Wanne kasashen a Turai da aka halitta da Normans. A Normans a Turai

Kafin mu gano abin da ke jihar a Turai da aka halitta da Normans, shi wajibi ne don gano abin da irin mutanen da ya boye a karkashin wannan sunan. Wannan kalma ne synonymous tare da mafi tartsatsi manufar "Vikings". Sun kasance sũ ne gwani matuƙan zo daga Scandinavia, suka nẽmi mafi rayuwa bar su da mutuncin ƙasar da tafi fashi da ci gaban na da jiha.

Period na mamayar daga arewa zaci Sabunta-XI karni. A Vikings sun Majusawa da kuma bauta wa wani pantheon alloli, wanda ya tashi a cikin pre-Kirista zamanin. Muhimmiyar rawa a daba daukan daya - bautãwa na yaki. M salon Norwegians, Danes da Swedes buga tsõro a cikin zukãtan na yammacin Turai da mulkoki, ya na da lokacin da za a kwanta da kuma zama mafi m. Suka kira Vikings Normans (za a iya fassara a matsayin "arewacin mutane"). A tarihin wadannan kabilu zai taimaka fi gane jihar a Turai da aka halitta da Normans. Tarihi (Grade 6) musamman daki-daki karatu wannan topic a cikin shirin.

Har ƙarshen IX karni da kuma looting expeditions sun unsystematic. Shugabannin sha'awar kawai a samar, wanda samu, sun ba da umurni ga komawa gida. A tsawon lokaci, duk da haka, duk abin da ya canja. Yanzu yunwa ga kasada, da ɗaukaka, kai tsaye matuƙan kãma ƙasar, suka zauna a cikin su.

Duchy na Normandy

Amsawa ga wata tambaya, wanda ya furta a Turai da aka halitta da Normans da fari ya kamata a lura da Duchy na Normandy. Waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa arewa na Faransa a bakin Kogin Seine aka shagaltar da ta farko invaders daga arewa. A 889, da shugaban na Vikings zaunar a nan, da aka sani da tafiya a ƙasa Hrolf. Saboda haka, shi da rundunarsa, ya kai hari da mulkin France, kai har zuwa Paris makiyayarta. Game da asalin to har yanzu muhawara. A daya version of shi - Dane, a kan sauran - Norway.

The King of Faransa bai iya on da kansa ya fitar da 'yan kasashen waje daga dũkiyõyinsu, don haka a 911, Charles III da Simple miƙa rollo (as a Kirista tarihin da aka kira Hrolf) yi da yanka na baftisma da zama talakansa na Carolingian. The shugaban na Vikings dauki sunan Robert Ina kuma aza harsashin ginin da Norman daular. Wanne kasashen a Turai da aka halitta da Normans? Short amsoshi da kuma hada wannan duchy. A tsawon lokaci, da dan hanya Scandinavians aka assimilated tare da yan unguwa da kuma dauki su harshe da al'adu. Wannan kuma ya shafi m mulkin gargajiya matsayi, tsohon kafuwar dangantakar Elite na lokaci.

Ci na Ingila House of Normandy

A jerin Tantance kasashen a Turai da aka halitta da Normans, Ingila ya ci gaba. Shugabannai, wanda ya yi mulki Normandy, ƙa'ida sun vassals na Faransa kambi, amma kuma a zahiri shine ba kawai zauna zaman kanta, amma kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan makwabtaka da jadawalai da sauran masu fiefs. A tsakiyar karni na XI a Ingila mulki Eduard Ispovednik, suka kasance Anglo-Saxon Wessex daular. A Normandy, ya zamani, na zuriyar Roberta na Vilgelm. The King da Duke sun m dangi, wanda ya ba da karshen wata m dama na maye wa na farko suna.

A lokacin da a 1066 Edward mutu, William ya sanar da hakkin zuwa Turanci kursiyin. Tsallaka kan tsibirin, da Norman sojojin ci Anglo-Saxons da su takala Harold a yakin Hastings. A karshe mulkin da aka subordinated zuwa shekaru 6. Saboda haka, abin da irin jiha a Turai da aka halitta da Normans? Amsa - Ingila. Waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance key a cikin tarihi na dukan Turai.

Tamanin da karkashi na Ingila

Binciken abin jihar a Turai da aka halitta da Normans, ba za mu iya yi daga cikin wuraren da muhimmancin kamawa da Birtaniya Tsibirin.

Da fari dai, Albion karshe m dangantaka tare da Scandinavia. Kafin wannan, Norwegian kuma Danish shugabannin kokarin iko da tsibirin na ikonsa. Wasu sun kasance m (misali, Knud Veliky), amma daga karshe kulla da Vikings bai yi nasara ba a kasar Birtaniya. Pagan hare-hare a baya, ba kawai don Ingila amma saboda Turai a matsayin dukan. Wani sabon zamanin. Scandinavian mulki hankali rungumi Kristanci da kuma shigar da na kowa Turai cin falaki.

Abu na biyu, Birtaniya da kanta ya canza. Ga karshe tafin kafa ikon sarki aka amince, cewa a tsawon shekaru kawai karu. A lokacin da tsibirin zamani wasu Anglo-Saxon kasashen a baya. Kawai a zamanin mulkin William da hadade sojojin da kuma sojojin ruwa, A ƙidaya aka halitta, da ke rubuce a cikin shahararrun "Domesday Littafi". Norman nobility yi magana Faransa da kuma koma da shi zuwa tsibirin. Harshen Turanci ga dama ƙarni ya zama wata ãyã daga cikin jama'a. Amma, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Vikings Hrolfa, tare da canji na al'ummomi faru assimilation, ta hanyar abin da tsinkãyi wata yawa Faransa kalmomi a cikin gida harshe.

Anglo-Norman

Norman daular mulki har 1135. Wilhelm da 'ya'yansa maza sun aza harsashin ginin zamani Turanci jihar, wanda ya zama a Birtaniya. Tare da mahaifinsa mutuwa, kursiyin da aka gaji da ɗansa, William II takwara Auburn (Rufus) (1087 - 1100). Da mazan wa Robert Kurtgoz samu Normandy. Af, ya zama daya daga cikin masu shirya na farko jihadi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Dangantaka tsakanin dangi da aka ɓaci ta m rikice-rikice a kan sunayen sarauta. The muhawara ba a warware, a lokacin da William da aka kashe a cikin farauta. Yana sãɓã wa jũna prickly hali da kuma raina na gida Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, wanda gurgunta tushe na jihar.

Turanci kursiyin aka shagaltar da ƙarami 'yan'uwa - Henry na (1100 - 1135). Robert kiyaye kokarin samun da Turanci kambi, har ya aka dauka fursuna a Battle of Tanshbre a 1106. Ya aka kurkuku domin shekaru 28 da ya mutu a kurkuku. Henry ma samu Normandy da kuma shiga mahaifinsa gado ne. Lokacin da ta fara ta fadada a Wales. Bugu da kari, shi dogara Faransa yankin na Brittany.

Ɗansa, da kuma magajinsa, Wilhelm mutu takaici, a 1120 bayan da hadarin a kan "White jirgin", a cikin harshen Turanci Channel. Wannan taron ya wasa dynastic matsala. Bayan Henry ta mutuwa yakin basasa ya barke tsakanin dan dan'uwansa Stephen kuma ya Matilda. Danta, Henry II hau gadon sarautar, a 1167, bayan da daular karshe yanke takaice, a matsayin sabon sarki a kan mahaifinsa mallakar Plantagenet iyali.

A lokacin da wannan daular ta fara tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin Norman Elite da Anglo-Saxon yawan jama'a, wanda ya kai ga haihuwa da Turanci al'umma a cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai.

County na Aversa

A ban mamaki labarin na Scandinavian sojojin haya sun cika a cikin kudancin Italiya, kuma Ya halitta akwai mallaki mulkin, ba za a iya watsi da shi a lokacin da ya zo zuwa ga abin da irin jiha a Turai da aka halitta da Normans.

Su na farko mallaka a kan Apennine sashin ya County na Aversa a zamani yakin. Yana da aka sanya Raynulfu Drengo Duke Sergius IV na Naples a 1030. Future Earl daga mutane da yawa sojojin haya daga Arewa na Faransa ya yi yaƙi da Byzantine Empire, da Italiyanci anti-mulkin gargajiya.

County Puglia

Similar ya da rabo daga cikin iyali na William Hauteville iyali (wasu kafofin - Hauteville). Shi ne kuma mai haya, da kuma a cikin da yawa soja rikice-rikice zama Count na Apulia, korar da Rumawa a 1042. A tsawon lokaci, da suka aikata ya karu da suka mallaka, ba su gane kansu vassals Mai Tsarki Roman Empire, Paparoma.

Saboda haka, a cikin 1071, Robert Guiscard fitar da musulmi daga tsibirin Sicily, sa'an nan ya samu shiga hurumin da wannan sunan ne daga Paparoma County. Duk wadannan jihohi suna halitta da Normans.

Mulkin Italiya

Bayan da dama aure tsakanin iyalan tsohon sojojin haya da kuma duk dacewa gado feuds Kudancin Italiya sun kasance a hannun Roger II, wanda kuma ya kasance daga cikin Hauteville iyali daular. A Kirsimeti 1130 da antipope Anaclet II ayyana shi Sarkin Sicily. Daga baya, wannan suna za a gane a Roma. Sicilian mulki sãmar da dama kashi da sojojin daular Byzantine da wani karni da aka rinjaye da karfi a cikin Rum. Ga wasu lokaci, ya yi ko da ƙasa a arewacin Afirka da kuma Girka.

Duk da haka daular asali daga Normandy a kan gadon sarautar dade a gwada gajeren lokaci. A 1194 ta wuce zuwa Hohenstaufen daular, wanda sun hada da nan Jamus da sarakuna. A general, da Sicilian mulki dade har 1816, a lokacin da shi da aka soke a karshen Congress of Vienna bayan da Napoleonic Wars. Kamar wancan ƙare labarin abin da ke jihar a Turai da aka halitta da Normans. Amsar ne da gaske abin mamaki bane, tun 'yan al'ummai gudanar ya kama lakabi a yankuna daban-daban na Birtaniya da Rum.

A sakamakon da Norman ci

Cikin zuriyar Vikings da wani tasiri a kan dukan nahiyar for ƙarni. Jihar a Turai ta Normans, ba kawai canza siyasa map, amma kuma gudummawar da kabilanci m, misali, a Ingila.

War tare da Gabas (ciki har da Jihadi) kulla Tsohon World Kiristoci. A tarihin abin da jiha a Turai da aka halitta da Normans, a takaice abin da aka bayyana a sama, ya nuna cewa, ko da wani kananan Layer na m mutane za su iya canza al'adar wani dukan nahiyar.