Tururuwan - abin da yake da shi? Ina tururuwan da rayuwa da kuma abin da suka ci?

"Heroes" na mu labarin - tururuwai suka gina. Mene ne wannan? Mene ne mazauninsu? Me suka ci?

Tururuwan - shi tururuwa?

Wadannan kwari, zahiri kama da tururuwa, amma waɗannan ba a na kowa adam fahimtar suna dauke muguwar annoba. Daga cikin ayyuka da ake kira "fari tururuwa", da ciwon wani ainihin dangantaka da kyankyasai, daya tura warwatse m itatuwa, halakar da katako, gine-gine ... Amma kuma, su ne a real barazana ga lafiyar dan adam. Tambayoyi game da a wata halitta yanki rayuwa tururuwan, abin da shi ne, abin da shi ne su yanayin na zama, mazauninsu fasali, ana batun bincike entomologists. Duk wadannan batutuwa ne aka bayyana a cikin da yawa Documentaries da karin bayanai a cikin kimiyya da shirye-shirye. Irin wannan kwaro guba mafi m poisons a magance su kafa musamman sabis, amma matakan dauka a kowace hanya rage cutar da lalacewa ta hanyar su.

A wata halitta yanki rayuwa tururuwan?

Sanaki tururuwan? Yawan jinsunan a duniya na gabatowa dubu uku, wanda mafi yawansu kasance a cikin subtropical da kuma wurare masu zafi da zones. A kan ƙasa na Rasha da aka wakilta biyu kawai jinsin, kuma cewa suna gano a cikin kusa Vladivostok da kuma Sochi.

Rayuwa wadannan kwari babbar mullions kungiyoyin kira mazauna. a kowace daga cikinsu akwai mai bayyanãwa rabo a cikin castes: da aiki mutum (yawancin), da sojoji, da kuma sarauniya sarki. Canza launi da jiki na adult tururuwan dabam daga whitish rawaya zuwa baki a launi.

Description na aiki caste

Ta yaya ne wanda tururuwai suka gina? Aiki mutane saukin gano da wani zagaye kai da kuma kananan size: da talakawan tsawon na jiki - haske da taushi (saboda dindindin zama a mafaka cikakken ruwa tururi) - kasa da 1 santimita. Afirka tururuwan, sau da yawa creep fita a kan surface, halin da duhu launin ruwan jiki. Karkashin kasa salon barnatar da shafi gabobin da aiki mutane: su ne makafi, ko ganin sosai kadan.

Idan tururuwa aiki kawai mace a cikin aiki yanayi, tururuwan da biyu mata da maza. Manufa - to digging Tunnels, yi na tudun, gyare-gyare, da samun da kuma tsare abinci, kula da zurriyarsu. Har ila yau, aiki tururuwan da ciyar da sojoji suke iya ci saboda takamaiman tsarin da shugaban kwantena.

gara sojoji

Sojoji - na gaba simintin, da kuma aiki, amma aikin da dama wasu ayyuka, da kuma yana da matsayin sakamakon da daban-daban tsarin. Sojoji tururuwan, da watsuwar wanda shi ne dan kadan daban-daban daga aiki caste, don kare mallaka daga waje makiya da kuma dauke da makamai iko dogon mandibles (jaws). Wasu wurare masu zafi jinsunan gara sojoji a Bugu da kari da kananan appendage a kai, ta hanyar abin da aka allura a cikin makiya musamman m, ta kafe lokacin da fallasa su iska da kuma fettering da ƙungiyoyi. Sojoji babban shugaban kwantena (m-kasa-kasa, baki, haske launin rawaya ko orange), ya yi aikin aiwatar da kawancen na kunkuntar Tunnels matsayin irin toshe, ba su da fuka-fuki, kuma suna makafi. The karami tururuwan (wadannan iri da ake samu a kudancin Amirka) a cikin adadin isa kawai 2.5 mm; mafi girma a hada da kwari Mexico da kuma Arizona - 22 mm a tsawon. Idan akwai wani m halakar da tudun, a kan kariya yi hordes da sojoji, kokarin rike da baya da makiya m ga zance har sai da ma'aikatan tururuwan gyara gidanka. A wannan yanayin, da sojoji suka samu kansu kama a tarko a kansu, kuma ba su da damar da za su fita daga gare ta.

Sarki kuma Sarauniya

"Head of" balagagge mutane ne kwai-kwanciya mace (sarauniya) da kuma Sarki - namiji, barbarar shi da sauran masu haihuwa kwari. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tururuwan da sarauniya ne babban kuma zai iya kai 10 santimita a tsawon. A jikin mace zuriya a lokacin sake kunnawa da aka karu da dama sau ɗari, domin wanda dalilin shi ne iya matsawa da kansa da kuma ci, da kuma shi zama lafiya ma'aikata dauke da kuma ciyar da shi.

Sarauniya zaune a wani musamman sashen a tsakiyar tudun, tare da sarki, wanda suke kusa da ita cikin rayuwa. A size shi ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da wani gara soja, kuma yana da m dama zuwa Dede da mace. Bayan hadi, namiji sabanin yan'uwanmu tururuwa, ba ya mutu.

Sarauniya mace ne sosai m, kuma zai iya sa har zuwa 3000 qwai da rana. A rikodin ga kama yana dauke Indo-Malayan jinsunan, bayarwa a biyu daga cikin kwai. dijital m - fiye da 80 000 a rana sau. Duk wannan lokaci a kan ciki na mace ne kasaftawa na musamman dauke da pheromone abu da ake ci tare da yardar aiki tururuwai suka gina. A lifespan da sarauniya ne game da shekara goma sha biyar, da kuma duk wadannan shekaru, namiji da mace riƙe juna aminci. A lokacin da wanzuwar wata biyu daga cikin haske ya bayyana da dama kimanin mutane miliyan ƙaramin zuriyarsa.

Features na hali na matasa

Ƙaramin tsara a cikin gara tudun "iyaye" rayu har zuwa wani lokaci da kuma barin "gidan mahaifina" a lokacin swarming (marigayi spring - farkon lokacin rani) farawa mate. A wannan lokaci, su ne musamman m, saboda bayan hadi, wani namiji da mace yanke masa fuka-fuki. Mutane da yawa daga cikin matasa, wanda tururuwai suka gina suna sauki ganima ga gizo-gizo, centipedes, kwari-cin tsuntsaye. Lucky tsira fara ƙirƙirar gida. Apiary iznin ba duk: 'yan nau'i-nau'i kasance a kan yanayin mace yiwu mutuwa da ya auku infrequently.

Apiary - hadaddun tsarin

Kamar yadda ya bayyana daga sunan kanta, da tudun - wani "gidan" a cikin abin da suka rayu tururuwai suka gina. Mene ne shi, abin da siffofin ne muhimmi a wannan gine-gine da kuma abin da su ne dokoki na zama a cikinsa "jama'a"? Bayan haihuwar Yã isa zama yawan aiki mutane daga baya suka fara gina wani sabon hadari Haven ga nan gaba na mallaka, da wuri daga wanda aka ƙaddara da wani matashi biyu. Abin mamaki, girman kwari Ant da wani m ikon gina wata babbar "kwa'di" tare da m ciki sassa Maze, dagagge sama da ƙasa surface na fiye da 8 mita. Record falalen dũtse mai girma, da tsawo daga wanda yake 12.8 mita sama da ƙasa, da aka rubuta a Zaire. A cikin inuwa da irin Tsarin - toughest na Tsarin gina ba ta mutum - ɓuya daga iskar zafi rana Buffaloes, giwaye da kuma wasu manyan dabbobi. A form gara mounds bambanta: wasu kama Cathedrals, da sauran horizontally daidaitacce daga arewa zuwa kudu, don wanda ya samu sunan "Magnetic". Wannan tsari na taimaka kadan shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin hasken rana radiation da kuma samuwar m microclimate zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki.

A tsarin da tudun

Gara ya hada da wani bangare ƙasar (wanda yake shi ne babban tadawa) da kuma subterranean kunshi yawa m cibiyar sadarwa na Tunnels da kananan dakuna. Abu don gini ne abun da ke ciki na gara makewayi ma'aikata, su yau, guda na itace, bushe ruwan wukake da ciyawa da kuma lãka. Gina na Tsarin irin wannan cakuda da halin high karko da kuma hana ruwa katangu. Launi tudun sau da yawa yayi dace da launi na kasar gona da kuma ba a bayyane yake ga yara, tattara abubuwa masu kyau da na kewaye yanayi. A cikin terrestrial ɓangare na tsari ne mafi sau da yawa sanya kyamarori da larvae, qwai, "naman kaza gidãjen Aljanna" da kuma wata babbar tashar wutar lantarki na samun iska daga Tunnels. Akwai za ka iya tsayar kananan gona da thermophiles - dabbobi asirce musamman abubuwa da yardar licks tururuwai suka gina. Kamar wancan symbiosis auku therebetween, a cikinsa na biyu gefen - thermophiles (mai haske misali - tashi termitokseniya) - na'am da wani arziki abinci tushen da kuma wani m microclimate.

location mounds

A wurare masu zafi yanayi (high zafi da kuma m ruwan sama) gara mounds sukan sanya high a cikin itatuwa. da kuma gina wani gida a cikin rassan a haɗe haka da tabbaci cewa zai iya tsayayya da mafi mũnin hadari. Don isa tyazhelodostupnogo zaune tururuwan, dole gan kashe reshe. Wasu mambobin na infraorder zauna bishiya, wrinkled kara da sosai tushen da motsa. A yankunan m (misali, Central Asia) gara mounds suna located zurfi a karkashin kasa, da kuma a kan surface babu alamun kashedi na kasancewarsu a wannan wuri.

A feed a kan tururuwan

Abinci for tururuwan da suke abubuwa yafi na kayan lambu asalin, misali bushe itace, wanda shi ne saboda narkewa flagellates - sauki kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin hanji. Af, a ciki da kuma hanjinsu gara zaune game da 200 jinsunan protozoa, jimlar taro na wanda 1/3 sau da nauyin da kwari. Suna sarrafa a cikin sauƙi digestible sugars inedible itace.

Iya ciyar da kansu kawai aiki mutane, suka sami wani zabi abinci da sauran yadudduka caste. Da sojoji, a kan lissafi na unsustainable cin mandibles da kasa ci gaban sauran sassa na bakinka, iya tauna abinci a kan nasu, amma saboda arziki ana ciyar a kan gina jiki makewayi ko ma'aikata, ko secretions daga bakin, wanda kuma cinye sarki da sarauniya. Larvae, wanda tururuwai suka gina ci yau manya da m spores na fungi. Daban-daban sharan ba a cikin ƙasa - Rotting itace, taki, ganye, dabba fata - ci abinci da ma'aikata, amma abinci kawai ba tunawa da tumbi gumusoyadnyh mutane sa'an nan yana amfani da wani ma'aikacin gara ko sojoji. Saboda haka, wanda kuma wannan abinci akai-akai wuce ta hanyar jerin hanjinsu sai an koya. Avstraliyskie Aborigeny, ta hanyar, da kawai suke da iska m kayan aiki "didgeridoo", Ya sanya daga eucalyptus rassan, da zuciyar wanda aka cinye ta wanda tururuwai suka gina.

Rawar da tururuwan a cikin yanayi

Kuma me ya sa muke bukatar tururuwan? Mẽne ne, kuma abin da rawar da suka taka a cikin yanayi? A yanayi, wadannan kwari aiki a matsayin sarrafawa kayan lambu sharan. kuma ta hanyar su suna kafa da kuma stirring daga cikin manya ƙasa yadudduka. An zaci cewa saki wadannan kwari a cikin shakka daga ayyukan, methane da aka hannu a cikin sauran greenhouse gas sakamako. Tururuwan a total biomass ne m tare da dukan biomass na nazarin sasannin vertabrate.

Tururuwan da mutumin

Tare da mutumin, da rashin alheri, ba ya ci gaba da abota tururuwai suka gina. A yammacin sahara shi ne m kwari da cewa halakar da katako, gine-gine: su gnaw furniture, benaye, littattafan. Alal misali, a kudu maso gabashin Asia saboda tururuwan wani lokacin kana da su matsa zuwa wani wuri na garuruwa da biranen. Su m hari suka kai ga rushewar gine-gine. Tare da earthworm da tururuwa tururuwan da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wurare dabam dabam na kasar gona abu. tsuntsaye samar da abinci na manyan lambobi na yara.

Don sanin gaban wadannan kwari ne quite wuya. Domestic tururuwan suna aiki a cikin, barin m cikin matsanancin harsashi. Ba su ma sai ka kau da kudi: a 2008 a kasuwa samu kura daga Securities da kuma tsabar kudi a cikin aminci akwatin ajiya.

Yana mamaki, amma wanda tururuwai suka gina suna daya daga cikin rare kwaro a dafa saboda babban abun ciki na gina jiki. Amazon Indiyawan shirya su barbecue, gasa a kansa ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ko pounded shirya wani kayan yaji. A Najeriya, har ma da sayar thermite bouillon cubes.