Inda kuma a lõkacin ƙirƙira gunpowder?

A cikin dukan tarihin 'yan adam akwai mutane da yawa qirqire-qirqire waxanda gaba daya juya cikin shakka daga tarihi a wasu lokuta. Fãce kaɗan daga gare su, da wata daraja a kan wani planetary sikelin. Da sabuwar dabara na gunpowder tana nufin musamman a irin wannan rare samu, wanda ya ba mai girma impetus zuwa fitowan da kuma ci gaban sabon rassan kimiyya da masana'antu. Saboda haka, kowane ilimi mutum ya san inda ƙirƙira gunpowder, kasar da aka farko amfani ga soja dalilai.

Fage bayyanar gunpowder

Dogon lokaci ba ta gushe ba muhawara game da lokacin da ƙirƙira gunpowder. Wasu dangana da girke-girke combustible abu Sin, wasu ji cewa shi da aka kirkiro da Turawa da kuma kawai daga can, ya tafi zuwa Asia. Yana da wuya a har zuwa shekara guda zuwa ce idan ƙirƙira gunpowder, amma ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin da haifuwa daga kasar Sin a fili.

Rare matafiya, makale a kasar Sin a tsakiyar zamanai, alama da yan unguwa son zuwa revelry, tare da sabon abu da kuma babbar fashewar. Sin kansu wannan mataki mai yawa fun, amma Turawa wahayi zuwa tsoro da fargaba. A gaskiya wannan ya kasance ba da foda, amma kawai bamboo harbe, a jefa a wuta. Bayan dumama stalks fashe da rarrabe sauti, wanda ya yi kama da tsawa daga Sama.

A sakamakon yawo harbe ya kasa ga tunanin da Sin sufaye, ya fara gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a kan halittar irin wannan abubuwa daga halitta sinadaran.

A tarihin firtsi

Yana da wuya a ce a abin da shekara da Sin ƙirƙira gunpowder, amma akwai bayanai da cewa shi ne riga a cikin shida karni, kasar Sin su na sane da wata cakuda da dama aka gyara, wanda konewa tare da wani haske ta bĩ shi.

Palm a cikin sabuwar dabara na gunpowder rightfully nasa ne da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã Taoist Ibada. Daga gare su akwai wata yawa alchemists wanda kullum gudanar da wani gwaji don ƙirƙirar wani elixir dawwama. Sun hada daban-daban abubuwa a sãɓãwar launukansa rabbai, fatan wata rana zan samu dama hade. Wasu Sin sarakuna sun yi nauyi dogara a kan wadannan kwayoyi, suka yi mafarkin gã su sami rai madawwami, da kuma ba ku nĩsanci amfani da m garwayayye. A tsakiyar tara karni wani m rubuta a rubutun abin da ya bayyana kusan duk aka sani elixirs da kuma hanyoyin domin su amfani. Amma wannan ma ba mafi muhimmanci - 'yan Lines daga cikin rubutun da aka ambata m elixir cewa ba zato ba tsammani ta kama da wuta a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin alchemists, haddasa shi m zafi. Kashe gobara kasa, da kuma ƙone dukan gidan for 'yan mintoci. Yana da wadannan data iya sa wani mai ma'ana a yi shawarwari a matsayin abin shekarar da inda ƙirƙira gunpowder.

Ko da yake har zuwa na goma-goma sha ɗaya karni gunpowder a kasar Sin ba a samar a cikin manyan yawa. Don saman goma sha biyu karni akwai da dama Sin treatises cikakken bayanin irin foda da kuma maida hankali da ake bukata domin konewa aka gyara. Ya kamata a bayyana cewa a lokacin da ƙirƙira gunpowder, ya kasance combustible kuma ba zai iya fashewa.

A abun da ke ciki na foda

Bayan da sabuwar dabara na gunpowder sufaye tayi shekaru da dama a kan definition of manufa rabo na gyara. Bayan da yawa fitina da kuma kuskure ya bayyana cakuda da ake kira "wuta potion" da kuma kunsha na carbon, sulfur da nitrate. An karshe bangaren ya zama kayyade factor a kafa mahaifarsa sabuwar dabara na gunpowder. Gaskiyar cewa nitrate sami a cikin yanayi ne da wuya, amma a kasar Sin shi ne, a manyan haddi a cikin ƙasa. Akwai lokuta idan ta bayyana a kan surface na duniya whitish shafi kauri daga sama zuwa uku da santimita. Wasu Sin dafa kara nitrate a abinci don inganta palatability maimakon gishiri. Sun yi ko da yaushe ya lura cewa nitrate shiga wuta ya sa wani haske flash kuma kara habaka konewa.

A kan kaddarorin sulfur Taoists san na dogon lokaci, shi ne sau da yawa amfani da su mayar da hankali, wanda da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã da aka kira "sihiri ne." Karshe kashi na foda - kwal da kullum da aka yi amfani da, don samar da zafi da konewa. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa wadannan uku abubuwa su ne tushen gunpowder.

The m amfani da gunpowder a kasar Sin

A wani lokaci a lokacin da ƙirƙira gunpowder, kasar Sin da wani ra'ayin da yadda suka yi a babban samu. Sihiri Properties "rashin tsoro potion", sai suka yanke shawarar amfani da m processions. Gunpowder zama asali kashi crackers da wasan wuta. Ta hanyar da ta dace hade da sinadaran a cikin cakuda a cikin iska ya tashi da dubban fitilu cewa ana tuba titi procession cikin wani abu na musamman.

Amma ba ɗauka cewa da ciwon wannan ƙiren ƙarya, kasar Sin ba su fahimta da muhimmancin a soja al'amura. Duk da cewa, kasar Sin da ke a cikin tsakiyar zamanai shi ya ba da tsokana, ya kasance a cikin wani Jihar m tsaro na kan iyakokin. Nan Kusa nomadic kabilu lokaci-lokaci ta kai hari a kasar Sin iyakar lardin, da kuma sabuwar dabara na gunpowder ya zama da taimako ƙwarai. Tare da taimakon da kasar Sin na dogon lokaci zuwa ƙarfafa matsayinsu a yankin Asia.

Gunpowder: na farko da yin amfani da kasar Sin soja dalilai

Turawa sun dade imani da cewa Sin ba su yi amfani gunpowder for soja dalilai. Amma a gaskiya wadannan bayanan ne erroneous. Akwai rubuce shaida cewa matsayin farko a matsayin na uku karni, daya daga cikin shahararrun Sin generals gudanar ya kayar da nomadic kabilu tare da gunpowder. Ya lured makiya cikin kunkuntar kwazazzabo, inda pre-zargin da aka sa shi. Sun kasance wani m lãka tukwane cike da gunpowder da karfe. Wadannan sun bamboo shambura impregnated da launin toka igiyoyinsu. Lokacin da kasar Sin sa wuta a gare su, A Sound na Thunder, akai-akai nuna kanyon katangu. Daga karkashin ƙafa na makiyaya jefa clods na duniya, da duwatsu da kuma guda na karfe. Wani mummunan hadarin ya tilasta iyãka barin dogon iyakar lardunan kasar Sin.

Daga goma sha ɗaya da goma sha uku karni Sin inganta ta soja m da taimakon gunpowder. Suke ƙirƙira sabon makamai. Maqiyan fyauce da fireballs, da makamai masu linzami kaddamar daga bamboo shambura da bindigogi, ta kaddamar da wani daga catapult. Godiya ta zuwa ga "rashin tsoro potion" Sin fito nasara daga kusan duk fadace-fadace, da kuma daukakar sabon abu stuff warwatse a duk faɗin duniya.

Gunpowder bar China: Larabawa da mangolawa fara zuwa tsirar gunpowder

Around goma sha uku karni gunpowder girke-girke fadi a hannun Larabawa, da kuma mangolawa. A daya Legends Arab sata rubutun a cikin abin da kwal da ya kasance cikakken bayanin da rabbai na sulfur da nitrate, wajibi ne ga mai cikakken cakuda. Domin samun wannan daraja tushen bayanai, da Larabawa halakar da wani dutse sufi.

Shi ba a san ko wannan shi ne, amma a cikin wannan karni da Larabawa gina farko gun tare da bawo na gunpowder. Ta kasance quite ajizai ne kuma sau da yawa maimed sojoji da kansu, amma sakamakon da makamai da baro-baro ya rufe mutum hasarori.

"Greek wuta": Byzantine foda

Kamar yadda tarihi kafofin, da Larabawa gunpowder girke-girke zo zuwa Rum. Local bit alchemists yi aiki a kan abun da ke ciki da kuma fara yin amfani da wani combustible cakuda, da ake kira "Greek wuta". An samu nasarar tabbatar da kanta a cikin tsaro na alƙarya, a lõkacin da wuta ƙone daga bututu kusan dukan rundunar abokan gaba.

Shi ba a san abin da shi ne wani ɓangare na "Greek wuta". Ya girke-girke an aje a hankali tsare sirri, amma masu bincike bayar da shawarar cewa Rumawa amfani da sulfur, mai, nitrate, guduro da man fetur.

Gunpowder a Turai: wanda ƙirƙira?

Na dogon lokaci da m bayyanar gunpowder a Turai da aka dauke su Rodzher Bekon. A tsakiyar goma sha uku karni, shi ya zama na farko Turai don bayyana a cikin wani littafin duk da girke-girke na gunpowder. Amma littafin da aka rufaffen, da kuma amfani da shi ba zai yiwu ba. Idan kana so ka san wanda ƙirƙira gunpowder a Turai, amsar tambaya ne labarin Bertolda Shvartsa.

Ya kasance mai m da kuma karatu Alchemy domin amfanin da Order of Franciscans. A farkon karni na sha hudu, ya yi aiki a kan definition daga cikin abu rabbai na carbon, sulfur da Saltpeter. Bayan da yawa na gwaje-gwajen, ya ya iya laban a turmi da kuma zama dole aka gyara a wani rabo isa ga fashewa. Tsãwa Wave kusan aika da m zuwa ga haske. Amma ya firtsi shi ne farkon wani sabon zamanin a Turai - zamanin da bindigogi.

A farko model na "harbe-harben turmi" ɓullo da duk wannan Schwartz, wanda ya sa aka kurkuku domin manufar halin asiri. Amma da m ta saci da kuma a ɓõye hawa zuwa Jamus, inda ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen a kyautata na bindigogi. Abin da kare rayuwarsa na bincike m, shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba. A cewar daya daga version, da aka nike up a kan ganga na gunpowder, na sauran, ya mutu a amince a sosai tsufa. Duk abin da ya, amma foda ya Turawa mai girma damar, abin da ba su kasa ya dauki amfani.

Zuwan gunpowder a Rasha

Abin baƙin ciki, ba kiyaye kafofin cewa zai zubar da haske a kan tarihin na zargin gunpowder a Rasha. Mafi mashahuri version yana dauke aron sayen magani fashewar daga Rumawa. Saboda haka ko shi ne a gaskiya - shi ne ba a sani ba, amma da foda a Rasha da ake kira "potion", kuma yana da foda-kamar daidaito. A karo na farko a firearm aka yi amfani da marigayi goma sha huɗu karni, a lokacin da kewaye na Moscow Khan Tokhtamysh. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa gun bai da babban hallakaswa ikon. Sun kasance ba da tsoro da abokan gaba, da kuma dawakai, wanda da hayaki da kuma ruri rasa fuskantarwa a sarari, wanda ya barbaɗe tsoro a cikin sahu na wasan.

By karni na sha tara gunpowder na zama sosai na kowa, amma ta "zinariya" shekaru kasance har yanzu gaba.

Girke-girke na smokeless foda: wanda ƙirƙira?

A karshen karni na sha tara da aka alama ta da sabuwar dabara na sabon gyare-gyare na gunpowder. Wajibi ne a bayyana cewa shekaru da dama, da? Ir yi kokarin inganta man fetur cakuda. Saboda haka wanda kasar ƙirƙira gunpowder ba tare da hayaki? Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa a Faransa. The kirkiro ya iya samu Vielle pyroxylin foda da ciwon mai ɗamfarar jũna. Masa shari'a halitta mai hargowar, da abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sabon abu da aka nan da nan alama ta soja. A ake kira smokeless gunpowder da wata babbar sakamako, bai bar wani ajiya da kuma ko da kone su. A Rasha ya aka samu bayan shekaru uku fiye da a Faransa. Bugu da ƙari, cikin ir sun yi aiki da kansa.

A 'yan shekarun baya , Alfred Nobel samarwa da amfani a yi na bawo nitroglycerin foda da wani sabon gaba daya halaye. Daga baya a cikin tarihin na gunpowder da yawa gyare-gyare da kuma inganta, amma kowanne daga cikinsu aka yi nufi ga sa mutuwa a tsawon nisa.

Har yau, da soja, da? Ir suna aiki tukuru don ƙirƙirar gaba ɗaya sabon iri gunpowder. Wa ya sani, watakila, tare da taimakon a nan gaba, suka cika fuska canza tarihin 'yan adam fiye da sau daya.