Ilimi:, Ilimin sakandare da makarantu
Tundra wani yanki ne. Short bayanin
Tundra ne a ina? Ba kowa da kowa zai iya amsa wannan tambaya mai sauƙi ba. Bari mu kwatanta shi. Tundra - wani halitta yanki (more musamman, da irin bangarori), wanda ya ta'allaka arewa na gandun daji ciyayi. Kasar gona tana cike da daskararre, ba tare da ambaliya tare da kogin da ruwan teku ba. Kusar murfin snow ba ta wuce 50 cm, kuma wani lokaci ba ya rufe ƙasa a kowane lokaci. Tsinkaya da iska mai karfi suna tasiri da haihuwa (humus, wanda ba shi da lokaci zuwa "balaga" a lokacin rani, ana hurawa kuma yana dashi).
Etymology na lokacin
Bisa mahimmanci, tundra abu ne na al'ada. Wasu bayani a yau ana bukatar su. Tundra zai iya zama daban-daban: swampy, peaty, stony. Daga arewa, suna iyakance ne a raye na arctic, amma kudancin su ne farkon Arctic. Babban siffa daga cikin tundra Marshes suna dauke high zafi, permafrost da kuma tsananin iska. Ciyayi akwai ƙananan ƙananan. Tsire-tsire suna gugawa a kan ƙasa, suna samar da harbe-harbe masu yawa (kayan lambu "matasan kai").
An yi amfani da ma'anar tunani (ma'anar kalmar) daga Finns: kalmar tunturi tana nufin "dutse marar itace". Na dogon lokaci da aka ba da wannan magana a matsayin lardin kuma ba a yarda da shi ba. Wataƙila wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne ga Karamzin, wanda ya ci gaba da cewa "wannan kalma ya kasance a cikin ƙamus," tun da ba shi da wuya a gano ƙananan ɗakunan da ba su da wutar lantarki, waɗanda masu tafiya, masu maƙalli, da mawaƙa zasu iya magana.
Ƙayyadewa
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, tundra wata mahimmanci ne. A gaskiya, an raba shi zuwa manyan sassa uku: arctic, tsakiya da kudancin. Bari mu dubi su sosai.
Arctic tundra. Wannan yanki yana da ciyawa (yawanci). Abubuwan da ke nuna nau'i na nau'i-nau'i mai siffar matashin kai da masallatai. Babu "'yancin" shrubs. Yana da wurare masu yawa da tsabta da tsaunuka masu kariya.
Average tundra (kira hankula) mafi yawa gansakuka. Kusa da tabkuna akwai shuke-shuken daji da ciyawa da ciyawa. A nan za ku ga willows creeping tare da dwarf birches, lichens, masallatai ɓoye.
Kudu tundra - shi ne mafi yawa goge yankin. Abincin nan a nan ya dogara da tsawon lokaci.
Sauyin yanayi
A matsayinka na mai mulki, babu damina mai zafi a cikin tundra (yana da gajeren gajere). A watan Agusta an dauke watanni mafi kyau. A matsakaita yawan zafin jiki a wannan lokaci ne + 7-10 ° C. A watan Yuli cewa ciyayi ya zo da rai.
Flora da fauna
Tundra shine mulkin lichens da mosses. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a sadu da angiosperms (sau da yawa waɗannan su ne ƙananan hatsi), ƙananan shrubs, bishiyoyi dwarf (Birch, Willow). Hankula wakilan da dabba duniya - dila, caribou, kerkẽci, bighorn tumaki, kurege, lemming. Samu a cikin tundra kuma tsuntsaye: fari-winged plover, plantain Lapland, ptarmigan, ake yin dusar ƙanƙara da mujiya, Plover, Snow Bunting, Red-throated Pipit.
Tundra - wannan "ƙarshen duniya", da ruwansu ne mai arziki a cikin kifi (whitefish, whitefish, cisco, inconnu). Kwayoyin dabbobi ba su kasance ba ne: saboda yanayin zafi mai tsanani muhimmancin aikin jinin jini ba shi yiwuwa.
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