Stomata a tsire-tsire: ganewa, location, aiki. Ma'ana na stomata a tsire-tsire numfashi

A stomata da shuka - wani rami, a samu a cikin epidermis yadudduka. Suna amfani da su ƙafe wuce haddi da ruwa da kuma iskar gas musayar daga cikin flower tare da yanayi.

Domin da farko lokacin da suka zama sananne a 1675, lokacin da halittu Marcello Malpighi wallafa samu a Anatome plantarum. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba su iya warware su hakikanin manufar, wanda ya} ashin ga ci gaban nan gaba shiriritar da kuma gudanar da bincike.

Tarihi da binciken

Next baton dauki zamani Marcello - Neemiya Gryu. Ya nuna cewa, darajar stomata a cikin numfashin na shuke-shuke kama da rawar da trachea a kwari, da kuma a wasu hanyoyi ya zato ya kusa zuwa ga gaskiya.

A cikin XIX karni, da dogon-jiran ci gaba a gudanar da bincike. Godiya ga Hugo von addu'a da kuma Simon Schwendener zama da aka sani na asali manufa na stomata da su rarrabuwa da irin ginin.

Wadannan binciken sun bayar da wani karfi impetus ga fahimtar dogon aiki, amma wasu al'amurran da nazarin ci gaba da za a yi karatu har yanzu.

tsarin takardar

Wadannan sassa na shuka, a matsayin epidermis kuma stomata, koma zuwa ciki tsari na takardar, amma ya kamata farko bincika ta waje tsarin. Saboda haka, jerin hada da:

• Leaf farantin - wani lebur, m part, alhakin photosynthesis, gas musayar, danshin ruwa da vegetative yaduwa (ga wasu iri).
• Sansanonin wanda shi ne ilimi masana'anta, abin da hidima da kara yawan farantin karfe kuma kara. Har ila yau, tare da shi da takardar ne a haɗe zuwa da kara.
• Stipule - biyu samuwar tushe, kare da axillary buds.
• Petiole - takardar Tapered rabo a haɗa da farantin da kara. Shi ne da alhakin m ayyuka: fuskantarwa zuwa ga haske da kuma ci gaban ta hanyar ilimi masana'anta.

A waje tsarin da mai takardar maiyuwa su bambanta da ɗan dangane da siffar da kuma irin (sauki / hadaddun) amma duk da sassa aka jera a sama ne ko da yaushe ba.

Domin ciki na'urorin sun hada da epidermis kuma stomata, kuma da dama, da su kafa yadudduka da jijiyoyinmu. Kowace daga cikin abubuwa na da tsarin.

Alal misali, da rufe masana'anta na cikin matsanancin gefen farantin da aka hada da mai rai Kwayoyin, daban-daban a cikin size da kuma siffar. A mafi waje na wanda da nuna gaskiya da damar hasken rana don shiga cikin takardar.

Karami Kwayoyin located da ɗan zurfi dauke da chloroplast, wanda ba ganye kore. Saboda dũkiyõyinsu, suka kira trailing. Dangane da mataki na hydration suna nan matsa, a tsakãninsu samar da stomatal tsaguwa.

tsarin

A tsawon stomata da shuka dabam dangane da irin da irin nisan da ɗaukar hoto yana karɓa. Mai manyan pores iya isa wani size of 1 cm. Su samar da stoma matsara Kwayoyin cewa tsara da matakin na ta bude.

The inji na motsi ne wajen hadaddun da daban-daban domin jinsin. Mafi yawansu - dangane da ruwa matakin da chloroplast - nama turgor Kwayoyin iya duka biyu karu da karuwa, game da shi, daidaitawa da bude daga cikin stomata.

Nufa stomatal tsaguwa

Kila, babu bukatar su zauna a kan wannan al'amari, kamar yadda ganye aiki. Ya san game da shi ko da an makaranta. Amma ga cewa hadu da stomata? Su aiki - don tabbatar da transpiration (aiwatar da ruwa motsi ta hanyar da shuka da kuma ta danshin ta hanyar da waje gabobin kamar ganye, mai tushe da furanni), wanda aka samu saboda aikin matsara Kwayoyin. Wannan inji kare da shuka da bushewa a zafi weather da kuma hana putrefaction aiwatar fara karkashin yanayi na wuce kima zafi. Its aiki ne mai sauki: a lokacin da da yawa na ruwa a cikin sel ba high isa matsa lamba a kan bango da dama, da kuma stomatal tsaguwa rufe yayin da rikewa ake bukata domin ya raya danshi abun ciki.

A akasin wannan, da overabundance take kaiwa zuwa ƙãra matsa lamba da kuma bude pores, ta hanyar abin da suka wuce haddi danshi evaporates. Saboda wannan, rawar da stomata a sanyaya shuke-shuke ne ma high, tun da iska zazzabi an rage kusa ta hanyar transpiration.

To kasa da rata ne iska rami, abin da hidima ga gas musayar. Iska ta shiga da shuka ta cikin pores, don kara fara aiwatar da photosynthesis da kuma numfasawa. Rarar oxygen da aka sa'an nan sallami cikin yanayi ta hanyar duk wannan stomatal tsaguwa. A wannan yanayin, da kasancewar ko rashi ne sau da yawa amfani da rarrabuwa na shuke-shuke.

takardar aiki

A takardar ne m jiki, ta hanyar da gudanar photosynthesis, numfasawa, transpiration, Guttation da vegetative yaduwa. Haka kuma, shi ne iya tara danshi da kuma kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar stomata, amma kuma samar da mafi girma sassauci ga shuka hadaddun yanayin.

Kamar yadda ruwa - babban kwayuka yanayi, tukar tumbi da wurare dabam dabam na ruwa a ciki da itacen ko flower ne daidai da muhimmanci ga ta aiki. A wannan yanayin da shuka garwaya da kawai 0.2% na danshi wucewa therethrough, sauran kashi ke transpiration da Guttation, wanda ya auku saboda da motsi na narkar da ma'adinai salts da kuma sanyaya.

Vegetative haifuwa sau da yawa yakan faru da yankan da kuma rooting bar furanni. Mutane da yawa na cikin gida shuke-shuke suna girma a irin wannan hanya a matsayin kawai hanyar zuwa adana tsarki na iri.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a modified ganye taimaka wa daidaita da daban-daban muhalli da yanayi. Alal misali, da canji a cikin spines na hamada shuke-shuke taimaka rage danshi danshin, antennae fadada kara aiki, da kuma manyan size sukan yi amfani for adana ruwaye da kuma gina jiki inda yanayin damina ba da damar hannun jari don ciyar da kai a kai.

Kuma da jerin ne m. Lokacin da yana da wuya ba, a lura cewa wadannan ayyuka ne guda domin leaf furanni da itatuwa.

A wasu tsire-tsire ba da stomata?

Tun da stomatal kãtse halayyar mafi girma shuke-shuke, shi ne samuwa a duk jinsin, kuma kuskure yi imani da shi ya bace, ko da idan akwai wani itace, ko flower ganye. The kawai banda ga mulkin kelp da sauran algae.

A tsarin da stomata da aikinsu a conifers, ferns, horsetails, floaters da mossy shuke-shuke bambanta da na flowering. Mafi yawansu ba su kãtse bude rana da kuma rayayye shiga a gas musayar kuma transpiration. ban ne cacti da tsire, wanda pores ne a bude a dare da kuma kusa da farko na da safe domin ya cece ruwa a yankunan m.

A stomata da shuka, wanda ganye taso kan ruwa a kan ruwa surface, suna located kawai a cikin babba Layer na epidermis, da kuma "masu zama a gida" ya bar - a kasa. A wasu irin wadannan ramummuka ne ba a garesu da farantin.

location stomata

A dicotyledonous shuke-shuke stomatal slits located a garesu daga cikin takardar farantin, amma su lambar a kasa ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye saman. Wannan bambancin ne saboda bukatar rage danshi danshin daga rijiyar-hasken surface na takardar.

Domin monocots babu ƙayyadaddu a wuri na stomata, tun da shi ya dogara da shugabanci na ci gaban faranti. Alal misali, ganyen wani shuka epidermis, daidaitacce tsaye, ya ƙunshi guda yawan pores a cikin sama da kuma a cikin ƙananan Layer.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da ganye iyo a kan underside na stomatal tsaga ba a nan, saboda sun sha ruwa ta hanyar da cuticle, kazalika da cikakken ruwa shuke-shuke da cewa suna da irin wannan nisa babu.

Stomata na conifers suna located zurfi karkashin indodem, game da shi, rage su ikon transpiration.

Har ila yau, tun da wuri ne daban-daban tare da girmamawa ga surface na epidermis. A ramummuka iya hada kai tare da sauran "fata" Kwayoyin tafi sama ko a kasa, ta samar da yau da kullum da layuka ko a ka tarwatsa a shafi nama.

Cacti, sukullentov da sauran shuke-shuke, wanda ganye ba ya nan ko modified da kuma canza kama zuwa needles, da stomata suna located a kan tushe da kuma fleshy sassa.

iri

A stomata da shuka ya kasu kashi da yawa iri dangane da wurin da rakiyar Kwayoyin:

• Anomotsitny - Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi na kowa, inda gefen barbashi ba ya bambanta daga wasu da suke a cikin epidermis. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin sauki gyare-gyare za a iya kira laterotsitny irin.
• Paracytic - halin da layi daya makwabtaka rakiyar Kwayoyin zumunta stomatal tsaguwa.
• Diatsitny - yana da kawai biyu gefen-barbashi.
• Anizotsitny - rubuta muhimmi kawai flowering shuke-shuke, da uku rakiyar Kwayoyin, daya daga wanda ke markedly daban-daban a size.
• Tetratsitny - shi ne hali na monocots, yana da hudu rakiyar Kwayoyin.
• Entsiklotsitny - akwai barbashi gefe suna rufe a kusa da kulle zobe.
• Peritsitny - hankula na stoma, ba da alaka da wani rakiya cell a gare shi.
• Desmotsitny - bambanta daga tsohon irin kawai a gaban hada guda biyu ramummuka da biyo baya barbashi.

A nan ne kawai mafi rare iri.

Effect of Environmental dalilai a kan na waje tsarin da takardar

Domin da rayuwa da shuke-shuke yana da muhimmanci sosai da mataki na ta adaptability. Alal misali, ga rigar yankunan halin da manyan ganye faranti da kuma babban adadin stomata, yayin da a yankunan m, wannan inji abubuwa daban. Babu furanni ko itatuwa ba su bambanta ba a size, da kuma yawan da aka rage muhimmanci, don a hana wuce kima evaporation.

Saboda haka, za mu iya ganin yadda sassa na shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin rinjayar muhalli canji unpredictably kan lokaci da cewa rinjayar da yawan stomata.