Howard Carter: biography, photos, da gudummawa wajen nazarin tarihi. Howard Carter da kuma Kabarin Tutankhamun

Duk da cewa daga ranar da Howard Carter samu kabarin Tutankhamun, ya kasance kusan karni, sha'awa a cikin wuyan Birtaniya tarihi bai bace. Wannan ne evidenced da m queues a farfado daga cikin shahararrun makabarta, lokaci-lokaci da aka gudanar a manyan gidajen tarihi a duniya. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun muna magana ne game da mafi muhimmanci gano duk, taba sanya a Misira.

Howard Carter, da biography na masanin kimiyyar nan gaba

A 1874, a wani babban iyali da aka sani a lokacin da Turanci dabba fenta Sama'ila Carter, wanda ya rayu a Norfolk, ɗa, wanda aka bai wa sunan Howard. Lokacin da yaro ya girma, mahaifina sanya kowane kokarin ba shi da wani ilimi a gida, wanda damar ya dauki wani cancanci wuri a cikin al'umma. Samun dana a kyauta domin zane, Samuel kokarin qarfafa a shi da basira a cikin wannan art.

Saboda mahaifinsa sadarwa a duniyar kimiyya, goma sha bakwai Howard Carter farko dauki bangare a wani archaeological balaguro zuwa Misira karkashin jagorancin manyan Egyptologist Flinders Petrie cewa lokaci. Yana da aka ɗõra wa ɗaukar nauyi na zane-zane, wanda a yarda saurayi da ya zo a cikin lamba tare da abubuwa na bygone shekaru daban-daban, da kuma fuskanci wani ban sha'awa ji na samu. Wannan tafiya Mãdalla da makaranta, da kuma na nan gaba tarihi.

A farkon wata kimiyya aiki

Tun daga nan, Carter ta rayuwa shi ne gaba daya duqufar ga nazarin antiquities, a ɓoye a cikin Sands na Nile Valley. Shekaru biyu bayan ya halarta a karon a cikin kimiyya balaguro Petri ya zama ɗan takara a wani babbar aikin aiwatar da Foundation of Masar ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi. Wannan bincike da aka za'ayi a cikin terraced tunawa haikali na Sarauniya Hatshepsut, a yamma na Thebes. Sai waɗanda suka zo da matasa masanin kimiyya na farko ɗaukaka.

Fame, samu da su a cikin kimiyya al'umma, bari Carter a 1899 dauki wani quite nagari wuri a cikin al'umma, zama sufeto-janar na kasar Masar Department of Antiquities. Wannan lokaci ne jerin binciken sanya ta shi, tsakanin wanda mafi kyau a san iya kira kabarin Saint-Nef a Qurna.

Irin wannan babban matsayi da ya gudanar har 1905, lokacin da ya tilasta yin murabus - a cewar daya version a sakamakon wani rikici da daya daga cikin mafi tasiri na manema labaru, a daya hannun, bayan famously shiru kamfanin na mãsu mãye Frenchmen anda suka shirya wani bore a cikin ƙasa na daya daga cikin tarihi gidaje. Karban maganar da administrative ayyukan, tarihi Howard Carter bai daina kimiyya da bincike da kuma ke tsunduma a cikin zanen.

Farko na hadin gwiwa tare da Ubangiji Carnarvon

A sabon, 1906, da wani taron ya faru da cewa za su fi mayar ƙayyade da rabo daga cikin Carter da kuma qaddara mafi muhimmanci samu ransa. A wani taro na Birtaniya kimiyya jama'a Howard gabatar mai son tarihi da kuma antiquities harajin Ubangijinka Carnarvon, wanda ya zama har shekaru da yawa da abokinsa da kuma tallafa wa.

Official izni ga rami na sabon abokai samu kawai a 1919, lokacin da ajalin na amince da kayen da tsohon m bincike a fannin kimiyya a yankin T. Davis. A wannan lokaci a cikin kwarin budurwai mu yi tono ƙarni da dama na archaeologists, kuma an yi imani da cewa ta albarkatun aka ƙãre ba. Duk da haka, shakka muhawara bai shawo Carter. A cikakken binciken ya nuna kwarin cewa shi har yanzu yana da isasshen wuraren ta shãfe masana kimiyya. Wadannan sun kasance mafi yawa yankunan rufe da wata Layer juji bar kan daga baya tono.

Kimiyya shiriritar Carter

Kwatanta da binciken na baya mummies gano a cikin kwarin budurwai, da bayani a kan zai yiwu binne wuraren nan, wanda aka located masana kimiyya, Howard Carter zo ga ƙarshe cewa duniya ne har yanzu daya more mummy, wadda ba'a gano ta da kuma, a fili, da mafi girma da amfani ga masana kimiyya. Kamar yadda wani falaki, kafin kawo nesa kusa a samu wani sabon star, a rubuce a kan takarda ya tabbatar da wanzuwarsa, da kuma Carter, dangane da baya tara ilmi ya zo yi imani da wanzuwar kabarin ba a sani ba a nan. Kawai sa, kafin su gano kabarin Tutankhamun, Carter siffa ta.

Duk da haka, da cewa shawara, ko idan mafi tursasawa, juya a cikin wani real samu kyakkyawan sakamako, ya yi wani babban aiki, tare da shi, yafi bauta Carter. Abõkinsa aka iyakance zuwa janar dubawa na gudana tono da kuma kudi daga gare su. Wajibi ne a biya haraji ga shi - ba tare da ya kudi, kamar yadda babu makamashi Carter, duniya na dogon lokaci na ba su gani taskõkin Tutankhamun.

fara yi

Ya kara da cewa haduwar da wani masanin kimiyyar, kuma nan da nan ya fara yakin duniya na farko. Tono a cikin wannan lokaci, ko da za'ayi, amma lokaci-lokaci da kuma a dogon lokaci. Kamar yadda mutum abin dogaro ga aikin soja, Carter iya ba ya kebe duk lokaci zuwa ga fi so zama. Mai kutse don ƙirƙirar tsananta da kokarin kabari, 'yan fashi a cikin yaki da shekaru. Amfani da cewa saboda soja ayyuka raunana jihar iko a kan adana tsoho Monuments, suka unceremoniously shirya su, guje da rai da kuma kariya daga masu bincike.

Kawai a 1917 shi ya iya fara tsaftacewa da kasa na kwarin da budurwa daga yadudduka juji cewa ya tara a can a kan ƙarni na lokaci. Ga rami site zaba, wata iyaka uku kaburburan: Ramses II na, Ramesses VI da kuma Mernept. Fiye da shekaru hudu masu aiki, da za'ayi tare da wani yawa na danniya da kuma shi ya dauki yawa dubban fam, ba ya bayar da wani kyakkyawan sakamako.

A karshe ƙoƙari

A kasawa cewa kanwar archaeologists a cikin past shekaru, jagorancin Ubangiji Carnarvon yanke ƙauna. Tanã kiran wani abokin a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1922 a cikin iyali dukiya, ya bayyana niyyarsa ta cika aikinsa, ba sulivshie, kamar yadda za a iya gani, bai zama ba fãce halin kaka. Kawai zafi tofin Carter ya iya ajiye daga Carnarvon matsorata yi da kuma shawo masa mika sauƙaƙewa ga wani lõkaci.

A karshen Oktoba 1922 Govard Karter (photo na zamani ya gabatar a farkon labarin) koma aiki. Don gaba daya tsabtace kasa na Valley na budurwai, ya cire ragowar bukkoki na ma'aikatan da suka yi aiki a nan a cikin zamanin da na yi na kabarin Ramses VI. Harsãshensa aka sanya na yashi a kan babban ƙasa. Wannan aiki ya dauki kwanaki da dama, amma da zarar kammala, shafin na daya daga cikin gine-gine da aka samu dutse matakai cewa tafi zurfi a cikin ƙasa, kuma, ga alama, ya taba tada tono.

m matakala

Duk abin ya nuna gaskiyar cewa sun fuskanci ƙofar wasu a baya ba a sani ba binne. A jira na ci gaba mai kyau arziki da aiki tare da sabunta kuzari. Ba da da ewa, share dukan babba ɓangare na matakala, archaeologists fuskanci shãfe haske bakin kabarin. Carter ya ga kofa ne a fili a bayyane shafi wani embossed Buga, depicting gumakan embalming a cikin nau'i na dodo, da kuma mamaye kãmammu, wanda ya zama ãyã daga hurumin sarakunan Isra'ila ba.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa a cikin shekaru baya, Carter ya sau biyu kusa da cewa m kofa, amma sau biyu ya rasa damar. A karo na farko shi ya faru, a lokacin da ya hada da balaguro T. Davis gudanar tono a nan, da kuma bai so rikici tare da ragowar dutse bukkoki, da umarnin don canja wurin aiki zuwa wani wuri. Lokaci na gaba da shi ya faru, a lokacin da shekaru biyar da suka wuce da sosai Carter ba ya so ya kai su, kamar yadda zai rabu da mafi photographed yawon shakatawa da damar a wadannan picturesque kango.

A farko farin ciki na samu

Kama a wani m kofa da m like, Carter ya barke a kananan rami a shi da kuma sanya tocila ciki, hakikance cewa da nassi cika ƙarni-tsohon Layer juji da tarkace. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ba su iya zuwa ziyarci 'yan fashi, kuma tsammãninsu, kabarin ya bayyana a gaban su a cikin na asali siffan.

Duk da dukan yanã garwaya motsin zuciyarmu - da farin ciki na samu, m don samun ciki, da kuma a ma'ana ta samu kawance - Carter ya yi kamar yadda nẽme shi da gaskiya da ilimi na wani Turanci mutum. Kamar yadda wa abõkinsa, ya Ubangiji Carnarvon shi ne a wancan lokaci a Ingila, Howard Carter bai yi kuskure ya shiga cikin kabarin ba tare da daya wanda kudi duk wadannan shekaru na aiki. Sai ya umarta a sake cika da bakin kabarin, da kuma Ingila aika da gaggawa sakon waya, wanda sanar da aboki game da dogon-jiran samu.

Jiran Ubangiji Carnarvon

Da jita-jita game da bude wani baya ba a sani ba binne sauri busa a kusa da kuma ya ba Yunƙurin ga matsalar da cewa kafin zuwa na Ubangiji ya bar su fuskanci kansa Govard Karter. Kabarin - wani wuri inda akwai ba kawai a mummy, amma kuma dukiyar da ta binne shi tare da ita. Babu shakka, wadannan dabi'u zama koto ga 'yan fashi, iya mallakarsa don aikata duk wani laifi. Saboda haka, mafi sa samun abinci da tambaya tashi na yadda za a kare dukiya mai daraja da kansu daga wašanda ba'aso baƙo. Don wannan karshen, bene manyan zuwa ƙofa, ba kawai cika, amma ta cika up saman nauyi kufai a karkara, da kuma gaba sa agogon tsaro.

A karshe a 23 ga watan Nuwamba zo, ya Ubangiji Carnarvon, da kuma a gabansa, da bene aka sake warware daga cikin kufai a karkara. Bayan kwana biyu, a lõkacin da duk shirye-shirye da aka kammala, da kuma latsa, da suke a kofa, sketched da hoton, da suka fara lalata shãfe haske bakin kabarin. A wannan lokaci, ya zama a bayyane yake cewa wani abu ya faru, abin da na shekaru mafarkin na Howard Carter - kabarin Tutankhamun ya a gaban shi. Wannan aka evidenced da rubutu a kan daya daga cikin kan sarki.

Na biyu kofa da Howard Carter gano

Tutankhamun mafarki ya zama gaskiya. Kafin shi, akwai kawai 'yan matakai. Lokacin da wata matsala a cikin hanyar an cire, a cikin hasken da fitilun, masu bincike ga wani gangaren, kunkuntar corridor, kuma cluttered da kufai a karkara da kuma manyan kai tsaye zuwa ga binne jam'iyya. Larabawa haya don gudanar da tono, saki da shi, suna kawo gona a wicker kwanduna. A karshe ya zo da babban batu. A safiyar Nuwamba 26, archeologists fuskanci wata biyu kofa, kuma ajiye a kansu tsoho bugu Tutankhamun.

Lokacin da na karshe kwandon kufai a karkara aka bayar, Carter ya yi a cikin sama ɓangare daga cikin kofa bude, wanda a yarda da shi ya tura a cikin bincike. A duba ya nuna cewa sarari bayan kofa ne gaba daya free. Amfani da tocilan, Carter ya duba a ciki. Abin da ya gan ta wuce duk tsammanin. Kafin shi ya bude dakin, kamar gidan kayan gargajiya zauren. Ta aka cika da mafi m abubuwa, da yawa daga abin da masana kimiyya gan karo na farko.

taskar Tutankhamun

Da farko, a cikin ido fitattun idanu tarihi garzaya uku m zinariya gado, yũlã bayyananniya dully a cikin hasken da fitila. Bayan su kasance bayyane baki, ya yi cikakken tsawon adadi Fir'auna, ado da zinariya datsa. All Sauran dakin sarari da aka cika da dukan ƙirãza cike da duwatsu masu daraja, da mafi kyau aiki na alabaster vases da daban-daban ado na zinariya, da duwatsu masu daraja. A wannan taskar rasa kawai da abu daya - da shi ya ba wani sarcophagus ko mummy ga wanda ya kasance duk wadannan arziki.

Kashegari cikin kabarin da wutar lantarki, da kuma bude wani biyu kofa da ya haske. Yanzu masana kimiyya ke fuskantar tsanani da kuma painstaking aiki - duk abubuwan da suke a baya shi, kasance da za a photographed, sketched da kuma matsayin su daidai nuna a kan shirin na cikin dakin. Shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa, a karkashin daya daga cikin kwalaye biyu boye sirrin ƙofar zuwa wani kananan gefen dakin, kuma ya cika da daraja abubuwa.

Aiki tare da abubuwa samu a cikin kabari

Duk da cewa Howard Carter gano, bukata kimiyya aiki da kuma amfaninsa. Saboda haka, bayan Nuwamba 29, 1922, a gaban jami'an sanya mai kauri bude kabarin, don aiki tare da gano shi farfado da aka gayyace jagorancin kwararru daga da yawa kimiyya cibiyoyin na duniya. A cikin kwarin budurwai taru sanannun archaeologists, epigraphists, chemists, conservators, artists kuma masu daukan hoto.

Kawai watanni uku daga baya, a lokacin da duk abubuwa da aka samu tare da ya dace Kariya riƙi fito daga kabari, mun fara bude uku gano a cikin aiwatar da ƙofar. Lokacin da ta ja baya ta shi ne cewa annabta da Howard Carter - kabarin Tutankhamun, kuma mafi musamman, jana'izar sauran.

Mummy, inda uku shekara dubu

Kusan daukacin girma na sarari sun shagaltar da gilded akwatin tsawon 5,08 mita, nisa daga 3.3 mita da kuma tsawo daga 2,75 mita. Ciki da shi kamar tsana, daya a cikin daya ne uku sauran karami jirgin. Lokacin da masu bincike a hankali bincika su, da kuma za'ayi, idanunsu ya da quartzite sarcophagus. Bayan da murfi da aka dauke cikin anthropoid sawa (a cikin siffar wani mutum adadi) akwatin gawa dalaye su da zinariya. Its cover nuna wani sosai Tutankhamen kwance tare da ketare hannuwanku.

Ciki da shi sun biyu fiye na wannan akwatin gawa, daidai dace wa juna, saboda haka cewa ware su ne na girma mawuyaci. Sa'ad da dukan riƙi shirinsu da suka da aka fitar, a karshe na su, wanda ya mutu fiye da dubu uku da suka wuce, ya gano a nade a cikin lilin tufafin mummy Fir'auna. Fuskarsa aka rufe da zinariya mask, tare da sanya m kamala kuma vesivshaya tara kilo.

Menene Howard Carter ya yarda da gagarumin bincike a tarihin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi. A mulkin Misira, wanda ya mutu a wani matashi, kuma shimfiɗa, a cikin wani bude masanin kabarin nan da nan ya zama abu na hankali na miliyoyin mutane. Tsiwirwirinsu worldwide daraja da Howard Carter kansa. Taimako zuwa ga nazari na zamanin d Masar tarihi, gabatar a cikin ta su kasance haka mai girma cewa yana yarda dukan sabon hanyar yin wani hoto na jana'izar ayyukan hajji na Middle Mulkin lokaci.