United States of America. United States of America. Tarihi na nahiyar Amirka

Kasar Amurka tana daukar karfin iko tare da tattalin arzikin mafi girma a duniya. Yankin Amurka shine 9,629,091 mita mita. Km, da yawan yawan yawan jihar yana a wuri na uku (miliyan 310). Ƙasar ta faɗo daga Kanada zuwa Mexico, suna zaune a cikin babban ɓangaren nahiyar na Arewacin Amirka. Har ila yau {asar Amirka na da Alaska, Hawaii da kuma yawancin yankunan tsibirin dake ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Saukar da Amirkawa ya bambanta: Abamai da Cordilleras an maye gurbinsu da raguna da kwaruruka marasa iyaka, daji, daji, kogin Pacific da Atlantic Ocean da kuma tsibirin kyawawan wurare.

Tarihin Amurka

Kafin mulkin mallaka a ƙasashen jihohin zamani, Indiyawa da Eskimos sun rayu. Ƙungiyoyin tsararraki masu yawa suna zaune a kan gonaki. A cewar kimanin kimanin kimanin kimanin miliyan 11, a cikin karni na XVI a Amurka sun rayu kimanin Indiya miliyan 11. Bayan binciken Columbus (1492) na nahiyar nahiyar, ya fara fararen taro tsakanin jama'ar Turai. Musamman, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Ingilishi, Swedes da Dutch sun zo ƙasashen nan ba su zauna ba. A cikin karni na 18, mutanen Russia sun fara inganta Alaska. A farko mafi yawan kwarara daga baƙi je zuwa Amirka ta Arewa daga Ingila.

Halin halayyar ci gaban al'ummomin Arewacin Amirka shine bautar. Da farko an sami lakabi mai suna "fararen fata", wanda ya zama bayi saboda ya biya bashin bashi ko sakamakon sakamakon ƙulla yarjejeniya. A hankali an maye gurbinsu da "bautar baki", wanda a farkon karni na 17 an kawo shi zuwa Virginia daga Afirka. Negroes aiki, a matsayin mai mulkin, a kan plantations a kudancin mazauna.

A ƙarshen karni na 17, an kafa birane 13 na Birtaniya a gabas. A 1775 ya fara da yaki ga Amurka 'yancin kai daga Ingila. Yuni 4, 1776 aka zayyana da jawabi na Independence na Amurka. Ingila ta san sabon jihar a shekarar 1787. A lokaci guda, Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya karɓa. A cikin 1803, Amurka ta sayi Louisiana daga Faransa, kuma a 1819 Mutanen Espanya suka rasa Amurka, Florida. A 1845, jama'ar Amirka sun ha] a da Texas. Daga 1846 zuwa 1848, Amurka ta yi yaƙi da Mexico, wanda ya haifar da shigar da babban ɓangaren yankin Mexico: New Mexico, ɓangare na California da Arizona. A 1846, hukumomin Amurka sun saya daga Birtaniya da yankin Pacific. A 1870, California ta zama wani ɓangare na kasar. A takaice, Tarihin Amurka yana da jini mai yawa.

A sakamakon yakin basasar 1861-1865. An kawar da bauta a Amurka. A 1867, Alaska ta wuce zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1898, yakin Amurka na Amurka ya ci gaba, kuma bayan da aka rinjaye Mutanen Spaniards ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka suka tafi tsibirin Islands, tsibirin Guam da Puerto Rico. Wannan, bisa ga ƙa'idar, ya ƙare ƙa'idar Amurka.

Yankuna da yawa da Amurkawa suka kama sun kai mazauna Indiya. Tun da Redskins ba su iya tsayayya da dakarun na yau da kullum ba, an kashe su ko kuma a kai su cikin ajiyar. Ƙananan yanki ga Amurka shine ƙasashen waje. Sun yi ƙoƙari su kama Kyuba, wanda a wancan lokaci na Spain ne. An yi ƙoƙari marar nasara don su rinjayi Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe na Amurka ta tsakiya.

Na farko da na yakin duniya na biyu

Kasar Amurka ta bayyana rashin amincewa bayan fashewa na yakin duniya na farko. Masu ba da agaji na Amurka suna taimakawa wajen tallafawa da tallafin Ingila. Duk da haka, riga a 1917, Amurka ta shiga yakin a gefen Entente. A cikin lokaci na farko na duniya Amurka, sun karfafa karfi kan tattalin arziki a Latin Amurka. Sun yi gudun hijira a Mexico (1914, 1916), Jamhuriyar Dominica (1916), Haiti (1915), Cuba (1912, 1917). A matsin lamba daga Amirkawa, Danmark ya tilasta sayar da ita ga Virgin Islands.

Bayan yaduwar yakin duniya na biyu, saboda tsoron gwamnatin Nazi Jamus, {asar Amirka ta taimaka wa Ingila da Faransa. Daga baya, shugaban kasar Roosevelt ya sanar da shirye-shiryensa na taimaka wa Amurka. A lokacin yakin, an kafa wani hadin kan Hitler wanda ya kunshi Birtaniya, Amurka da Soviet Union. Ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, 1941, Japan ta kai hari a kan Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Philippines da wasu tsibirin. A cikin martani, sojojin Amurka sun gudanar da boma-bomai na bom na biranen Hiroshima da Nagasaki a 1945. Bayan yunkurin kasar Japan, rundunar sojan Amurka ta ci gaba da kasancewa yankin. Rashin lalacewar da Amirkawa suka yi a yakin duniya na biyu, ƙananan (332 aka kashe). {Asar Amirka ta zama} asar da ta} arfafa harkokin siyasa, tattalin arziki da soja, bayan yakin.

Tarihin Amurka bayan 1949

A shekara ta 1949, a shawarwarin Amurka, kasashe na Turai sun haɗu da haɗin NATO. A shekara ta 1954, an kafa kungiyar da ake kira SEATO a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Don hana yaduwar kwaminisanci, a 1950-1953. Amurka ta shiga cikin yaki tare da Korea. A 1965-1973 an gudanar da yakin Vietnamese-Amurka. A shekara ta 1952, wakilin Jam'iyyar Republican Dwight Eisenhower ya karbi iko, wanda ya ci gaba da tsarin manufofin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Amurka da Amurka. Bayan ya aka zabe shugaban kasa Dzhona Kennedi. A lokacin mulkinsa ne rikicin da ya kira Cuban rikicin ya tashi tare da manufar gwamnatin Amurka don kawar da Fidel Castro. An harbe Kennedy a 1963 a Dallas. Hukumar binciken ba ta bayyana ainihin bayanin game da masu cinikin wannan laifi ba.

A cikin ƙarshen 60 na, da'awar ikirarin game da cin zarafi na 'yancin baki. A 1968, sun kashe Fasto Martin Luther King.

A shekarun 1970, {asar Amirka ta mamaye Cambodia da Laos. A shekarar 1970, hukumomin Amurka sun goyi bayan Israilawa wajen yaki da Larabawa. A shekara ta 1972, War Vietnam ta ƙare, kuma bayan shekara guda sai yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris ta sanya hannu.

Da karbar mulkin Nixon, dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da Amurka ta inganta, kuma an kafa dangantaka da kasar Sin. A shekarar 1972, shugaban Amurka ya ziyarci wadannan kasashe biyu. Gaskiya ne, godiya ga batun Watergate, Nixon ya yi murabus.

Muhimmin canje-canje a cikin manufar gida na kasar nan sune Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya yi (1981-1989). Ya rage yawan haraji kuma ya dauki matakan don rage rashin aikin yi.

A 1989, an zabi George W. Bush shugaban kasa. Ya lura cewa ya gudanar da aikin soja a kan Saddam Hussein mai mulkin Siriya, wanda ya kirkiro NAFTA (Yarjejeniya Ta Kasuwanci) kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar START START da Soviet Union.

Birnin Washington Clinton na gaba - ya shiga cikin harkokin siyasar gida. Yawancin shugabancinsa ya karu da ci gaban tattalin arziki: an samar da ayyukan fiye da miliyan 20, kudaden shiga na ƙasa ya karu zuwa 15%, kuma ragowar kudade ya karu zuwa biliyan 1,300.

Wata rana mai ban tsoro ga Amurka shine ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Bisa labarin da aka yi, an ce, matakan jirgi masu dauke da makamai daga kungiyar Al-Qaida, wadanda suka kama fasinjojin fasinja, sun kulla 2 ofisoshin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da kuma Pentagon. Jirgin na uku, mai yiwuwa, yana zuwa fadar White House, amma ya fadi a Pennsylvania.

Sauyin yanayi

Tsawon lokaci da yanki na ƙasar ya kiyasta kasancewar kusan dukkanin yanayin yanayi. Ƙasar da ke arewacin digiri 40 da. An bambanta da yanayin yanayi. Kuma duk yankunan da ke bayan wannan latitude suna ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi mai zurfi. Hawaii da kudancin Florida suna cikin wurare masu zafi, kuma Alaska Peninsula ta shafi yankin Arctic. A yammacin Great Plains su ne wuraren daji. A cikin yankunan bakin teku na California, rudun Rumunan ya mamaye.

Yawan jama'a

Game da yawan jama'a, {asar Amirka na da matsayi na uku a duniya. Kimanin mutane miliyan 309 suna zaune a nan. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, al'adu, da kuma tarihi, Amurka tana daya daga cikin jihohi da dama a duniya. Ƙungiyoyin launin fata na kasar sun hada da wakilan Mongoloid, Caucasoid, ragamar Negroid. A nan ma zama 'yan asalin ƙasar nan: Indiyawa,' yan kunne, Aleuts da Eskimos.

Masu wakiltar addinai daban-daban sun hada kai a Amurka: Katolika, Buddha, Furotesta, Yahudawa, Krista. Musulmi, Mormons, da dai sauransu. Atheists suna la'akari da kansu ba fiye da 4% na yawan jama'a ba.

Harshen harshen harshen Turanci ne, ko da yake, a gaskiya, Amirkawa suna magana fiye da harsuna 300 da harsuna 300. Kowane jihohi yana da maganganun kansa, al'adun al'adu da kuma hanyar rayuwa ta musamman.

Jihar tsarin

Ƙasar Amurka ita ce tarayya ta tarayya. Ya hada da jihohi 50 da Gundumar Columbia. Babban majalisa shine majalisar wakilai ta Amurka (majalisa ta majalisa). Kotun Koli tana gudanar da shari'a. Harkokin ikon mulki na mayar da hankali ga hannun shugaban. Yanzu shugaban kujerar shugabancin shi ne Barack Obama.

Tattalin Arziki

A shekara ta 1894 jihar ta dauki wuri na farko a masana'antu. Yau, kasar Amurka shine babban iko dangane da babban samfurin. Babban ayyukan shi ne masana'antu da noma. Jihar yana da wadata a albarkatu na halitta irin su man fetur, gubar, kwalba, gas, uranium, dutsen dutse, sulfur, phosporites, da dai sauransu. Ana iya cewa da tabbacin cewa kusan dukkanin nau'ikan ma'adanai suna a nan. Jihohi sune manyan masu samar da ƙananan ƙarfe. Chemical, refining man fetur da masana'antun nukiliya suna da kyau sosai. Ana gyara tayi da taba, taba, yada, fata da takalma a nan. Sassan muhimmiyar mahimmanci shine samar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da na soja, fasahar sararin samaniya, da dai sauransu. A farkon duniya don samar da motoci, majiyancin Amurka ne. Kasashen da ke cikin ƙasar sunyi gaskiya cewa, tare da masana'antu, aikin noma yana ci gaba sosai. {Asar Amirka shine shugaban duniya a samar da madara, qwai da nama. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci yana shagaltar da rabbit kiwo, kifi, kiwon kaji.

Shakatawa

Yankin ƙasar Amurka yana da babbar ƙari, saboda haka labaran duk abubuwan da ke tattare da hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da na al'ada za su kasance marasa iyaka. Ƙungiyoyin tsaunuka, koguna, canyons, wuraren shakatawa na kasa, wurare masu ban sha'awa na teku da na Atlantic, wuraren da aka gina, gidajen tarihi, wuraren ruwa, gadoji, wuraren shakatawa, zoos, wuraren shakatawa, manyan kaya, manyan gidajen - duk wannan ya cancanci kula da masu yawon bude ido da mazauna.

Mafi sau da yawa yawon shakatawa a Amurka sun hada da wata tafiya zuwa manyan biranen {asar Amirka :. Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Baltimore, da dai sauransu mafi dukkan matafiya da sha'awar da mutum-mutumi na Liberty, Times Square, Las Vegas, Niagara Falls, a Grand Canyon (Arizona), California ta "Disneyland".

Ƙasar tana da ƙari da wuraren shakatawa na kasa. Mafi shahararrun su shine Yellowstone Reserve.

Salon

Tattalin arzikin da aka bunkasa, kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa, tsarin abin dogara na tabbatarwa ta zamantakewa - duk wannan halayyar kasar Amurka ne. Yanayi masu ban sha'awa suna jawo dubban mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa Amurka. {Asar Amirka na da kyakkyawan dama ga kowane] an} asa. Babban darajar nan shine kyautata jin daɗin mutum da iyali, kuma ta hanyar ninka dukiyoyinsu, kowane mazaunin ya sa kasarsa ta fi karfi da wadata.

Abinda ke aiki a priori ba zai iya zama matalauta ba, ko ya zama direba mai sauƙi ko kuma darektan damuwa. Bisa ga kididdigar da aka kwatanta, yawan kudin shiga na iyali daya a Amurka yana da kimanin dala dubu 49. Dokoki suna yiwuwa su fahimci burinsu har ma da masu hijira. Kuma idan wata ƙaura a cikin ƙarni na farko ba zai iya yin jagorancin shugaban kasa ba, to sai a zaba shi gwamna na jihar. A wasu ƙananan baƙi suna iya yin aiki ba tare da izini ba.

Ya kamata a lura cewa marasa aiki a nan suna rayuwa sosai. Idan mutum bai iya (ko ba ya so ya) aiki, to, yana iya zama mai kyau a kan kyauta na gari, kuma a lokaci guda yana amfani da kula da lafiya. Idan akwai buƙata, to, zai iya ɗaukar 'yanci kyauta kuma karɓar ƙarin kuɗi. Za a iya samun digiri na biyu kuma mafi girma kyauta. {Asar Amirka na da} asashen da ke ci gaba, da za ta iya kula da irin nasarorin da dukan 'yan} asa suka samu.

Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don komawa Amurka don zama na dindindin shi ne shiga cikin kati na Green card. A kowace shekara, godiya ga m barkwanci Amurka da tafiyarsu ne game da dubu 50 da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya (ko na zama Latin America, Indiya da China). Ayyukan irin caca ne don kula da daidaitaka tsakanin kabilun daban-daban a cikin jimlar yawan mutanen ƙasar. A wannan bangaren, idan mutane da yawa sun yi hijira daga wani jihar a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, ana iya cire wadannan ikon daga shiga cikin caca har wani lokaci. Alal misali, a 2009 irin wannan lamari ya faru da Rasha. Duk da haka, koda kayi nasara akan caca, ba za ku sami damar zama dan kasa na Amurka nan da nan ba - yana yiwuwa ne kawai bayan shekaru biyar na mazaunin zama a cikin ƙasar da aka ba da.

Shirin Fitawa

Hukumomin Amurka suna da sha'awar jawo hankalin masu kwararrun kwararrun kwararrun ayyuka. Visas tare da 'yancin yin aiki a kowace shekara ya ba da kimanin mutane dubu 675. Kowane mutum na iya samun takardar visa idan a wannan lokacin jihar yana sha'awar sana'a da ilimin sana'a. Kamar sauran ƙasashe masu yawa a duniya, Amurka ta ji cewa akwai kasawar kwararru a fannin ilmin sunadarai, fasahohi na kimiyya, likitoci, likitoci, masanan, masu tsarawa, masu ginin, manoma, manajoji da wakilan sauran ayyukan. Ana kuma yarda da baƙi su zo suyi karatu a jami'o'in Amurka.

Kasashen waje waɗanda ke shiga kasuwanci suna da damar samun takardar izinin kasuwanci. Don yin wannan, ya isa isa bude ofishin wakilin kamfaninku a Amurka, aiki a Rasha ko wata ƙasa. Kuma zaku iya saya kasuwanni a shirye-shirye a Amirka kuma ku jagoranci.

Masu gudun hijira masu arziki zasu iya samun matsayi na mazaunin Amurka idan sun kasance suna kashe akalla dala miliyan daya a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. A wasu lokuta, idan mutum ya sami dukiya ta gari a Amurka, zai iya samun izinin zama.

Muhimmiyar Bayani

Lambobin waya a ko'ina cikin ƙasar suna da lamba bakwai. Lambar ƙasar ita ce +1. Don shiga cikin dangantakar ƙasashen duniya tare da Amurka, kana buƙatar kiran 011, lambar ƙasa, lambar birni, sannan kawai lambar. A tarho code 1 ne ma Canada da kuma Caribbean.

Kudin ƙasar shine dollar Amurka.

Shops a Amurka, a matsayin mai mulkin, aiki daga Litinin zuwa Asabar daga 9.30 zuwa 18.00. A ranar Lahadi, duk da haka, tallace-tallace na tallata suna jiran masu sayarwa daga 12.00 zuwa 17.00. A kusan dukkanin jihohin, ana saya sayayya (daga 5 zuwa 12% na darajar kayan sayan). Babban shagon kasuwancin ana buɗe wa baƙi daga 09 zuwa 21.00.

Kasashen-alaƙa da Amurka

A halin yanzu, Amurka tana da muhimmiyar wuri a fagen siyasa na kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, jagorancin kasar ba shi da tushe da kansa, mafi yawan lokuta a cikin kalaman fadin albarkacin baki wannan magana tana cewa: "Mu da abokanmu." Abokan hulɗar Amurka suna magana akai a cikin takardu da dama. Amma wanene abokin tarayya na jihar muke tunani?

Kasashen da goyon bayan Amurka - shi ne da farko da kawayenta soja kungiyar. Tare da taimako na Arewa Atlantic Alliance runduna da yawa manyan-sikelin ayyukan soji. Kowane halartar kasa na taimaka wa janye daga wani contingent na sojojin. Alal misali, bayan da Satumba 11 hare-haren ta'addanci da Amurka qaddamar soja mataki a Afghanistan. A ta 4400 Jamus da sojoji suka sashi. Irin wannan taimako daga Jamus za a iya daukarsa a matsayin wani aiki na da aminci ɗan kura.

A halin yanzu, a 2013 wani abin kunya game da wiretapping Merkel Amurka leken asiri dan kadan washe dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin biyu mai girma da iko.

Active hadin gwiwa ne da za'ayi tsakanin Amurka da kuma Turanci kasashen kamar Ingila, New Zealand, Canada da kuma Australia.

Amurka da Latin Amurka

Bayan shekara ta 2007 rikicin, Amurka dominance a nahiyar Amirka, a saka shi mai laushi girgiza. A ko'ina cikin karni na 20th, Latin America oscillated tsakanin girmamawa da kuma ƙiyayya da Amurka. Yanzu, kasashen da dama a kudancin Amirka, da kuma Tsakiya dumama goyon bayan da Amurka tattalin arziki da dangantakar diplomasiyya, dangantakar da aka quite ado lura, fãce da Cuba da kuma Venezuela.

sakamakon

Amurka description na kasar za su iya ci gaba da na dogon lokaci. Wannan superpower sãme svoiey tarihi, yanayin, gine-gine, da sauyin yanayi, salon da kuma janar yanayi. Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa kowace jiha daban otnostitsja zuwa concatenate Amirka. Wasu bayyane ƙi America, wasu ne kawai ji tsoro na shiru, yayin da wasu ganin darajarsa wannan kasa. A cikin wani hali, da yadda za ka yi da ku zuwa Amirkawa, shi ne gane cewa su tarihi na saurin ci gaban da gaske yabo.

A Amurka, dubban kananan kabilu rayu tare da wakilan addinai daban-daban, amma tsanani, rikici ne kusan babu a tsakanin. Nature daga dũkiya, m yanayin damina, gwamnatin shirye-shirye kuma, ba shakka, aikin talakawa mutane taimake juya impregnable da undeveloped yanki sun shagaltar da India kabilu, daya daga cikin mafi cigaban kasashe a duniya. Idan ka samu damar, a tabbatar ziyarci United States of America - shi ne mai tafiya daidai tuna a rayuwa!