Su wane ne Karaites? Asalin da Karaites

Su wane ne Karaites? Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi tsoho mutanen duniya, tare da wani tarihin taqin fiye da dozin ƙarni. Wakilai na cewa kabila iya yanzu za a samu a Poland, Lithuania da kuma Ukraine.

A tarihin mutane

More 4 Millennium BC. e. Iran Filato aka zaunar Turkic kabilu. Next ya su gabatarwa da Gabas, har zuwa tsakiyar Mesofotamiya. A wannan yankin, kabilan aka raba. Daya daga cikin su koma zuwa ga Kudu, inda suka kafa Sumerian jihar. Na biyu karkashin jagorancin Cif Black zama tsakiya na nan gaba al'umma - Karaites. Wannan bangare na kabilu zauna a cikin ƙasa na jamsin na yanzu Turkey, Syria da kuma Iraqi.

A waɗannan kwanaki, da Karaites su ne kawai mutane ke akwai ummiyyai. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, Saboda haka akwai sunan. Bayan duk, kalmar "Sakamakonsa", a cikin harshen da suke zaune a makwabta yankunan Yahudawa da Larabawa nufi "karanta".

A ko'ina cikin tarihin ta zama, wannan mutane ne wani ɓangare na daban-daban jihohi. Da farko, shi ya Bahitte mulkin. Bayan mutuwarsa - Assuriya. Next Karaite mutane shi ne wani ɓangare na mulkin Farisa da Parfanskogo.

Tsakanin 2 zuwa 1 karni BC. e. ɓangare na Karaites m tafi daga mutãnensa suka zauna a cikin ƙasa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Duk da haka, shi ya ya da wani gagarumin addini tasiri a yawan mutane a wannan yankin.

Sha'awa, da Karaites mutane fĩfĩta su shirya a cikin kogwanni. Wani misali na wannan zai iya zama a matsayin birane kamar Dzhuft Kale da Mangup-Kale. Wasu malaman rike da Karaite asalin jarrabawa na Virgin Mary, wanda so ya ba ta haifi Almasihu a cikin kogo.

A farkon mu zamanin da aka alama ta kara ci gaban wannan al'umma zuwa arewa. Karaites ratsa Caucasian kunya da kuma zaunar da su a cikin ƙasa na ba Dagestan. Rayar da wannan tsari da ya faru a cikin ƙarni na bakwai a lokacin da mamayewa na larabawa. Karaites sun hada kai tare da Turkic kabilu. A daidai wannan lokaci, sun halitta da Khazar Khanate, wanda daina wanzuwa bayan da ya kai hari da Crimean Tatars. Karaites rasa mafi yawan mutane.

The tsira membobin wannan kabila zo karkashin ikon da invaders. A lokaci guda kusa da lalata, amma mafi ladabi mutane, ba kawai kwastan da kuma hadisai, amma kuma da harshen aro daga Tatars. Karaites ba tare da dalili ne ya dauki mafi cancantar mutane. Tabbatar shi ne cewa har yanzu da harshen da Crimean Tatars yana da manyan bambance-bambance da harshen sauran membobin wani ba kabila.

The kalmar "Sakamakonsa" yana nufin ba kawai ga mutane. Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da dangane da wani kabila wakilan masu ce karaites koyarwarsa.

addini motsi

Gaskiyar cewa akwai wani motsi kamar Karaites, farko da aka ambata a cikin 8th karni a birnin Bagadaza. Yana da wannan lokaci kwanan baya zuwa na farko ya ambaci wani addinin Yahudawa darikar ananitov. Dalilin da al'umma ya zuwa gama duk sun rasa su rinjayi Yahudawa kungiyoyin karkashin tutar antiravvanisticheskogo shugabanci. The shugaban wannan kungiyar, Anan ban David yi wa'adi ga dukkan magoya bayansa da cikakken 'yanci a nazarin koyarwar Musa, m maimakon da negation of Talmud, kazalika da veneration na Attaura, a matsayin kawai tsarki littafin.

Asalin da Karaites, kazalika da kwatancin ĩmãninsu da rai halarta a cikin littafin "Eshkol ha Cofer" da aka rubuta Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

A wannan aikin, marubucin ya takaita da al'ada ayyuka na wannan al'umma, kazalika da muhawara, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin wakilan al'umma da kuma Kiristoci.

Game wanda da Karaites, da kuma littafin ya gaya mana "Adderet Eliyahu", rubuta ta Eliyahu Ben Musa Bashyachi. A wannan aikin, wadda aka saki a karshen na 15th karni, shi ya ƙunshi cikakken bayanin kan ayyukan ibada yi na rahoton kabila.

etymology

Asali, kalmar "Sakamakonsa" a cikin kasar nufi kawai addini kungiya. Yana nufin addini da kuma ba shi da kasa. Duk da cewa canza a lokacin Soviet zamanin. Yana wani lokacin da addini ba a ambace shi a ko'ina. A wannan batun, kuma akwai Abubakar da kalmar "Karaites" ga sunan kabilanci rukuni na mutane.
Mene ne kalmar nan "kara" a yau? Su m kabila ba tare game da addini. Wani lokaci da Kalmar "Sakamakonsa" na nuna bayanan akidar, ba tare da shan la'akari da kabila da mutum.

Semitic ka'idar

A cewar wasu zaton, da Karaites kabila ya sami asali daga Yahudawa fadace-rabe-kungiya cewa wa'azi dotalmudichesky Yahudanci. Wannan ka'idar da aka sani kawai har zuwa karshen karni na 19th. Kuma shi ne zuwa kashi da kuma ta Karaites. Yau wannan ka'idar ne batun kaifi zargi daga cikin shugabannin da kabila. An ba da goyan bayan mafi mambobi ne na Karaite al'umma. Duk da haka, magoya bayan na Yahudawa asalin ka'idar ne har yanzu akwai a yanzu. Suka zauna a cikin Ukraine da kuma Crimea.

Turkic ka'idar

Akwai wani zato cewa kabila daga cikin Karaites sauko daga Khazars. A Turkic nomadic mutane (7-10 cc.), Convert to Yahudanci.

Wannan ka'idar da aka sa a gaba ta hanyar V. V. Grigorevym (Rasha orientalist), samu da baza a 1846 A cikin karni na 20th version na Khazar asalin na Karaites gane Soviet kimiyya. Barka da wannan ka'ida, da kuma ta kabila shugabannin, wanda ya yi musu da wani dangane zuwa ga mutãnensa zuwa Yahudanci da Yahudawa. Duk da haka, da yawa addini Karaites Khazar version aka gana da zargi. Ba tare da kin yarda da wanzuwar Turkic abubuwa a cikin asalin, ba su yarda da Khazar ka'idar. Don kwanan wata, ba mu yarda da wannan version, da kuma masana kimiyya da dama.

Zuriyar da Khazars sau da yawa la'akari da kansu Karaites, Krymchaks da Mountain Yahudawa. Kuma wannan version ila yau yana da hakkin ya wanzu. Gaskiyar cewa Karaites, Krymchaks da Mountain Yahudawa da a nasu harsuna, wasu abubuwa na da Chuvash (Khazar). A cikin ni'imar da wannan version kuma na zuwa wani addini. Krymchaks, kazalika da Khazars, da'awar Orthodox Yahudanci ravvanistichesky.

roba ka'idar

Akwai wani amsar wannan tambaya da wanda da Karaites. Don kwanan wata, wani version cewa hadawa da Turkic da Semitic ka'idar. A cewar ta, wannan al'umma ne sakamakon hadawa Khazar-Crimean Bulgarians da kuma Yahudawa, Karaites. Mun sa a gaba da wannan ka'idar Yufud Kokizov da Ilya Casas. Wadannan da aka sani Karaites da'awar cewa kabila wadanda wakilansu suke, ba za a iya classified a matsayin cikakken a hankali Yahudawa da Larabawa.

Ana zargin Gabashin Turai

Akwai ka'idar cewa 'yan dari Tartar da Karaite iyalai da aka bred Lithuanian prince Vytautas daga Crimea domin su sake ma su matsugunni a cikin sarauta. Duk da haka, wasu masana kimiyya (Peter Golden, Dan Shapiro da kuma Golda Akhiezer) ne da ɗan daban-daban ka'idar da aka samarwa. Bisa ga jarrabawa, da magabatan da Karaites, zaune a yau, a Gabashin Turai, sun zo ba daga Crimea. Sun bar ƙasar a Lower Volga da kuma a arewacin Iran, kama da mangolawa. Bugu da kari, wasu Karaites iso cikin Turai daga Rum, kazalika daga Ottoman Empire.

Anthropology

Don da tambaya "Wane ne Karaites?" Na yi kokarin samun wani amsar, da kuma kwararru da yawa da hannu a cikin binciken na mutum. Saboda haka, Anthropology, Constantin Ikov a 1880 an yi karatu game da uku dozin tsarin kwanyarsu na zuwa Crimean wakilan na wannan al'umma. unequivocal ƙarshe da aka sanya a kan tushen da data cewa Karaites ba na zuwa Yahudawa da Larabawa. Su za a iya classified a matsayin brachycephalic.

Anthropological girma daga cikin wakilan da Lithuanian Karaites aka bincika Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH a 1904

A 1910, an kammala masanin kimiyya Vitoldom Shreyberom cewa launin fata hali ga Karaites Yahudawa da Larabawa m. Wannan al'umma, ya dauki ga Finno-Ugric kungiyar.

A 1912 SA Weissenberg sabon nazarin da aka gudanar. The masanin kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da anthropological siffofin Krymchaks Yahudawa da Karaites. Duk da haka, ya kammala da cewa kama na karshe biyu kabilun.

Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Lithuanian Karaites aka bincika a 1934 Korrado Dzhini. The masanin kimiyya zo ga ƙarshe game da gamuwa da wannan al'umma da Chuvash, kuma saboda haka, tare da Khazars da Cumans.

A shekarar 1963, AN Pulyanosom aka alama Near Eastern siffofin, wanda da a su bayyanar Lithuanian Karaites (duba ƙasa photo).

Jini gwaje-gwaje da membobin wannan kabila da aka gudanar a shekarar 1968, da data samu ya nuna kama da Karaites a Lithuania da kuma Misira, wanda ya tabbatar da asalin da Rum al'ummai.

A shekara ta 1971, Academician V. P. Alekseevym da aka gudanar craniologically binciken mutanen da suke rayuwa a garin Khazar Sarkel. A sakamakon haka, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa Karaite mutane sa daga hadawa da na gida kabilan Khazars (Sarmatians, Alans, Goths).

A lokacin daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2013. binciken underwent kwayoyin sa hannu na zuwa ashirin da takwas Karaites. A data samu nuni da Gabas ta Tsakiya asalin wannan al'umma da kuma ta kusanci zuwa Eastern, Sephardic da Ashkenazi Yahudawa. Nazarin ya tabbatar da kama na Gabashi da kuma Masar Karaites.

Babban waje bambancin da wannan kabila suna kewaye a cikin matsakaicin tsayi, m kirji, santsi, ko da dan kadan wavy gashi da duhu idanu. Mutane da yawa Karaites (duba ƙasa photo) da yawanci thickens zuwa kasa daga cikin hanci da almond- dimbin yawa da idanu, wadda protrude 'yan.

Skin wakilan wannan kabila da hasken rawaya inuwa.

Relationship tare da Yahudawa

Na dogon lokaci da Karaites kiyaye Semitic ka'idar ta asali. Duk da haka, ba su yi hamayya da su Yahudawa al'ada. Duk da haka, duk abin da ya canja bayan da ƙasa sanaki Karaites, aka annexed da Rasha Empire. Tun da yake wannan lokaci wakilan dauke kabilun sun fito fili ya sãɓã wa kanta Yahudawa. Shugabannin Karaites kabila, da suka shahara a al'adu da kuma 'yan siyasa, ba rebuttal Semitic theories na asalin daga mutãnensa. Karfafa wannan Trend ya faru a farkon karni na 20th. Wannan m dalilai kamar:

- fansa, lokacin da dukan al'ummai sun daidaita hakkokin, fãce Yahudawa.
- rabe-assimilation, ƙwace Hebrew harshe a bauta da kuma maye gurbin shi da wani Karaite.
- mika mulki Karaite masana zuwa Kristanci.
- dejudaization Karaite yawan jama'a.

Wakilai na al'umman da suke zaune a cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma a yau ci gaba da hamayya da kanta ga Yahudawa.

addini

Karaism ne syncretic tsarin hada da imani da kuma ayyuka bukukuwan da kuma sadaukarwa. Kuma har yanzu shi ne kusa da koyarwar addini motsi da cewa bãyukansu zuwa Anan Ben David. Its ka'idojin gani,
- soyayya ga daya ta makwabcin kuma ga Allah;
- da veneration na duk halin kirki norms, wanda aka bai wa a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.

A lokaci guda a ko'ina cikin tarihin mutanen featured Karaite addini haƙuri. Sun taba dandana addini ƙiyayya zuwa wasu koyarwar, da imani da cewa kawai a cikin wannan harka da mutumin ne cancanci rayuwa ta sama. Irin wannan fasali da damar addini Karaites tsaya a Lithuanian da Crimean yanayi da kuma ba ya ci tare da shi. Ba tare da ƙari, za mu iya cewa addini ya taimaka wannan al'umma, don adana kabilanci da kuma mutuncin al'adu.

A wasu birane na Crimea shi ne har yanzu yiwu a ga Haikali (gidan addu'a) na Karaites. A ta facade shi yana da shida-nuna star. Duk da haka, shi ne ba da ake kira majami'ar, kuma kenassa. Yau sau da yawa wadannan gidaje suna watsi da ko ba amfani ga manufar da aka nufa.

Famous wakilan jama'a

A duk lokacin da, al'adu da kuma ilimi mutane la'akari da Karaites. Famous mutane na wannan kabila sun yi babban taimako ga ci gaban duniya kimiyya da adabi. Daga gare su akwai Andron Babban ha-Rofe ben Yusufu, wanda ya rayu a 1260-1320 biennium. Ya kasance mai Falsafa da lauya, marubuci kuma likita, liturgical mawãƙi da exegete. A yanayin da Andron da natsuwa da kuma lucid hankali. Amfani da zurfin da m ilimi, ya rubuta wani yawan m ayyukansu. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne littafin "Mivhar" a cikin abin da comments aka bai wa Attaura. Wannan aikin da aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau daga cikin Karaite aiki.

Wani m wakilin Karaim mutane ne Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 gg.). Wannan na karshe na Yaren mutanen Poland hazzan kafa a lokacin da Wroclaw kenassa.

Karaite san jama'a adadi, ya zama majiɓinci, kuma shuni ya Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 gg.). A 1820, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban birnin Yalta. A 1837, sai aka tabbatar a matsayin na farko Crimean Gaham, da kuma aka wajabta wani babban jami'in malamin na Karaites.

Daga cikin mashahuran wakilan wannan mutane ne sanannen lissafi da kuma binciken burbushin, soja shugabannin da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, gine-ginen, malamai, da likitoci, ma'aikatan gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sauransu. D.