alhaki matakan ga mutane, waɗanda suka warware doka, kuma haka a.

A nan gaba za mu shirya sanya rabõ ga gawawwakin batutuwa na da ikon shirya da tanadin tafarkin tushe ga mahukunta 'kotuna.

Babban kwatance na aiki na shari'a hukumomi a cikin yankuna ne zuwa:

1. Legal goyon baya ga normative aiki.
2. Aiwatar da jihar rajista na dokokin gida a matsayin jama'a hukumomi da kuma doka abokai da kuma mutane (rajista na dukiya ma'amaloli, ƙungiyoyin rajista, da sauransu).

Next shugabanci kai tsaye ana kayyade a cikin takamaiman Sphere. hari kafa bisa ga manufar; ayyuka da kuma iko.

Da muhimmancin da Ma'aikatar Shari'a a misali-kafa gwamnatin gawarwakin

Daya daga cikin manyan filayen na aiki (manufar shari'a mahukunta suka tabbatar da wannan) ne daidaitattun saitin.

Dauke da fitar da umarni na shugaban kasar na Rasha Federation, wakilan Ma'aikatar halarci jarrabawa na tabbaci na kowane irin na normative doka ayyukan for, haramun tare da girmamawa ga m doka kida. Kuma wannan ya shafi kawai ga waɗanda ayyukan, wanda aka aiko zuwa da sa hannu shugaban kasar da ya ba tukuna wuce mataki na ɗaba'ar. Domin da masana'antu kuma sun hada da ikon duba RF gwamnatin bada shawarwari a kan inganta majalisu aiki. Izini da ma'aikatar shari'a da ba ra'ayin a kan bukatar wannan ko da cewa doka, barata a rubuta ra'ayinsa form.

Bisa ta gabatar ba, shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa hukumomin na Rasha Federation of Justice da ikon zuwa da kansa ci gaba takardar kudi, wanda ake baya sallama ga shawara zuwa ga Rasha gwamnatin. Legal gwaninta don tabbatar da haramun ce na shari'a ayyukan ne cewa a cikin hali na wani, sãɓã wa jũnamai (RF kundin tsarin mulki, dokar tarayya, kuma haka a) jiki da shige da daftarin aiki, a muhawwara ƙarshe. A sakamakon haka, kowane sashen, wanda soma wannan ko wasu doka yi ake bukata don aika wani kwafin zuwa ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a.

Wani aiki ne da aiwatar da aikin alaka da amfaninsa a hukuncinSa. Saboda haka, tabbatar da adalci a cikin Rasha Federation ƙunshi guda banki tsara ayyukan da ke jihar, inda kowa da kowa zai iya samun Masana wasu kullum. Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ne mai kai tsaye takara a cikin ayyukan kan shirye-shiryen da kuma littafin da Code na Rasha Federation dokokin.

Control na sassa da kuma hukumomin a cikin filin

Da aiwatar da wannan aiki ne kai tsaye related to da normative aiki na shari'a jikinsu, a matsayin iko ne da za'ayi ciki har da ta hanyar cike da yarda da sashe rurumi daga cikin RF kundin tsarin mulki, dokar tarayya da ka'idoji na gwamnatin. Kawai bayan da cikakken rajistan shiga na "gida" na doka, tare da yarda da shari'a hukuma ta wuce ta mataki na hukuma ɗaba'ar. Wadanda ayyukan, wanda ba su riga rajista, duk da haka, duk da bambancin ra'ayi a bangaren shari'a, da aka sanya jama'a, da babu doka da karfi, sabili da haka ba sharadi ba ya kunsa alhakin.

Local iko ne kuma za'ayi da jihar rajista na dokoki: da dukkan-Rasha, Inter-shiyya da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. Har ila yau, wannan category hada da kungiyoyin addini. A hali na ƙi na jihar rajista na addini da ilimi da shi dole ne nan da nan dakatar da ayyukan, in ba haka ba da ƙungiyar ta samu matsayi na addini darikar cewa yana da wani hakki a zama a Rasha.

Wani nau'i na iko ne da aiwatar da jihar dalĩli a fagen rajista na kasuwanci da kuma noncommercial kungiyoyi. All dole data ne batun m hada a cikin kenan Jihar Register na Legal abokai.

Shugabanni Service matsayin tsarin kashi na Ma'aikatar Shari'a

Da yawa matsalolin shari'a hukumomin saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da m sharuddan na reference delineate wanda yake da wuya sosai tsakanin sassan ko hukumomin. Domin ya bayyana tsarin da aiki naúrar, shi wajibi ne in ambaci wani raba sashen, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin tsarin na ma'aikatar shari'a - shi ne Tarayya Bailiffs Service.

Babban aiki na tsarin naúrar da nufin tabbatar da yarda da oda da kotuna, da kisan laifi fanarite a cikin wani nau'i na lafiya, kazalika da da aiwatar da wasu matakan na tauyewa.

Organization da kuma daidaituwa na cikin ayyukan da kamfanin dillancin suna kunshe a cikin dokar tarayya "A Bailiffs", kazalika a cikin doka ayyukan gudãnar da ayyukan da tilasta yin aiki da shari'ar.

A tsarin wannan tsarin naúrar kunshi:

1. Main Department of bailiffs, kai tsaye alaka da ma'aikatar shari'a na Rasha Federation.
2. Ma'aikacin kotu Service na soja kotu.
3. Shugabanni Service, located a ƙasa a cikin yankuna: a cikin yankuna ko gundumar ofisoshin.

Duk sanda ya kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin, dangane da ayyuka da suka yi:

• Bailiffs, da samar da kafa domin na ayyuka da kuma aiki da kotunan, shari'a zaman.
• Jami'an 'yan sanda, wanda ya kasance mai izini a gudanar da wani kisa da laifi fanarite a cikin nau'i na tarar da wasu yanke shawara na kotu.

Domin aiwatar da umarni danƙa bailiffs da doka filaye don yin amfani da jiki karfi, misali, don kula da oda a cikin ɗakin shari'a.

Criminally-zartarwa tsarin kamar yadda daya daga cikin abubuwa na gaskiya

Penal tsarin da aka wakilta tsakiyar ofishin, wanda babban aiki - domin su gudanar da ayyukan da kuma bunkasa da ci gaban da jihar siyasa a cikin Sphere na kisa da kuma hidima laifi sentences. Bugu da kari ga hukumar mulki, a gidajen yarin akwai wani babban iri-iri na cibiyoyin kai tsaye tilasta laifi fanarite, kazalika da ake ji da sauran matakan karkashin dokokin laifuffuka. A tsakiyar naúra tana wakilta a raba sashen kira Tarayya zartarwa sabis, wanda kuma yana da wasu matsayi tsarin.

Ayyukan mis kunshi wadannan yankunan:

1. Kisa na azãba ba alaka rashi na 'yanci. Matsayin mai mulkin, babban rawa da aka bai wa tsarin raka'a wakilta Final dubawa cewa kai lissafin kudi, iko da gyara mutane hukuncin wajibi aiki, daidaituwa aiki, ƙuntatawa na da 'yanci da sauransu.
2. Kisa na laifi fanarite dangantawa da kadaici daga jama'a, kungiyar na da ayyukan cibiyoyin ga tilasta yin aiki da hidima a jumla na kurkuku da wata kotu a wani nau'i na da correctional ma'aikata.
3. Aiwatar da wani kotu domin remand a lokacin da ake tsare da shirya aiki na tsare cibiyoyin, kazalika da dama sauran iko.
4. Aiwatar da mis ma'aikatan raka da kaso na kurkuku.
5. Resocialization na fursunoni da suka koma zuwa jama'a bayan bauta wa wani laifi jumla.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa sama da jerin ayyuka ba iyakarsa, kamar yadda Final tsarin da aka wakilta dabam reshe kungiyoyin na daban-daban iri, ciki har da kimiyya da cibiyoyin bincike na FSIN, jami'o'i, kullum jikinsu, da sauransu.