The Old Rasha marubuci Daniil Zatochnik: biography, ayyukansu

Daniil Zatochnik - marubucin daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyuka a zamanin d wallafe-wallafe. Aikinsa shi ne batun yawa kimiyya muhawara, shi ne kunshe a cikin ilimi shirin a cikin tarihin sassan. A dalilin wannan hali ya ta'allaka ne da cewa aikinsa - shi ne haske abin tunawa ga zamanin, nuna ra'ayin wani wakilin tsakiyar strata al'umma.

Brief tarihin rayuwa na

Daniil Zatochnik, wanda biography ne kusan ba a sani ba, mafi m zo daga mutane wanda ko ta yaya ya yi da sarkin ta sabis. A kalla, saboda haka ya ce yawancin masana tarihi. Wasu yi imani da cewa shi ya kasance wani gwani a kan cinikayya, amma mafi masana har yanzu converge a kan cewa shi ne kusa da sarkin Tawagar ta, saboda a cikin ayyukansu ya bayyana ilimi game da yadda abubuwa da aka faruwa a cikin shugabanni.

A kimiyya, ya nuna ra'ayin cewa watakila shi ya kasance wani memba na junior squads, wasu bayar da shawarar cewa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sarkin (da Duma a zamanin d terminology). Amma da yawa na magana da harshen, jama'a Jagora, karin magana a rubuce-rubucen ya shaida ga cewa shi ne kusa da na kasa al'umma. Mai masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa shi ya kasance wani 'yan qasar na birnin Pereyaslavl. Ayyukansa suna Magana game da mulki na gari. Bisani, ya aka kõre, kurkuku, ko ya ƙãra yin wani aikin zaci ta aikin gandu domin Lache-da-Lake (Olonets yankin). A daya daga cikin tarihin yadda aka ambata cewa wannan shi ne yankin da ya rayu. Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Daniil Zatochnik rayu a cikin 12th karni, amma wasu sun hada da shekaru na rayuwarsa zuwa 13th karni.

Features ayyukansu

Wannan mutumin tuna shi don rubuce-rubucen, Dating, da abun ciki wanda yake shi ne har yanzu rigima tsakanin masana. Masu bincike ba zai iya yanke shawarar ko biyu suke dashi Kabarin wanda marubucin da aka dangana a gare shi, daya rubuce-rubuce, amma a daban-daban bugu, kuma har yanzu daban-daban ayyukan na zuwa mutane daban-daban. "Addu'ar" Daniila Zatochnika - wannan roko ga yarima, a cikin abin da ya kai ƙãra game da m ãƙibar makoki ya masĩfa, kuma tambaye su mulki da zai taimake shi rabu da matsala, kamar yadda ya sanya shi. A halayyar alama na tunawa - shi ne cewa shi ne na farko a fili ya bayyana ra'ayin da bukatun da bukatun na tsakiya nobility. A kalla, cewa abin da masana kimiyya fahince wadannan kafofin. "Kalma" Daniel Zatochnik matani kusa ya ce tushen, saboda haka suna da yawa dauke a matsayin dukan. Duk da haka, yana da wuya a ayyana kwanakin da kuma tari na wadannan ayyuka.

The darajar a wallafe-wallafen

Wadannan ayyuka ne Popular a Rasha: su corresponded, jimlar kuma a fili gane a matsayin tushen da hikima. Wadannan daban-daban strata da yadudduka ne sosai wuya a gano asalin tushen code, kuma duk da haka masana tarihi kullum kerata wadannan Monuments a cikin na asali siffan. "Addu'ar" Daniila Zatochnika ne, a cewar wasu masu bincike, mafi ban sha'awa tunawa daraja aikin jaridar tunani da cewa baya kawo ci gaban zamantakewa sani. Wannan shã'aninku bayyana wannan sha'awa ga abin tunawa, saboda yana da wani irin tunani na moriyar da bukatun na daya daga cikin manyan azuzuwan a zamanin d Rasha.

harshe

labari style ya dade wani batu na amfani ga mutane da yawa masana tarihi kamar yadda ya nuna cikin kewayon moriyar marubucin. Akwai quotes daga Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma sauran sanannun littattafan cikin waɗannan ayyuka. Daniil Zatochnik alama sosai ilimi da kuma da-karanta mutumin. Shi da kansa ya yarda cewa ya na son zuwa karanta, abin da ya sami ta consolation. A samfurin akwai ambato daga sauran ayyuka. Wannan ya nuna mai girma erudition da erudition marubucin. Duk da haka, a da yawa karin magana da kuma Jagora, wanda marubucin ya kira da hikimar duniya. Da abun ciki na "Addu'a" Daniila Zatochnika ne ban sha'awa a ji cewa ya nuna faffadan hangen nesa daga cikin marubucin.

A hade da littafin quotes da kuma rare maganganu tabbatar da cewa marubuci ne mai kyau da ilmi da wallafe-wallafen style, saboda, a fili, mallakar wani ilimi rukuni na mutane. Ya kuma koma ga kuma aka nakalto daga sassa "Izbornik" - wani aiki ne da aka rubuta a 1073. Artwork daga lexical ra'ayi ne ma sosai sosai ban sha'awa: shi ya hada da salla, request, takarda, kuma a lokaci guda shi ya ƙunshi wani satire, ƙasida hare-hare, da koyarwarsa, da misalai.

matsalar masu karɓa

A kimiyya ba zaunar da tambaya na daidai da wanda jawabi muqala Daniil Zatochnik. An yi imani da cewa na farko edition aka jawabi wa ɗansa, Vladimir Monomakh, Yaroslav, amma masana kimiyya da dama jãyayya wannan version, imani da cewa shi aka aika zuwa Yuriyu Dolgorukomu da ɗan'uwansa Andrey Dobrov. Dangi zuwa na biyu edition akwai wani irin bambance-bambance. Mai mawallafa gane cewa sakon da aka nufi yarima, wanda ya yi mulki a Pereyaslavl.

tarihi mahallin

Ga ambatar Mai yiwuwa na ci na Tatars na Rasha ƙasar nuna cewa aikin da aka rubuta a cikin 13th karni, kawai a lokacin da akwai wani hakikanin barazana daga Mongol mamayewa. Daniil Zatochnik, waɗanda ayyukansu daidai da hakikar da na zamanin, da kotu a rubutu, sama-sama mayar da martani kan abubuwan da ke faruwa faruwa kewaye da su, da kuma duk da ta cikin kurkuku, ya da kyau informed, m, wanda qara darajar Madogararsa. A da shi da marubuci ya tambaye sarkin to ku mayar da shi zuwa sabis a matsayin mai bada shawara. Marubucin, ko kuma ya ce game da kansa a cikin wani ƙasƙantarwa sautin, duk da haka, quite a fili ya san da darajar da ilmi ba. Yana ba da shawara, haka ma, kara yawan gwani da kuma ilimi da mutane cewa 12-13 ƙarni, rawar da nobility karkashin Prince karu.

"Addu'ar" Daniila Zatochnika, da bincike na wanda ba ka damar fahimtar tsarin da tsoho al'umma, shi ne mai daukan hankali tunawa da karatu lokaci, saboda marubucin ya nuna gaskiyar na ginin zamantakewa na zamanin d Rasha 12-13 ƙarni. A ta da asali da masu karatu za a iya hukunta cewa wani aji wakilta Hauwa'u Mongol mamayewa. A cikin aikinsa akwai wani bayanin da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba gwamnati (marubucin yana magana ne game Tiuna,' ya'yan sarakuna ba sarrafa tattalin arzikin), da ginin zamantakewa (marubucin yayi magana akan ryadovichah), kuma akwai kuma wasu bayanai game da grand gwamnati (akwai ambaci gidan gona da mulkin yadi). Duk wannan shi ne ma'ana da almara na Old Rasha rayuwa a cikin ambata karni. Samar da wata "da salla" Daniila Zatochnika - shi ne mafi muhimmanci mataki ba kawai a zamanin d tarihi, amma kuma na kasa da adabi a general. Kamar yadda wani publicist Kabarin ya kuma shi ne mai magana da yawun ga bukatun na nobility.

A rabo na biyu ayyukansu

Mun riga mun ambata cewa kimiyya ne har yanzu ba a warware wannan tambaya na yadda wadannan biyu Monuments alaka. A kimiyya, akwai wani ra'ayi cewa zabi na biyu (ma'ana "Addu'a") shi ne mafi musamman da kuma shi ne tarihi, da kuma cewa zai iya zama fiye ko žasa bi al'adar marubucin. Bisa ga mahallin, ya sha wahala da wulakanci daga cikin boyars ko yana cikin wani daga cikinsu, dangane. Babu shakka, yana cikin talauci, kuma unequal doka, kuma haka ya nemi a kare da kuma goyi bayan sarkin. Bugu da kari, a karo na biyu embodiment aka nuna a lamba na tarihi facts, yayin da farko wani zaɓi ne mafi kowa yana da, sabili da haka ya kira "Kalman." A zamanin d adabi, wannan yana nufin da Genre, wanda zaci da hujja a kan duk wani batu domin shawo kan interlocutor.

rinjayar shekaru

Marubucin aka yaba da wani aiki - "Tale na Bone na Rasha ƙasar." Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayi ba ya tabbatar a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Wannan aikin da aka rubuta bayan halakar da Rasha ƙasashe na Mongol-Tatars. Wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa marubucin wannan aiki shi ne Kudu Rasha magatakarda. Wannan abin tunawa, tare da ayyukan Daniila Zatochnika kamata a yi la'akari a cikin mahallin na Old Rasha adabi, wanda a wannan zamanin sosai vividly mayar da martani kan abubuwan da ke faruwa faruwa kewaye da su. Su mawallafa ba kawai ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru faruwa kewaye da su, amma kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi zuwa gare su, kuma ya ba su kima a cikin wasu batutuwa, da suka zama Sahaban. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali misalai - rubutu "Tale na Bone na Rasha ƙasar", rubuta a cikin 13th karni, a cikin abin da ya bayyana baƙin ciki a kan lalata da Rasha yankuna da birane.