The juyin mulki - menene wannan?

The juyin mulki ya fara a kan wani zafi ranar Lahadi da rana. Game da biyar karfe da rana 18 ga watan Agusta, 1991 zuwa Ƙofar gwamnati dacha a Foros a kan Black Sea Coast na Crimea, inda hutu shugaban na Union of Soviet Socialist jamhuriyoyin, Mikhail Gorbachev ya isa biyar black "Volga". Babu su yi zato ba, kuma a farko da masu gadi bai buɗe ba, ƙõfõfin da kuma kawar da sarkar da zangarniya sa fadin hanya.

Object "Dawn"

Sa'an nan daga farko mota ya bar Janar Yuri Plekhanov, da shugaban Tara Directorate na KGB. Ya kasance da alhakin tsaro sabis na KGB kuma wani mai duba tsare Gorbachev. A daidai wannan lokacin da kore karfe ƙofofi, ado da manyan ja taurari, ya bude. Kan gaba 'yan mintuna na motoci har da serpentine hanya ta cikin cypress itatuwa zuwa kankare gini da code-mai suna "abu" Dawn "."

Gorbachev, kamar yadda ya daga baya ya gaya wa masu bincike, ba a yi tsammani baƙi - biyar manyan jami'an na KGB, sojojin da manyan jami'an jam'iyyar kwaminis, kazalika da masu kare lafiyarsa. Ya tsince wayar kira shugaban KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Amma da layin da aka yanke. Sa'an nan, ya aika a kirawo masa tsaro shugaba Janar Vladimir Medvedev, wanda ya ce sai nan da nan a gane da "Khrushchev" zaɓi. Tsohon Soviet shugaban Nikita Khrushchev a shekarar 1964, aka hambarar da a wani juyin mulki a lokacin da yake hutu a kan Black Sea.

Farko na karshen

Kan gaba 73 hours, biyu m Soviet jami'an yi yaƙi domin da hakkin ya yi tarihi. Tawagar, wadda ta zo a cikin Foros, Kryuchkov aka aika zuwa shawo Gorbachev zuwa ga gefen cikin takwas shugabannin jam'iyya da kuma janar-janar, kafa gaggawa ta jihar kwamitin (Gaggawa kwamitin), wanda mambobin sun dauki kan wucin gadi iko a kan Tarayyar Soviet. The juyin mulki da aka za'ayi, saboda bayan kwana biyu, Agusta 20, da shugaban kasar ya shiga wani sabon alkawari na alliance, wanda ya juya Tarayyar Soviet a cikin wani tarayya. Mutane da yawa suka ji tsoron cewa wannan zai kai ga rushewar kasar da dama, m jihohi. Manufar juyin mulkin da aka shawo Gorbachev ya bayyana dokar ta baci da kuma jinkirta sanya hannu na kwangila.

Juyin mulki ya samu kishiyar sakamako. Samar da juyin mulki ba kawai ƙarfafa Tarayyar Soviet, shi ya bayar Borisu Eltsinu, da sabon shugaban na cikin RSFSR, Unlimited iko. Kwaminis shaho aka kange daga tafiyar da kasar. Ƙoƙarin ajiye Tarayyar Soviet, da shugabannin juyin mulkin karshe hammered a kan gungumen azaba, ta hanyar da zuciya. Watanni hudu daga baya, Tarayyar Soviet suka daina wanzuwa.

Amma abin da ya faru a lokacin da wadannan uku m kwana a watan Agusta, ko da a yau, ya zauna m. Duk da shekarun da suka gabata na bincike: 140 kundin na takardun, uku bincike, tara jirgi da dama, da aka buga na sirri da shaidunka - cikakken labarin na juyin mulki tsayin ka ɓõye up.

A Sanadin da juyin mulki

Ganawarsu kusan by definition, ba za a iya gane. Amma da yawa, kamar Watergate, ƙarshe zama na fili. Nufin tsofaffi maƙarƙashiya furta zunubansu, da bude daga m archives da isowa na sabon siyasa gwamnatocin sanar da cewa gaskiya karshe fito.

Ga wasu, da gazawar da juyin mulki - shi ne babban rabo na dimokuradiyya a kan sojojin na dauki, mutane na Politburo. Wannan shi ne wani key episode na gaggawa a shekarar 1991, wanda aka kwatanta da 1789 da kuma 1917, lokacin miƙa mulki daga totalitarian mulki zuwa demokradiyyar sassauci. Gaggawa na kwamitin - a karo na biyu tsarin, daya daga wanda ya lashe. Kamar yadda Yeltsin ya ce bayan haka, ku ji tsõronSa karni ƙare da sauran fara. Alama ce ta sa'an nan tunkaro zama photo na shi - a tsaye a karkashin bindiga a kan wani tanki zabe shugaban kasar.

Sai dai matsalar da wannan fahimtar da juyin mulki shi ne cewa shi ne ba daidai da facts. A mafi shiga cikin wadannan kwanaki uku, da ƙasa da hujjõji shi ya zama. M, hukunci lokacin da sosai kadan da ya yi tare da dimokuradiyya. Abin da gaske taka muhimmiyar rawa, shi ne ikon hoaxes, dõmin ya ɓatar da kuma nemi. Shi ne mai gasa mãkirci, kuma lashe mafi kyau.

A version da halftones babu mafi girma tatsuniya fiye da rawar da biyu haruffa, Gorbachev da kuma Yeltsin. A karshen, misali, aka mysteriously sanar da game da tattaunawar putsch. Kamar yadda tabbatar da yawa shaidar ban mamaki adawa a Moscow, Yeltsin ta ƙarfin hali, tayi ta hawa dutsen uwa wani tanki a tsayayya wa sojojin da aka karfafa da tabbacin cewa babu wanda zai ba harba.

Shugaban Tarayyar Soviet san game da dukan abin da

ko Gorbachev a gaskiya, ya kullum nace, a karkashin gidan kama a Foros? Ko, kamar yadda yawan mahalarta a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, ta kadaici ya buga su jira da kuma ganin sakamakon da ya zai hukunta juyin mulki a kan Agusta 21? A cewar Vasily Starodubtsev, Gorbachev zai dawo kuma ya kama wuri.

Yau, da tsohon shugaban kasar da aka girmama matsayin kawo canji suka karya da baya kwaminisanci da bar wasan, a lokacin da akwai wani makawa sakamakon gazawar da juyin mulki - rushewar Tarayyar Soviet 26 Disamba 1991. Amma a lokacin rani na wannan shekara, da babban abokan hamayyar siyasa ba tsohuwar jam'iyyar Conservative, wanda ya gudanar da su yi kokarin ci gaba da mulki. Tun Yuni, shi ya zama matsala, Yeltsin an zabe wannan watan, sabon shugaban na RSFSR. Ya zo domin ya ikon tare da 57% na kuri'un da kuma yana da baiwa mai gaskiya, popularly zabe kawo canji. Tare da gabatowa kwanan wata na sayi Gorbachev ga wani sabon jam'iyya yarjejeniya da aka sauki fahimta: idan tarayyar Soviet da dama a baya, kamar yadda hasashen da Conservatives, shi ne ya m shugaban zai kasance daga aiki. Idan ya An neman dalilin da ta dakatar da gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru, da gaggawa kwamitin samuwar faru a wani zarafi lokacin.

A cewar Starodubtseva maƙarƙashiya, juyin mulkin da mãkirci sun Gorbachev hannuwan, wanda ba ya san duk game da shi. A shekarar 1991 Starodubtsev shi ne shugaban milyan 40 da baƙauye Union. Bayan wani lokaci ya ciyar a kurkuku bayan juyin mulkin, ya kuma an zabe gwamnan arziki noma yankin na Tula, wani memba na majalisar daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis kuma ya mutu da wani ciwon zuciya a shekarar 2011

Putsch ko farce?

Starodubtsev kaicon da na gaggawa na kwamitin da ya sanya da yawa daga kuskure, ba su yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don taimaka wa jama'a su goyi bayan juyin mulkin. Tsohon conspirator a cikin kasa putsch roba cin amanar da kuma CIA, amma saboda mutane da yawa, da rashin kwarewa a cikin juyin mulkin da ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi m bangarorin na gaggawa na kwamitin. A hoto na waɗannan kwanaki kwatanta ba ya umurnin a ƙẽƙashe, gogaggen yan ta'adda da kuma mugun horar idealists, ya motsa da ƙarfi ya fi kansa.

Ba cewa ba su da kwarewa a juyin mulki da kuma na jini tarzoma. A gaskiya, da rashin alheri, sun kasance yiwuwa gaba na sauran a wannan batun, ya rubuta daga baya a tarihin kansa matsaransa Gorbachev, Janar Medvedev. Leon Trotsky, siyasa abokin gaba na Stalin, a 1940, aka kashe yayin da a wasu yammancin duniya. Abin da ya hana a kama Yeltsin, wanda ya kan hannunka?

Tambayoyi fara da farko taro tsakanin Gorbachev da kuma m tawagar, wanda ya isa a cikin m Agusta rana. Bisa ga official version, shugaban farko tsoratar da kai, amma, gamsu da cewa bai kama, ya zama m kuma ya ki biyan bukatar. A cewar Gorbachev, ya kira maƙarƙashiya, kuma cin amanar, adventurers, wanda zai biya abin da ya aikata.

Family da kuma shirkinku Gorbachev ko da yaushe ta nace cewa ya ƙarfi ta shafi 'yan adawa ga juyin mulkin da nufi ya jeri a karkashin gidan kama, a lokacin da ya ji tsoron ga rayuwarsa. Bayan da mambobi ne na gaggawa na kwamitin tashi zuwa Moscow zuwa kama mulki, Gorbachev da matarsa Raisa, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1999, aka bar karkashin gadi a Foros. Lokacin da ta daga baya ya shaida Leonid Proshkina, babban jami'in binciken na Janar m ofishin bincike da juyin mulki, ta ce, idan ta na da qananan bugun jini. Ya tabbatar da cewa ma'auratan yana cikin mawuyacin hali, da kuma ba sama mai yawa saboda tsoron da ake guba.

Cutar ya zama wani lokaci na karshe taron manema labarai na gaba rana, a lokacin da, a karkashin idanun duniya mataimakin Gorbacheva Yanaev, wanda shi ne maras shugaban na 'yan maƙarƙashiya, ya sanar da cewa kwakwalwa kisan aikinsu na shugaban kasa. Ya ce, ba su iya cin nasara da ƙarfi tremor a hannunsa, kuma da a cikin murya, cewa Mikhail Gorbachev shi ne yanzu a kan vacation, jurewa magani a kudu da kuma su fatan cewa da zaran Gorbachev ji mafi alhẽri, to daukan ofishin sake.

Sauran shaida daga cikin taron a Foros gabatar da wani karin cikakken hoto. A cewar Valery Boldin, Gorbachev ta tsohon shugaban gwamnatin, da kuma wani conspirator, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2006, Soviet shugaban ya husata, amma kuma yana a shirye a kowane farashi ya rabu da mu Yeltsin. A karshen, shugaban ya ce: "Don jahannama tare da ku, yi abin da ka so," sa'an nan ba da wasu shawarwari a kan yadda za a gabatar da dokar ta baci.

Saboda haka ya kasance gidan kama da shugaban kasa?

Rufi Gorbachev a Foros kiwata a yawan tambayoyi: ko ya aka kokarin tserewa, kokarin ko yin lamba tare da mutane, don ya bayyana kwatsam rashi? Gwamnatinsa ta tarho da aka yanke, amma wayar a motarsa da aka har yanzu aiki a matsayin wata wayar a gidan masu tsaro. A gaskiya ma, akwai shaida cewa Gorbachev ya kira a lokacin da gidansa kama, ciki har da shugaba Nursultan Nazarbayev, yanzu shugaban Kazakhstan, wanda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar a shekarar 1991 da kuma, bisa ga Alexander Hinstein, parliamentarian da kuma tarihi Arkady Volsky, daya daga barorinsa. A tattaunawar, Gorbachev jãyayya da cewa ba da gaske rashin lafiya.

32 matsara da shugaba - shi ne wani batu don muhawara. Babu wani daga cikinsu da aka kama bayan da juyin mulki, da kuma binciken Proshkin samu cewa sun kasance ba ga kuma da juyin mulki, duk da barazanar da su m janar Plekhanov. Shaidun da'awar cewa Gorbachev iya barin idan ya so ya, amma ya musanta shi. Ya bayar a rubuce domin da ake bukata don zuwa Moscow, amma, ya ce, bai samu wani amsa. Bayan shekaru uku da Soja Collegium na Kotun Koli ƙarasa da cewa Gorbachev ya ba karkashin gidan kama, saboda bai kokarin tserewa.

A tarihin kansa, da tsaro shugaba Janar Medvedev ko da ya ce, a cikin tsawon lokaci na sa ran kammala wannan zubar da shugaban kasar ya mai Tu-134.

Dzhon Danlop, an American tarihi da gwani a kan juyin mulki a shekarar 1991, ta bayar da hujjar cewa Gorbachev ta sakaci ruxani Aleksandra Yakovleva, shekaru da yawa, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kusa masõya daga cikin Soviet shugaban. A cewar shi, ba ya fahimci dalilin da ya shugaban kasar bai gudu, saboda masu gadi dã ba su ko yi kokarin dakatar.

Abu ne mai wuya za mu taba sanin ko Gorbachev ya ji tsoron yi ko kawai jira su shiga cikin lashe gefen. Muddin ya zauna ba tare da sadarwar da waje duniya a Foros, ya kasance a cikin wani cikakken matsayi: idan da juyin mulkin kasa, ya kasance wani wanda aka azabtar. in ba haka ba zai iya daukar a kan wani shugabanci rawa. Da alama cewa shugaban kasa izini da juyin mulki, amma haka da cewa shi ya ba bude shi ne da hannu, ya kammala Dunlop.

Gorbachev ƙaryata game da wadannan zarge-zarge na shekaru. Palazhchenko, ya tura sakataren tsõratar da makafi addini ce juyin mulki sha'awar discrediting tsohon shugaban. A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, Gorbachev ya fito fili ya zargi Yeltsin da hannu a juyin mulkin. Bayan shekaru 15 na goyon bayan jama'a iri na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet Shugaba jinya Boris Yeltsin gaya Rasha talabijin cewa a lokacin juyin mulkin, Gorbachev ya sanar da game da kome, kuma jiran ganin wanda zai lashe. Abin da sakamako, zai shiga babban rabo.

A mayar da martani, da Gorbachev Foundation, wani tunani tank halitta da tsohon Tarayyar shugaban ya inganta dimokuradiyya a Rasha, nan da nan ake zargi Yeltsin da blackening da sunan tsohon shugaban kasar a cikin wani ƙoƙari na kawar da hankali daga nasu rawa a cikin rarrabuwa da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma da jayayya ƙare a cikin wani stalemate. Yeltsin ya mutu.

Tankuna a Moscow

Sauran jama'ar na Tarayyar Soviet koya daga juyin mulki a shekarar 1991 har gobe bayan da ya dawo daga Foros shiru. A ranar Litinin da safe, da rana ya tashi a kan shafi na tankuna, tare da wani ruri motsi tare Kutuzovsky Prospekt - da m hanya abu zuwa tsakiyar birnin Moscow. Bayan watsa dalilai a 7 am a jihar ta rediyo da talabijin ya fara watsa shirye-shirye a ci gaba da "Swan Lake" by Tchaikovsky kwamitin.

Ba tare da bayyane support Gorbachev juyin mulki da kawai soja da karfi, wanda ya kasance m. Marshal Dmitry Yazov, da ministan tsaron kasar da kuma wani conspirator, wanda ya aiko tankuna, daga baya yarda cewa ya aikata wani yawan kurakurai. A cewar shi, da juyin mulki da aka cikakken improvisation. Akwai wani shirin. Babu daya tunani don ya kama Yeltsin ko hadari da "White House" (Majalisar Koli ginin). A mãkirci fatan cewa mutane za su fahimta da kuma goyon bayan su. Amma sai suka fara zargi da cewa sun aika tankuna a cikin tsakiyar birnin Moscow.

Da farko, 'yan maƙarƙashiya iya ba ka dõgara a kan jami'an tsaro. Siyasa biyayya da Soviet soja da aka mai tsanani lalace ta hanyar jerin jini arangama da masu zanga-zanga cikin lumana a baya da shekaru biyu. A shekarar 1989, cikin sojin rundunar jiragen ruwa farmaki da zanga-zanga a Tbilisi (Jojiya), sakamakon 20 mutuwar. Bugu da kari, cikin shekarar da halittar gaggawa na kwamitin - shekara da mutuwar fararen hula 14 a lokacin da storming na KGB na musamman naúrar don yaƙar ta'addanci na Lithuanian majalisar da kuma talabijin cibiyar, da masu zanga-zanga a kãma. Bayan aikata wadannan laifuka alhakin su manufofin zargi kwamandojin sojan kasar.

Wannan hana sojojin so, kuma har ma da KGB su shiga a siyasa, musamman a tsakiyar birnin Moscow. Sun kuma bar kofa bude ga Yeltsin, tsohon shugaban birnin kwamitin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda ya yi nasara Gorbachev lokacin rani na shekara ta 1991 a matsayin manyan kawo canji na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kokarin lashe fiye da kashi na Soviet kafa. Frank kuma bude wa kasashen yamma, Yeltsin aiwatuwa da fatan na m matasa Russia, wanda gaske ya so su tafi da kasar duniya kadaici. Kowane Denham ƙarfinsa girma.

Yeltsin san abin da ya ke da risking. A 'yan makonni kafin juyin mulkin sai ya tafi Pavel Grachev, kwamandan da hari da dakarun, ya tambaye idan ya iya dogara ga mutane a yanayin da juyin mulki. Yeltsin ma ya isar da mu'amala da Janar Evgeniem Shaposhnikovym, wanda ya alhakin iska karfi. A gaban wannan masõya, ya tabbatar da hukunci.

m sani

Yeltsin ya isa a birnin Moscow a kan safe watan Agusta 19 cottages, tuki da located a cikin dazuzzuka a kusa da KGB division, wanda ya kama shi, amma ya kasa yin haka. Zuwa ga karshen ranar, bayan sa'o'i 24 da ziyarar da juyin mulki da Gorbachev, ya bar gini na koli Soviet na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma tayi ta hawa dutsen a kan wani tanki, wanda ya tafi zuwa ga gefen. Juya zuwa ga taron da suka zo don kafa wani barikadi da juyin mulki, ya yi kira ga duk Russia ba wani isasshen martani ga juyin mulkin da ya bukaci a dawo da al'ada da doka da oda.

Zuwan Yeltsin a jihar talabijin sa da juyin mulki a ranar da shugaban. Harkokin waje TV ƙungiya, wanda aka ba da cikakken 'yanci, cire dubban Russia da ya zo daga don tabbatar da cewa kasar ba ta koma zuwa baya. Mutane a duniya ga tankuna da su turrets tashi tricolors mulkin demokra Rasha.

Mun gode wa sadarwa a cikin sojojin na gaba 48 hours, Yeltsin san game da duk kara ayyuka gaggawa kwamitin. Yana da aka samu daga bayan shekaru uku a lokacin da American jarida Seymour Hersh ce cewa shugaban kasar Dzhordzh Bush soke a majalisar tsaron kasa na Agency don tabbatar da cewa Yeltsin da aka sani da tsare-tsaren na 'yan maƙarƙashiya.

Shugaban kasar Rasha game da tattaunawar ruwaito a cikin real-lokaci. Yeltsin kansa yarda cewa a lokacin da wani biyu-rana, yaƙi ya kewaye ta White House, Amurka jami'an diplomasiyan ziyarci shi. Ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwar cewa a wani matsayi, ko da za su gudu zuwa ga Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka, amma sai ya yanke shawarar ba a yi haka, saboda "mutane ba na son 'yan kasashen waje da tsoma baki a cikin harkokin."

Bayan da wasan kwaikwayo a Litinin, Agusta 19, Talata ya yi wuya rushewar a Moscow. Masu zanga-zanga gina barricades, da kuma juyin mulki da shugabannin auna da kasada na cikakken sikelin soja aiki. Amma a lokacin da dare ya fadi, Yeltsin ya nuna m kwanciyar hankali. All kafofin ruwaito cewa gaggawa na kwamitin ya yanke shawarar ya Storm fadar White House. Bisa ga manema sakataren Pavla Voschanova, duk da haka, shugaban kasar Rasha ya ciyar da dare a cikin ginshiki, biki da kuma samun bugu. A general ce Medvedev, ya san cewa kai hari ba ya faru.

karshen

By da safe na Agusta 21, shi ne kawai naúrar ga abin da gaggawa kwamitin iya ƙidaya. Shi ne mai rukuni na "Alpha", wanda aka umurce su da su kai farmaki fadar White House. Amma, tuna da yadda suka firam a Lithuania a farkon wannan shekara, 'yan sandan kwantar sun yanke shawarar ba su yi biyayya da umarni, da kuma tare da alfijir, da ya bayyana cewa' yan maƙarƙashiya rasa. Ministan tsaron kasar Yazov umurce su da su janye daga Moscow ta tankuna, inda ya bude hanyar wani ta Amurka a kan gaba rana, a lokacin da Gorbachev ya zo a fili upbraid da abun da ke ciki na gaggawa na kwamitin. A karshe lokacin da maƙarƙashiya tafi Foros, yana zuwa tashi tare da babban birnin kasar da kuma daukar da ya dace wuri a cikin littattafan tarihi.

A cakuduwar da unknowable - a cakuda bazuwar da kuma shirya - Agusta putsch ya a hanyoyi masu yawa a precursor ga manufofin na post-kwaminisanci Rasha. Populist dimokuradiyya Yeltsin zarar ya hanya zuwa tukuru paternalistic jihar: bayan shekaru biyu, ya aika tankuna da majalisar dokokin kasar da kanta, wanda ya yi kokarin kare a shekarar 1991.

Tun daga nan, da makircin da ya faru manufofin daga Vladimir Putin ya zo da iko a 1999, "da" wanda ya zo daidai da soja yaƙin neman zaɓe, to wasa leapfrog Putin da kuma wanda zai gaje shi, Dmitry Medvedev. Kremlin da ta dreamy spiers ya rage wani asiri a tsakiyar Rasha rayuwa.

Yadda events fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa

• 18 ga watan Agusta: Gorbachev yana kokarin roko ga shugaban na KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov domin taimako. Amma Kryuchkov jagoranci juyin mulki.
• A Agusta 19, 7 am: Soviet jihar ta rediyo da talabijin watsa shirye-shiryen da kuma juyin mulki da jawabin shigarwa na tankuna a Moscow.
• Agusta 19: Raisa Gorbachev ikirarin cewa a lokacin ta a gidan yari, a Foros sha wahala a qananan bugun jini.
• Agusta 19, 5 pm: mataimakin shugaban kasar Janaev shelanta shugaba cuta.
• Agusta 20: yawan fara gina barricades a gaban fadar White House, a cikin abin da Yeltsin ya.
• Agusta 20: Gorbachev jiran. A cewar Vasily Starodubtsev conspirator, ya san kome da kome.
• Agusta 21, 3 am: musamman raka'a na KGB - "Alpha" kungiyar - umurni da hadari fadar White House. Ya fitina sakamakon a rushewa na mãkirci.
• Agusta 22: Gorbachev zo daga Foros sukar juyin mulkin. A maƙarƙashiya aka kama.
• 25 Disamba: sakamakon juyin mulki - Gorbachev murabus a matsayin shugaban kasa na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma gobe Tarayyar Soviet a hukumance daina wanzuwa.