The kama na DNA da RNA. Comparative halaye na DNA da RNA: tebur

Kowane mai rai kwayoyin a cikin wannan duniya, ba kamar da sauransu. Sun bambanta daga juna ba wai kawai ta mutane. Dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke da daya jinsin ma da bambance-bambance. Dalilin wannan shi ne ba kawai da daban-daban rai yanayi da kuma renon. A individuality na kowane kwayoyin da aka aza a cikinsu da kwayoyin abu.

Muhimmanci da kuma ban sha'awa tambayoyi game da nucleic acid

Ko kafin haihuwar kowane kwayoyin na da sa na genes da kayyade cikakken duk siffofin da tsarin. Shi ne ba kawai da gashi launi ko leaf siffar, misali. A genes an dage farawa da mafi muhimmanci halaye. Bayan duk, Cats ba za a iya haife wani hamster, a alkama iri za su ba girma BAOBAB.

Kuma ga duk wannan sararin adadin bayanai hadu da nucleic acid - DNA da RNA kwayoyin. Da muhimmancin da wuya a overestimate. Bayan duk, ba kawai don suna riƙe bayanai cikin rayukansu, suka taimake su aiwatar da shi tare da taimakon sunadarai ba, kuma a Bugu da kari, aika da shi zuwa ga na gaba tsara. Ta yaya suka yi shi, yadda wuya da tsarin na DNA da RNA? Abin da suka yi kama da kuma abin da su ne bambance-bambance? A duk wannan za mu fahimci a cikin wadannan sassan da wannan takarda.

All bayanai za mu bincika a sassa, suka fara da kayan yau da kullum. Da farko, za mu gane cewa, irin wannan nucleic acid, suka buɗe, sa'an nan magana game da tsarin da kuma ayyuka. A karshen labarin muna jiran wani kamanta tebur na RNA da DNA, to abin da za ka iya amfani a kowane lokaci.

Mene ne nucleic acid

Nucleic acid - suna gudanar da mahadi da ciwon high kwayoyin nauyi, suna polymers. A 1869 da suka kasance na farko da aka bayyana Fridrihom Misherom - Masanin daga Switzerland. Ya gano abu hada da phosphorus da nitrogen daga ruɓaɓɓen jini Kwayoyin. Feminism lafazin faransanci cewa shi ne kawai a cikin nuclei, wani masanin kimiyya kira shi nukleina. Amma abin da ya rage bayan rabuwar sunadarai, an kira nucleic acid.

Its monomers ne nucleotides. Su adadin a cikin acid kwayoyin akayi daban-daban ga kowane jinsin. Nucleotides ne kwayoyin hada da sassa uku:

• monosaccharide (pentose), zai iya zama na biyu iri - ribose da deoxyribose.
• nitrogenous tushe (daya daga hudu).
• phosphoric acid saura.

Next muka dubi bambance-bambance da kamance na DNA da RNA, da tebur a karshen cikin labarin zai takaice da total.

Features na tsarin: pentose

Abu na farko da na kama na DNA da RNA shi ne cewa su dauke da monosaccharides. Amma su ne daban-daban ga kowane acid. Wannan shi ne, dangane da ko wani pentose DNA, nucleic acid, raba da DNA da RNA. A tsarin da DNA da aka hada deoxyribose, kamar yadda a RNA - ribose. Dukansu pentose acid samu a kawai a β-nau'i.

A deoxyribose na biyu carbon zarra (kaddamarda kamar 2 ') ne mãsu fakowa oxygen. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa ta rashi:

• shortens da bond tsakanin C ₂ da kuma C _3;
• An yin wani jigidar halittar DNA more barga.
• Yana halitta da yanayi na m shiryawa na DNA a tsakiya.

Kwatanta Tsarin: nitrogenous sansanonin

Comparative halaye na DNA da RNA - ba sauki. Amma bambance-bambance za a iya gani daga farkon. Nitrogenous sansanonin - shi ne mafi muhimmanci "gini tubalan" a cikin kwayoyin. Sun kawo kayyade bayani. More daidai, ba gindi, kuma su domin a cikin sarkar. Su purine da pyrimidine.

A abun da ke ciki na DNA da RNA monomers dabam riga matakin: a deoxyribonucleic acid mu iya saduwa da adenine, Bibyun, saitosin, kuma taimain. Amma maimakon taimain a RNA ya kunshi uracil.

Wadannan biyar sansanonin ne na farko (babbar), sun qumshi yawancin nucleic acid. Amma baya daga wadannan, akwai kuma wasu. Wannan ya faru sosai da wuya, sũ ne waɗanda qananan tushe. Kuma suka iske a duka acid - wannan shi ne wani kama tsakanin DNA da RNA.

A jerin nitrogenous sansanonin (da correspondingly nucleotides) a cikin DNA sarkar ma'anar wanda sunadaran iya haduwa da wannan cell. Wanne kwayoyin halitta suna a wannan lokacin ya dogara da jiki da bukatun.

Bari mu juya zuwa matakan da kungiyar na nucleic acid. Don kamanta halayyar DNA da RNA samun mafi cikakken kuma haƙiƙa, za mu dubi tsarin da kowane. A cikin DNA na hudu, da kuma yawan matakan da kungiyar a RNA dogara a kan ta irin.

A samu na DNA tsarin, tsarin ka'idojin

All kwayoyin kasu kashi prokaryotes da eukaryotes. Wannan rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan core zane. Wadanda kuma sauran DNA samu a cikin cell a cikin nau'i na chromosomes. Wannan na musamman tsarin a cikin abin da deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin daure su sunadaran. DNA yana da matakai guda hudu na kungiyar.

A farko tsarin da aka wakilta wani jerin nucleotides, da jerin wanda aka tsananin lura ga kowane kwayoyin da kuma waxanda suke da juna phosphodiester shaidu. Babbar strides a cikin nazarin tsarin da DNA sarkar kai Chargaff da sandarsa. Sun gano cewa, da rabo daga cikin nitrogenous sansanonin ne batun wasu dokoki.

Suka kira Chargaff ta dokoki. A farko na wadannan jihohi da cewa adadin purine sansanonin dole ne daidai da adadin pyrimidine. Zai zama bayyananne bayan karatun sakandare tsarin DNA. Saboda da siffofin kamata na biyu mulki: da matauni rabo A / T da kuma T / C daidaita hadin kai. A wannan mulki riko da gaskiya domin na biyu nucleic acid - cewa wani kwatankwacinsa na DNA da RNA. Kawai a cikin na biyu wuri na taimain ko da yaushe daraja uracil.

Har ila yau, masana kimiyya da dama suka fara rarraba da DNA daga jinsuna daban a kan wani ya fi girma yawan filaye. Idan Naira Miliyan Xari "A + T" mafi "D + C", wannan DNA da ake kira AT-type. Idan a kan m, muna da ake rubutu da GC-type DNA.

secondary tsarin model aka samarwa a 1953 da masana kimiyya Watson da Crick, kuma ta har yanzu yana da kyau a gane. A tsarin ne biyu Helix, wanda kunshi biyu antiparallel strands. Babban halaye na sakandare tsarin ne:

• abun da ke ciki na kowane DNA tufka ne tsananin musamman ga jinsuna.
• hydrogen bond tsakanin sarƙoƙi, an kafa a kan tushen da complementarity na nitrogenous sansanonin.
• polynucleotide sarƙoƙi entwine juna, forming pravozakruchennuyu karkace, da ake kira "Helix".
• sharan na phosphoric acid dake waje karkace nitrogenous sansanonin - ciki.

Bugu da ari, denser, wuya

A manyan tsarin DNA - shi ne superspiralizirovannaya tsarin. Wannan shi ne, haka ma, cewa a cikin kwayoyin da sarƙa biyu ana juya tare da juna, domin mafi Compactness na DNA da aka rauni a kan na musamman da sunadarai - histones. Sun kasu kashi biyar azuzuwan bisa ga abun ciki na lysine da arginine.

The latest matakin na DNA - chromosome. Don ganin yadda a hankali shi ne suya m kayyade bayani, a duba wadannan: idan Eiffel Tower ya ratsa dukan matakai na compaction, kazalika da DNA, shi za a iya sanya shi a cikin wani matchbox.

Chromosomes ne guda (chromatids kunshi daya) da kuma biyu (hada biyu chromatids). Sun bayar da m ajiya na kwayoyin bayanai, da kuma iya juya da kuma bude hanya ga so wuri, idan ya cancanta.

Iri RNA tsarin fasali

Baya da cewa wani RNA ne daban-daban daga cikin DNA ta farko tsarin (babu taimain, gaban uracil), da wadannan kungiyoyi ne ma daban-daban matakan:

1. Kai RNA (tRNA) ne guda-stranded kwayoyin. Don yin aiki da shari amino acid da site na gina jiki kira, shi yana da matukar m sakandare tsarin. Shi ne ake kira "Clover leaf". Kowane madauki shi aikin ta aiki, amma mafi muhimmanci ne Mai karɓar kara (shi clings zuwa wani amino acid) da kuma anticodon (abin da ya kamata yayi daidai da codon a kan Manzo RNA). A manyan tsarin tRNA karatu kadan, saboda yana da wuya a gano a kwayoyin ba tare da keta babban matakin kungiyar. Amma wasu daga cikin bayanai da masana kimiyya a can. Alal misali, a cikin yisti canja wurin RNA ne a cikin nau'i na wasika L.
2. Manzon RNA (ma ake magana a kai a matsayin bayanai) ya yi aikin aiki na bayanai canja daga DNA zuwa shafin na gina jiki kira. Ta gaya abin da irin sunadaran ƙarshe zai motsa a kan shi a ribosome kira. Its farko tsarin - single-stranded kwayoyin. Secondary tsarin ne sosai rikitarwa, shi wajibi ne don daidai ƙayyade farkon na gina jiki kira. mRNA kafa a cikin nau'i na dari, wanda ake located a iyakar sassan na farko da kuma ƙarshen aiki na gina jiki.
3. Ribosomal RNA dauke a cikin ribosomes. Wadannan wasu gabbansa an hada da biyu subunits, kowanne daga wanda aka located a kan site rRNA. Wannan nucleic acid kayyade jeri na duk ribosomal sunadaran da kuma aikin cibiyoyin wannan organelle. RRNA farko tsarin da aka wakilta wani nucleotide jerin kamar yadda a baya versions acid. An sani cewa karshe mataki ne kwanciya rRNA ma'abota karshen rabo na daya sarkar. Da samuwar wadannan petioles kara taimaka wa compaction na dukan tsarin.

DNA ayyuka

Deoxyribonucleic acid abubuwa a matsayin mangaza kayyade bayani. Shi ne a cikin nucleotide sequence "boye" duk sunadarai a jikin mu. A DNA suka ba kawai kiyaye, amma kuma da-kare. Kuma ko da wani kuskure na faruwa a lokacin da kwashe, za a gyara. Saboda haka, duk kwayoyin abu zama, kuma ya kai zuriyarsa.

Domin kai bayanai zuwa, a zuriyarsu, da DNA yana da damar zuwa ninki biyu. Wannan tsari shine ake kira kwafi. Comparative tebur na RNA da DNA zai gaya mana cewa wani nucleic acid ba zai iya yin haka. Amma yana da yawa wasu ayyuka.

RNA da ayyuka

Kowane irin RNA aikin ta ayyuka:

1. Transfer ribonucleic acid samar da amino acid bayarwa ga ribosomes, inda sunadarai na sanya. tRNA kawo ba kawai wani gini abu, shi ne kuma da hannu a cikin fitarwa na codon. Kuma daga ta aiki ya dogara kan yadda gina jiki za a gina daidai.
2. Manzon RNA karanta bayanai daga DNA da kuma canja wurin shi zuwa shafin na gina jiki kira. Akwai ta ne a haɗe zuwa ribosome kuma ya fada domin samar da amino acid a cikin furotin.
3. Ribosomal RNA samar da mutunci organelle tsarin, shirya aiki na duk aikin cibiyoyin.

Wannan wani kwatankwacinsa na DNA da RNA, kuma suka kula da kayyade bayanai ɗauke da wani cell.

Kwatanta DNA da RNA

Don shirya duk na sama bayani, za mu iya rubuta shi a dukan tebur.

Saboda haka, mu yi magana a takaicce game da abin da suke da kamance na DNA da RNA. Table zai zama wani makawa kayan aiki a cikin jarrabawa ko wani sauki tunatarwa.

Bugu da kari mun koya a baya a tebur kasance wasu daga cikin hujjojin. Alal misali, da ikon na DNA biyu da ake bukata domin cell division to gyara biyu Kwayoyin samu kwayoyin abu a gaba ɗayansa. Duk da yake RNA anya a bã su hankalta. Idan kana bukatar wani cell DNA, shi synthesizes da DNA template.

Halaye na DNA da RNA a sami wani taƙaitaccen, amma mun rufe duk siffofin da sifa da aiki. Da ban sha'awa sosai translation tsari - kira na gina jiki. Bayan yin matsahi na saba da shi ya bayyana yadda babban mai rawar da aka buga da RNA a cikin cell ta rayuwa. A aiwatar da anya DNA sosai m. Wannan kawai shi ne tearing na biyu Helix da kuma karanta kowane nucleotide!

Koyi sabon abubuwa kowace rana. Musamman ma idan shi ne sabon da shi ke faruwa a kowane cell jikinka.