Zolotaya Orda - shi ... The kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga Golden taro

A tsakiyar XIII karni, Rasha ya halartar daya daga cikin toughest gwaje-gwaje a cikin tarihi - mamayewa na Tatars. Zolotaya Orda - a jihar mahaluži halitta da Mongol-Tatars, wanda manufarsa shi ne amfani da nasara da jama'arsu. Amma ba dukan al'ummai da sauƙi, sa sama da wani nauyi karkiya. A kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga Golden taro za kawai zama batu na binciken mu.

A farkon taron

Mahaliccin Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan ya. Great Mongol kokarin hade disparate Tatar kabilu a cikin guda iko jihar. Kawai kamar wata shekarun da suka gabata, shi ya zama girma daga kananan jihar ulus da girman da babbar daular a duniya. Ya yi nasara da kasar Sin, jihar Tanguts, Khorezm da karami kabilu da kuma al'ummai. A tarihin Genghis Khan aka mai maye na yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma nasarar da, m nasarori da kuma mafi girma nasarorinsu.

A 1223 generals na Great Khan Sabutai bagatur da Jebe Noyon cikin bincike a karfi a tekun Black Sea matakan a kan bankunan na kogin Kalka karya da Rasha-Polovtsian sojojin. Amma tun wannan lokacin mamaye na Rasha da aka ba kunshe a cikin cana da tsare-tsaren, suka jũya gida. A manyan sikelin-yakin da aka Jirgi for gaba shekara. Tafiya na sararin samaniya amma ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, da barin mafi girma daular a duniya na da magada. Lalle ne, Khan - babban Mongol.

kari Batu

Wuce (shekaru). A tarihin Genghis Khan, ya yi manyan ayyuka sun yi wahayi zuwa ƙarshe. Daya daga cikin jikoki ya Batu Khan (Batu). Ya mai girma warrior to dace da Mabayyani kakan. Batu na waɗansu Jochi Ulus, mai suna bayan mahaifinsa, da kuma cewa ya aka gãdar da babban Ziyarar yamma, wanda ba gudanar da Genghis Khan.

A 1235 a Karakorum aka gudanar da wani kwanon rufi-Mongol Kurultai, a kan wanda aka yanke shawarar shirya wani babban gangamin a yamma. Cihangir, ko shugaban kwamandan, kamar yadda iya sa ran, an zabe Batu.

Mongol sojojin a cikin shekaru 1238-1240 da wuta da takobi, sun shige ta ƙasar Rus. Specific shugabanninmu, tsakanin wanda aka kullum husuma, kasa gama a cikin wani aure da karfi wajen tare da invaders. Bayan nasara da Rasha, rundunar 'mangolawa sun garzaya zuwa tsakiyar Turai, kona a kan hanyarsu kauyuka da garuruwa a Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic da kuma Bulgaria.

Da samuwar na Golden taro

Bayan rasuwar Batu ulus Jochi da ya shige a cikin hannun kane Berke. Shi ne ya yi a cikin dogon gudu da kuma shi ne mai real mahaliccin da Golden taro a matsayin jihar. Ya aza birnin Saraya, wanda ya zama babban birnin na nomadic daular. Daga can ya yi mulki a jihar, je hawan dutse a kan recalcitrant kabilu, tattara haraji.

Zolotaya Orda - a manyan jihar, tare da ci gaba inji na zalunci, kunshi kabilu masu yawa da kuma al'ummai, wanda sõyayya da Mongol karfi da makamai.

Mongol-Tatar karkiya

Land na Golden taro miƙa daga matakan na zamani Kazakhstan zuwa Bulgaria, amma Rus kai tsaye a cikin abun da ke ciki ba kunshe. Rasha asashe an dauke talakansa jihohin da tributary da taro ta ikon.

Daga cikin da yawa Rasha sarakuna shi ne wanda ya nada khans na Golden taro mai girma, ya mi} a shi da lakabin. Wannan na nufi cewa shi wannan sarkin dole ne ku yi ɗã'ã ga qananan musamman shugabanni. Da farko tare da Ivan Kalita, babban sarautar ne kusan ko da yaushe a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Moscow sarakuna.

Da farko mangolawa kansu tattara haraji daga ci da yaki Rasha asashe. A lura da tattara haraji kira Baskakov, wanda shi ne shugaban da Mongolian gwamnati a Rasha. Yana da nasa sojojin, ta hanyar abin da ya yi iƙirarin da ikon da Golden taro a NASARA asashe. Baskakov ya sallama wa dukan hakimai, ciki har da mai girma.

Yana baskachestva sau kasance mafi wuya ga Rasha. Bayan mangolawa dauki ba kawai wani nauyi haraji, suka tattake hooves na dawakai, Rasha ƙasar da kuma kangararrun kashe ko ɗauke shi zuwa zaman talala.

karshen baskachestva

Amma da Rasha da wata niyya ga jure arbitrariness Mongolian gwamnonin. Su tashe daya tawaye bayan wani. The most tawaye faru a 1327 a Tver, a cikin abin da aka kashe da ɗan'uwansu, na Khan Uzbek Chol Khan. Zolotaya Orda ba a manta, kuma da wadannan shekara da aka aiko wani punitive balaguro da tverichey. Tver aka sace, amma m abu ne cewa, tun daga lokacin tawaye na Rasha mutane, da Mongol gwamnati da aka tilasta watsi baskachestva Cibiyar. Daga wannan lokacin a kan wani haraji ga Khan ba mu zama mãsu zuwa mangolawa, da kuma Grand shugabanninsu. Saboda haka, yana daga abin da kwanan wata, za a kidaya farkon wannan tsari, kamar yadda da kwato Rasha daga ikon da Golden taro.

Velikaya zamyatnya

Kamar yadda lokaci ya tafi a kan, da kuma yanzu da kansu khans na Golden taro halshen a squabble tsakãninsu. Wannan lokaci a tarihin kira Velikaya Zamyatnya. A wannan lokaci lokaci, wanda ya fara da 1359, a cikin shekaru 20 ya hanya zuwa fiye da 25 khans. Wasu daga wanda suke mulki ta hanyar kawai 'yan kwanaki.

Wannan al'amari ya rinjayi da kara weakening na da karkiya. M Khans kawai ya yi gajerar hanya zuwa cikin karfi yarima, wanda, a godiyarka ga wannan ci gaba da aika haraji, ko da yake ba zuwa mutuža kamar dā. A karfi, kamar yadda kafin, ya kasance da Prince of Moscow.

yakin Kulikovo

A halin yanzu, da ikon na Golden taro usurped temnik uwa, wanda aka ba da jini Genghisides. Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich dauke da wannan hujja a dalilin zuwa karshe rasa Tatar karkiya. Ya ƙi biya haraji, ambatawa da cewa mahaifiyata ba istinbadi Khan, da kuma kulawa da taro, ta hanyar da proxies.

Tsananin sauti uwa fara tattara dakaru zuwa Maris a kan m yarima. Sojojinsa hada da, baicin ainihin Tatars, mafi Crimean Genoese. Bugu da kari, ya yi alkawarin samar da taimako ga Lithuanian prince Jagiello.

Dmitry kuma ajiye lokaci da sani cewa inna bã zai gãfarta gazawar, tattara nasu sojojin. Ya aka shiga da Suzdal da Smolensk shugabanninmu, amma matsorata zauna Ryazan.

The hukunci yaƙi ya faru a 1380 a kan Kulikovo filin. Kafin yakin wani gagarumin taron. A cewar wani tsohon al'ada a cikin filin a wasan amince heroes da sabani cikin bangarorin. Tatars saki daga cikin shahararrun warrior Chelubey, Rasha sojojin wakilta Relight. A fadan bai bayyana wanda ya lashe, kamar yadda biyu warriors soke zukãtan juna.

Ba da da ewa bayan da kama yaƙi. Da Sikeli a sloped daya, to, da sauran gefen, amma har yanzu a karshen Prince Dmitry lashe wani m nasara, gaba daya bayar da kwatance da Mamaia. A girmama wannan babban rabo sai aka kira Don.

Tokhtamysh fansa

A wannan lokaci a gabashin filayen ta wajen babbar Timur Hromtsa muhimmanci ƙarfafa Tokhtamysh Khan, wanda ya hereditary Genghisides. Ya ya iya tattara wani babban isa sojojin zuwa karshe sallama zuwa masa dukan Zolotaya Orda. Century Great zamyatni da aka kammala.

Tokhtamysh aika da sako zuwa ga Dmitri cewa ya yi godiya ga shi domin ya yi nasara a kan usurper inna da kuma bukata daga Rasha a matsayin halattaciyar haraji ga khan na Golden taro. Hakika, Moscow yarima, wanda ya yi aiki tukuru don haka ya samu nasara a kan Kulikovo filin, irin wannan halin da ake ciki ba ta dace. A kan bukatar haraji da ya ƙi.

Yanzu Tokhtamysh taru wata babbar rundunar soja, da koma da shi zuwa Rasha. Raunana bayan Kulikovo yaƙi Rasha ƙasar da kõme ba su yi hamayya da wannan rundunar. Dmitry Donskoy ya tilasta musu gudu daga Moscow. Tokhtamysh fara kewaye da birnin, suka ci shi da ha'inci. Dmitry kõme ba su yi amma a sake yarda su biya haraji. Kebewa daga Golden taro da za a dage illa ma sha Allahu, duk da grandiose nasara a Kulikovo filin.

Ba da da ewa Tokhtamysh alfahari da nasarar da suka samu da har ya yi ƙarfin halin yin yaki a kan Majiɓincinmu, Timur. Great Hromets ci sarai presumptuous Khan, amma wannan al'amari bai saki Rasha ƙasar su biya haraji, a matsayin wuri Tokhtamysh zo da wani gasa na Golden Al'arshi.

A weakening na taro

Moscow shugabannin kasa gaba daya sake saita Tatar karkiya, amma kuma a kowane locaci raunana zuwa mutuža cewa, a matsayin taro kanta ya ƙare. Hakika, da akwai aka mafi wuya ga Rasha sau, kamar da kewaye na Moscow Tatar Emir Edigeya. Amma shi yakan faru ne cewa Rasha sarakuna da dama shekaru ba zai iya biya haraji, yayin da khans na Golden taro ya ba da lokaci da kuma kokarin da shi ake bukata.

Zolotaya Orda fara dakushewa da idanunmu. Guda na shi ya fadi tafi Crimean, Kazan, Astrakhan kuma Siberian Khanate. Zolotaya Orda - shi ya ba da iko a jihar wanda terrifies da mutane da yawa da taimakon da ya babbar runduna, tattara daga gare su ƙẽtare haraji. By kuma manyan, da lokaci ya daina wanzuwa, don haka ya rage na wannan sau daya girma da iko a zamani historiography kira Big taro. Ikon ilimi a kan Rasha, da ha riga da Moscow sarauta, an rage zuwa almarar.

Zaunannen a kan Ugra

A karshe kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga Golden taro mafi yawa ana hade da abin da ake kira tsaye a kan Ugra, wanda ya faru a 1480.

A lokacin wannan taron Rus united daular sarakuna na Moscow, ya zama daya daga cikin mafi iko jihohin gabashin Turai. Prince Ivan III kwanan kara wa m Novgorod asashe, da kuma yanzu yake mallakar autocratically sarrafawa a ko'ina cikin yankin. A gaskiya ma, ya dade da aka mai cikakken m m, a wata hanya ba, baya zuwa Turai sarakuna, amma nominally zauna a talakansa, mai girma taro.

Duk da haka, Ivan III baya a 1472 gaba daya tsaya da biyan taro mafita. Kuma shekaru takwas daga baya Han Ahmat ji da ƙarfin cewa, a cikin ra'ayi, to a mayar da adalci da kuma tilasta wa m yarima biya haraji.

Rasha da kuma Tatar sojojin ya zo ya taryi juna. Da suka fito a kan m banki na Ugra River, gudanar dama a kan iyakar kasar da taro da kuma Rasha. Babu wani daga cikin abokan adawar ba tseren gaugawa a gicciye, domin ya fahimci cewa jam'iyyar cewa musulmi in yayi kokarin yin haka, zai kasance a cikin wani more unfavorable halin da ake ciki a cikin zuwan yaki.

Ya tsaya a can for a kan wata, Rasha da kuma taro sojojin karshe ya yanke shawarar sashi hanyoyi, da kuma ba su daura wani hukunci yaƙi.

Da shi shi ne na karshe ƙoƙari na taro samun Rasha biya haraji sake, don haka shi ne a 1480 yana dauke da kwanan wata na kifar da Mongol-Tatar karkiya.

Ci na taro sharan

Amma ba na karshe page na Rasha-Tatar babbar hanyar dangantakar.

Ba da da ewa, Crimean Khan Mengli Giray ci saurã daga cikin Great taro, bayan wanda ta daina wanzuwa gaba ɗaya. Amma baya daga Crimean Khanate mãsu mayẽwa daga cikin Golden taro sun Kazan, Astrakhan kuma Siberian. Yanzu Rus fara bi da su kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin yankuna, saukowa a kan gadon sarautar henchmen.

Duk da haka, Ivan IV da Munin, ya dauki sunan sarki, a lokacin, ya yanke shawarar ba a yi wasa a cikin Khanate talakansa, kuma a sakamakon dama nasara kamfen karshe annexed waɗannan ƙasashe da Rasha daula.

The kawai m gaje na Golden taro da kawai Krymskoe Hanstvo. Duk da haka, nan da nan shi ne don gane vassals na Ottoman Sultans. Amma da Rasha Empire gudanar ya cinye Crimea kawai tare da Empress Catherine II, wanda a 1783 hambarar da na karshe Khan Shahin Giray.

Tun saurã daga cikin taro aka hore Rus haife tare da sau daya da karkiya daga cikin Mongol-Tatars.

A sakamakon adawa

Saboda haka, Rasha, duk da cewa na ƙarni ya jimre wahalolin Mongol-Tatar karkiya, sami ƙarfin da taimako na hikima siyasa na Moscow sarakuna don sake saita ƙi karkiya. Daga baya, ta tafi a kan m da kuma cike duk saurã daga zarar m Golden taro.

The hukunci batu da aka sanya a cikin XVIII karni, a lokacin da Rasha yarjejeniya tare da Ottoman Empire Krymskoe Hanstvo tafi.