Skovoroda Grigory Savvich: falsafar, zance. Tarihin Grigory Skovoroda

Rayuwar Ukrainian haskakawa, masanin kimiyya, mawaki da kuma malamin - Grigory Savvich Skovoroda - da jimawa bayan mutuwarsa overgrown tare da Legends. Abinda ya dogara ne kawai shine ƙananan bayanan da N. Kovalivsky ya rubuta - aboki da kuma almajiri na masanin kimiyya. Tarihin Grigory Skovoroda ya taƙaita rayuwar mai mawaki. Ba a rasa shi sosai, saboda haka wasu batutuwa daga rayuwar Skovoroda sun kasance masu ban mamaki har yau.

Samar da ilimin falsafa

An haifi mai karatu a nan gaba a 1722 a Poltava, a ƙauyen Chernukhakh, a cikin iyalin Cossack matalauta. Ilimi na farko ya samu a makarantar kauyuka, kuma tun yana da shekaru 12 yana karatu a Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Tare da matsalolin Skovoroda ya yi karatu a makarantar kimiyya har shekaru 19. Gidan ɗakin karatu ya zama tushen ilimi. A cikin karatunsa, masanin kimiyya na gaba shine koyaushe na farko, sabili da haka malamai sun girmama shi, kuma sauran dalibai sun kasance daidai da shi. A yayin karatunsa a makarantar, Gregory ya san Latin, Helenanci, Church Slavonic, Yaren mutanen Poland da Jamusanci. A karamin digiri, ya san wasu wasu harsuna. Skovoroda Grigory Savvich, ban da harsunan kasashen waje, yana da sha'awar wallafe-wallafe da falsafar.

Lokacin Rasha

A 1741 Grigory Skovoroda, wanda ɗan littafinsa ya takaitaccen labari a yau, ya tafi Rasha. A Moscow da St. Petersburg, ya yi waka a gidan kotu. A hanyar, kiɗa ne wani sha'awar Gregory. Ya yi waƙa a ko'ina cikin rayuwarsa, da kansa da sauran mawallafa, suna wasa da kuren wake, fure, bututu, harp da bandura.

Lokacin Turai

A shekara ta 1744, a kotun majalisa Elizabeth, Skovoroda ya koma Kiev, amma ba tsawon lokaci ba. Tare da wakilin Major-Janar F. Vishnevsky, ya tafi Hungary, inda aka gina majami'ar Ikilisiyar Rasha. A ciki, Gregory ya karbi mukamin wakara. Vishnevsky ya kira Skovorod tare da shi ba kawai saboda ya raira waƙa da kyau. Har ila yau, mahimmanci shine cewa masanin kimiyya novice abokin kirki ne, mai fassara mai kyau kuma, a ƙarshe, ɗan ƙasa dan ƙasar Vishnevsky. A cikin lokaci daga 1745 zuwa 1750 Skovoroda ya ziyarci Ostiryia, Poland, Slovakia, da Italiya. A Italiya, Gregory ya sami masaniya mai ban sha'awa da kuma shekaru uku da aka yi karatu a Jami'ar Halle daga masanin kimiyya da falsafa H. Wolf.

Koma gida

Kamar yadda kake gani, tarihin Grigory Skovoroda yana cike da tafiya. A cikin 1753, ya canza siffar mai suna Falsafa a matsayin hoton sage, amma ba tsawon lokaci ba. Komawa zuwa Ukraine, malamin ya shirya shi a cikin littafin waka na Pereyaslavsky. Saboda dalilinsa, ya ɗauki littafin kansa, ba tare da sababbin maƙasudin ba. The Pereiaslav bishop ba ya son wannan dabara, don haka sai ya bukaci Skovoroda ya ba da horo ga 'ya'yansu a hanya. Grigory, ba shakka, ba ya son gaskiyar cewa bishop, wanda ba shi da kwarewa a fannin fasaha, ya koya masa. Masanin kimiyya ya mayar da martani ga zalunci tare da maganganun Latin wanda ya nuna rashin fahimtar masana kimiyya a fagen wasan kwaikwayo. Tambayar cire Skovoroda daga matsayin malamin shayari ya yanke shawara ta kotu na ruhaniya.

Yi aiki a mai mallakar gida

A 1754, mai gida mai suna S. Tomar ya gayyaci Skovoroda ya zama malamin ɗansa Vasily. Gregory ya amince da aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1759, sakamakon haka, abokiyar abokiyar ta tashi a tsakaninsa da ɗalibin, wanda ya ci gaba a rayuwar rayuwar malaman. Kamar yadda V. Tomara ya tuna, ubansa ya tambayi Metropolitan na Kiev ya ba shi shawara mai ilimi da kyakkyawan hali. Nan da nan sai Metropolitan ya nuna wa Skovoroda, saboda wannan mai hankali ne, ya san harsuna da "kiyaye kansa a fili."

Na biyu ƙoƙari ya zama malami

Daga 1759 zuwa 1764, Gregory ya koyar da poetics a cikin Kharkov Collegium, inda yawancin malamai suka kasance daga cikin malaman. Bayan shekaru da yawa na aikin, an gaya masa cewa kasancewa a cikin wannan wuri ne kawai zai yiwu ne kawai idan aka karbi monasticism. Amma mawãƙi ya tabbatar da cewa bai so ya "ƙara yawan Farisiyawa ba." Gaskiyar ita ce, Grigory Skovoroda a matsayin masaniyar falsafa ta gano ma'anar rayuwa a cikin tufafi da kuma dukkanin halayen rayuwa. Ya "janye daga duk ba dole ba, domin ya sami dama." Rayuwar masanan basu dace da ka'idodin Gregory ba, saboda haka sai ya bar makarantar, amma bayan shekaru hudu ya dawo. A wannan lokacin aikinsa shi ne ya koyar da "Catechism" a fannoni daban-daban, inda aka horar da injiniyoyi, 'yan bindiga-makamai, masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane. A nan ba za'a iya tasirin ayyukan masana kimiyya ba akan tushe na ma'aikata. Skovoroda ya koyar da matasa ba don kare addini ba, amma don "bincika mutum a cikin kansu," kuma ya koyar da ka'idodin Kirista a ƙarƙashin Shari'ar Allah. A zahiri a shekara bayan haka aka fallasa masanin kimiyya kuma ya sallame shi.

Tafiya a kusa da Slabozhanschyna

Skovoroda Grigory Savvich ya zauna a kusa da Kharkov a ƙauyen Guzhinsky, a wani karamin gidan a kan yankunan daji. A nan ya rubuta irin ayyukan fasaha kamar "Askhan" da "Narkis". Ba da da ewa Gregory ya koma kauye Gusinku kusa da birnin zabibi Kharkiv yankin. A nan ne ya zauna a cikin bishiyoyin gandun dajin, wanda yake a kan yankin yankin Rosalion-Soshal.

A cikin shekaru 25 da suka wuce, Skovoroda yayi wa'azin ra'ayoyinsa a tsakanin mutane. Falsafar Grigory Skovoroda an bayyana shi a takaicce ta kalma "asceticism", ya fi so ya ci gaba da basira da kada ya gina abubuwa a cikin al'ada. A cikin tufafi masu sauki, tare da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da littattafai a cikin knapsack, masanin kimiyya ya yi tafiya a duk yankin Slobozhansky. A lokacin hutu, ya zauna a cikin kauye ko dukiya na masu gidaje - Donetsk-Zakharzhevsky, Tevyashov, P. Shcherbinin, Ya Pravetsky, da kuma dalibansa N. Kovalyvsky. Grigory Skovoroda, wanda falsafancin ya zama wajibi ne ga mutane, ya tsaya ya zauna a inda akwai masu magana da hankali, ko, a wasu lokuta, mutanen da suke bukatar ilimi da ilimi su inganta.

Masanin kimiyya bai dakatar da ilmantar da matasa ba. Wani lokaci ya tafi Kiev da Moscow don yin aiki a ɗakin karatu don nazarin kundin waka. Ya kuma ziyarci Voronezh, Kursk, Orel da Taganrog. Amma tafiya zuwa Caucasus, don ziyarci ɗan littafin V. Tomar, bai faru saboda rashin lafiyar likitancin ba.

Sanar da masanin kimiyya

A cikin shekarun daga 1770 zuwa 1780, kamar yadda N. Kovalyvsky ya ce, duk mai kyau da mummunan tasiri ya yada game da Skovoroda cikin Ukraine. Wani ya tsawata masa, wani ya yabe shi, amma dukansu sun so su gan shi. Kodayake malamin falsafa yana son ƙaunar kansa, ba ya jin kunya daga kamfanonin masu tunani da abokai. A lokacin da yayi tsufa, Grigory Savvich yana so ya raira waƙa kuma ya buga waƙa a cikin abokansa.

A wannan lokacin, malamin falsafa ya kirkiro wasu ayyukan shahararrun kuma ya koyar da halin kirki ba mutane guda goma ba ne. Ayyukan da suka danganci rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda aka rubuta a 1753-1785, ya haɗu a cikin tarin da ake kira "Garden of Songs Divine".

Kwanaki na ƙarshe

Yayin da aka kwatanta mutuwar farko, masanin kimiyya a 1794 ya tafi ƙauyen Khotetovo Orel yankin zuwa ga ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunata da abokinsa N. Kovaly. Ya dawo, ya zauna a yankin Kharkiv, a ƙauyen Ivanovka. Yanzu ana kiran wannan ƙauyen Skovorodinovka. A nan ne mafi masanin kimiyya ya ƙare rayuwarsa. A cewar labarin, Skovoroda ya yi kabari a cikin lambun, yana da tufafi mai tsabta, ya sanya takardun kansa a ƙarƙashin kansa, kuma ya rufe kansa, ya barci har abada. Don haka tarihin Grigory Skovoroda ya ƙare. Bisa ga nufinsa, an rubuta dutsen kabari na falsafa: "Duniya ta kama ni, amma ban kama shi ba."

Ayyuka

Tarihin Grigory Skovoroda (a cikin Rashanci ko a Ukrainian - ba abu mai mahimmanci ba ne) kawai yana nuna gaskiyar game da rayuwar mai ilimin falsafa, kuma don ya fahimci girmansa, dole ne ya fahimci ayyukansa. Yawan ayyukan Skovoroda sun rarraba cikin ilimin falsafa da ilimin tauhidi da wallafe-wallafen. Daga cikin litattafan tauhidi na farko shine ayyukan "Narkis" da "Askhan", wadanda suka kasance masu ilimin sanin mutum. Tunaninsa game da addini, da kuma Kristanci musamman, masanin kimiyya da aka tsara a cikin laccoci "Ƙofa Ƙofa ga Ƙarlar Kirista" (1766), wadda ya karanta a Kharkov Collegium. Skovoroda mafi kyau shine "Alphabet of the World" da kuma "Abinda yake magana game da zaman lafiya". Dukansu biyu sun kasance masu jituwa ne a kan manufar ɗan adam da farin ciki da aka rubuta a 1775.

Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu za a iya lura tarin waqe "Kharkov Tatsũniyõyi" (1774). Kowace faxin tana da bayani game da ainihin ma'ana. Har ila yau, akwai labarun "Erodi Mai Girma" da "Ugolian lark". Na farko daga cikinsu yana da ilimin ilimi, kuma na biyu - ga zaman lafiya. An rubuta dukkan fables biyu a 1787. Mutane da yawa mashahuran wallafe-wallafen sun kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarmu ba kawai godiya ga ayyukan su ba, amma har zuwa lakabi na winged, Grigory Skovoroda ya yi nasara a wannan. Quotes da epigrams na falsafa na dogon lokaci ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mutane. Ba zato ba tsammani, yawancin su an rubuta a cikin Latin. Ga wasu daga cikin aphorisms:

• Jigilar ta haifar da jin dadi, rashin jin dadi - rashin tausayi, rashin tausayi - jin kuncin rai, kuma wanda ba shi da lafiya, wannan ba za ka iya kiran lafiya ba.
• Ba duk wannan guba ba, wanda ba shi da kyau ga dandano.
• Dauki saman kuma zaka sami tsakiyar.
• Yana da mahimmanci ga mahaukaci ya yi baƙin ciki saboda abin da ya ɓace kuma kada yayi farin ciki da abin da ya rage.
• Oh, idan kuna iya rubuta kamar yadda kuke tunani!
• Wadanda suke da kaskantar rai, mafi kyawun duk rubuce da magana, sun zama mafi munin.
• Kamar dai itace dabino: mafi wuya shi ne dutse, wanda ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi kyau ya tashi sama.
• Babu wani abu mai hatsari fiye da abokin gaba, amma babu wani abu mai guba ga aboki maras kyau.

Bayyana ayyukan

Grigory Skovoroda ya yi ta yadawa a fadin duniya a cikin takardun rubuce-rubuce cewa abokansa sun sake komawa ga abokan su. Marubucin kansa kuma ya kofe kuma ya ba wa danginsa yarjejeniyarsa. Ta haka ne, gadonsa ya tafi Ukraine, Rasha, Moldova, Hungary, Poland da Romania. Wadannan takardu sun fadi a cikin gidaje masu aikin gona, da kuma dukiya mai yawa, har da mazaunin malamai da makamai. Wasu waƙoƙin da masanin kimiyya na ƙarshen karni na 18 suka kasance. Koma cikin rubuce-rubuce na Rashanci, kuma abin da ya ƙunshi "Ga Kowane Mutum a City of Law and Rights" ya yi da kobzars makafi a matsayin waƙa na mutãne.

Binciken aikin wallafe-wallafen

Falsafar Grigory Skovoroda (mun takaitaccen taƙaitaccen mahimman bayanai) an gano shi a cikin ayyukan wallafe-wallafensa. Mutane da yawa masu sukar sunyi la'akari da nauyin aikin malaman falsafa, kodayake sun gane abinda suke ciki da gaskiya. Wadannan ayyuka an kwatanta su da dutse mai daraja wadda ba'a riga an sarrafa shi ba, ko gonar da itatuwan daji ke girma tare da tsire-tsire masu noma. Marubucin ko da yaushe ya san zargi tare da jin tausayi kuma ya amsa wa irin wannan ƙididdiga cewa ya kasance "lãka baki frying kwanon rufi yin burodi farin pancakes."

A cewar wasu masu karatu, tarihin Grigory Skovoroda yayi kama da hanyar rayuwar masanin kimiyyar Rasha M. Lomonosov. Dukansu suna cikin shayari, masu falsafa da masana kimiyya, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, sun bar mutane. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin shekarun 1830, mutanen da suke da masaniya a wallafe-wallafen suna kira Skovorod zuwa litattafan wallafe-wallafen Ukrainian tare da Kvitka-Osnovyanenka, Gulag-Artemovsky da Kotlyarevsky. A kan manufar waƙar nan "Oh, tsuntsu na launin rawaya" marubutan Rasha. V. Kapnist ya rubuta waka "Chizhik".

Grigory Skovoroda, wanda falsafancinsa da shayari ya yi mahimmanci ga tsoffin litattafan wallafe-wallafe na Ukrainian, an nuna shi a wasu ayyukan abokan aiki. A cikin labarin "Twins" Taras Shevchenko, ya kasance mutum ne mai hoto, amma wannan bai hana dabi'un daga dabi'un dabi'a da ilimin tauhidi ba don tasiri kan shirin. Savvaty Sokira - daya daga cikin halayen aikin - ya gaji daga mahaifinsa, dan makaranta na Skovoroda, al'ada na rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayin da kuma samun aikinsa, yayin da yake karanta ayyukan asalin Virgil da Homer. Kuma P. Kulish, wanda yake tunanin rayuwar mai girma masanin kimiyya, ya ba shi aikin da ake kira "Gritsko Skovoroda. Tsohon Rashancin Rasha ". A shekara ta 1861, da godiya ga kawar da sakonci da kuma saukewa na yin bincike, ya zama mai yiwuwa a buga ayyukan Skovoroda. Wannan lamari ne mai muhimmanci a rayuwar al'adun Ukraine.

Bayani na koyarwar falsafa

Don haka, tare da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce duk suna da yawa ko žasa bayyananne, wani abu - falsafar. A cewar mawallafin mawallafin, Grigory Skovoroda a matsayin masanin ilimin falsafa ya haifar da mafi girma tsakanin masu sukar. Yana da wahala a taƙaice bayyana bayanan falsafarsa. Wasu masu bincike sunyi la'akari da Grigory Savich a matsayin m, wasu kuma, akasin haka, wani tunani. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1894, lokacin da Farfesa D. Bagalley na Jami'ar Kharkov ya wallafa dukkan ayyukan fasaha na Skovoroda, masana kimiyya sun iya ba da cikakken bincike game da aikinsa.

An san shi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar kiristanci, wanda koyarwar Plato, Plutarch, Cicero, Jamusanci, da falsafancin zamanin zamani sun rinjayi aikinsa. Tarihin Grigory Skovoroda ya nuna cewa cikin rayuwarsa ya yi wa'azin abin da ake kira "monasticism na duniya". Ya duba tsarin addini na addini, da dogmatism da rayuwan ruhu. Masanin ilimin falsafa ya lura da rashin bin ka'idodi na coci kuma ya gaskata cewa domin ilimin Allah yana da isasshen yanayi wanda yake cike da mu'ujjizan gaskiya.

Don zama mai farin ciki, a cewar Skovoroda, kana buƙatar ci gaba da farin cikin zuciya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin ranka, rayuwa cikin jituwa da dabi'a kuma kada ka tsayayya da makoma. Ya kara da hankali akan gaskiyar cewa kada mutum ya shiga kasuwanci wanda ruhu ba ya karya, domin ya sabawa "nufin Allah", wanda ke zaune a cikin kowannen mu, kuma ba za a yi amfani da waɗannan ayyuka ba, sai dai cutar.

Kalmomin kirki na falsafa, ko da yake addini a cikin yanayi, ya hada da "ƙwaƙwalwa" (daga matsayin al'ada). Gregory Savich shigar knowability na duniya ya kuma kasance a kan matsayi na haƙiƙa idealism. Da farko, ya koya kan matsalolin ilimin ɗan adam. Misalin tsarin al'umma mai zaman kanta Skovoroda ya wakilci wani "rukunin dutse" wanda daidaito da farin ciki suke sarauta. Hanyar zuwa wannan rukunin, a cikin ra'ayi, ya zama ta hanyar ilimin mutum a cikin kansa, abin da ya kamata ya zama kowannenmu. Don canja tsarin kasancewar abubuwa a cikin al'umma, a cewar masanin kimiyya, kada muyi yaki da wannan tsari, amma muyi ƙoƙari don 'yanci na ruhaniya.

A cikin mafi yawan maganganun falsafancinsa, Skovoroda yana da hankali ga jari-hujja, amma wannan ra'ayi ne na gaskiya wanda ya sa shi ya haifar da ka'idar "kasashe uku". Na farko daga cikin wadannan ana kiranta "macrocosm" kuma yana gano yanayin. Na biyu - microcosm - mutum ne. Kuma na uku - "duniya na alamomi" - duniya ne wanda ba a iya ciki ba wanda ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kowane ɗayan duniya yana da kayan aiki da ruhaniya, wannan shine babban rinjaye. Yin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, Fiti-pan-da-laka ya nemo shi a cikin abin da aka kwatanta, wanda ba shi da gamsu da fahimta.

Masana kimiyyar da sukayi nazarin ilimin falsafar Grigory Savich sun kwatanta shi da Socrates. Masanin ilimin falsafa daga Ukraine ya haɓaka tayar da hankali na jama'a a karshen karni na 18. Maganar N. Kostomarov a cikin labarin "Maganar Frying" (1861) yayi magana game da iko mai karfi na Skovoroda tsakanin mutanen Ukrainian: "Bai isa ya lura da irin mutanen irin su Grigory Savvich wanda mutane suka ƙaunaci da tunawa da su ba. Daga Voronezh zuwa Kiev a gidajen yana rataye hotonsa. Kowane Ukrainian marubuci ya sani game da shi ... ". Wannan ita ce hanya ga mutane Grigory Skovoroda. Tarihi (a cikin Rashanci, ciki har da) ya ba da wani ra'ayi game da halin mutumin wannan malamin. Don ƙarin koyo game da zurfin ra'ayoyinsa, ana bada shawarar karanta ayyukansa da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi rayuwar mai tunani da mawaƙi.

Hotuna na Frying Pan ta kunshi yawancin al'adu daga Ukraine. Artists I. Izhakevich da S. Vasilkovsky sun sadaukar da mawallafi da masanin falsafa zuwa hoto "Frying kwanon rufi a hanya" da "Mutane suna sauraron waƙoƙin Skovoroda". V. Znoba da na I. Kavaleridze ya halicci hotunan hotunansa. I. Kavaleridze, Bugu da ƙari, ya rubuta hoto kuma ya harbe hoton "Grigory Skovoroda" a 1959. A cikin girmamawa ga malaman kimiyya, sai dai ƙauye a yankin Kharkiv, tituna a Kharkov, Kiev, Odessa da Poltava suna suna.