A abin da shekara da kuma wanda ya gano electron? Likita, discoverer na electron: sunan, tarihin binciken da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Muhawara game wanda ya gano electron, har yanzu ya ci gaba da wannan rana. A cikin rawar da wani majagaba na firamare barbashi, fãce Dzhozefa Tomsona, wasu kimiyya masana tarihi gani Hendrik Lorentz da Pieter Zeeman, wasu - Emilya Viherta, da sauransu - Filippa Lenarda. To, wãne ne shi - da masanin kimiyyar wanda ya gano electron?

Atom - don haka basa

Kalmar "zarra" a rayuwar yau da kullum da aka gabatar da masana falsafa. Ancient zurfin tunani Leucippus wani a V karni BC. e. Na nuna cewa, kowa da kowa a duniya da aka yi sama da kankanin barbashi. Yana dalibi - Democritus kira su kwayoyin halitta. Bisa ga Falsafa, sunadaran - "Tubalan Ginin" na sararin duniya, basa kuma har abada. Daga su m siffar da kuma tsarin dogara kaddarorin abubuwa kwayoyin halitta gudãna ruwa - m karfe - tare da profiled hakora, bada taurin jiki.

A fice Rasha masanin kimiyya M. V. Lomonosov, ya kafa na atomic-kwayoyin ka'idar yi imani da cewa abun da ke ciki na sauki abubuwa corpuscles (kwayoyin) kafa ta guda atomic jinsunan, da wuya - daban-daban.

Sunadarai sanar Dzhon Dalton (Man) a cikin 1803, a bisa gwaji data da kuma shan misali naúrar nauyin da hydrogen atoms sami zumunta atomic talakawa da wasu abubuwa. Atomic ka'idar Banasare ya na bayar da muhimmanci ga kara raya sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi.

Wanda ya gano electron?

By farkon XX karni shi ya tara wani adadin gwaji data tabbatar da wuya daga cikin tsarin da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan zai iya hada da photoelectric sakamako (Hertz, A. Stoletov a 1887), da bude daga cikin cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) da kuma X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) haskoki, radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Masana kimiyya aiki tare da cathode haskoki, zuwa kashi biyu sansani: daya sa ran da kalaman yanayin da sabon abu, da sauran - corpuscular. Ri sakamakon cimma farfesa na Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. A 1895, ya nuna ta hanyar experimentation cewa cathode haskoki ne wani rafi da barnatar da cajin barbashi. Watakila Perrin - likita, ya gano da electron?

A dokin mai girma nasarori

Likita da lissafi George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) a 1874 ya sanar da zato na mai hankali yanayi na wutar lantarki. Abin da shekara da kuma ta wanda electron aka gano? A lokacin gwaji aiki a kan da aka electrolyzed D. Stoney ayyana m darajar da wutar lantarki (ko da yake sakamakon samu (10 ^-20 CL) ya 16 sau kasa da ainihin). Elementary wutar lantarki naúrar 1891 a cikin Irish Scientist kira "electron" (daga Girkanci "amber").

A shekara daga baya, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, The Netherlands) ya tsara cikin babban Buddah na da electron ka'idar, bisa ga abin da tushen tsarin kowace abu ne mai hankali lantarki zargin. Wadannan masana kimiyya ba su la'akari da majagaba na barbashi, amma su ne msar tambayar da m bincike sun zama m tushe don nan gaba bude Thomson.

da matakai goyon baya

A kan tambayar ko, a lõkacin da kuma wanda ya gano electron, kundayen ba a fili da kuma unequivocal amsar - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson a 1897. To, abin da yake cikin abin yabo da Turanci likita?

The mahaifin na nan gaba shugaban Royal Society wani Mai sayar da littattafai da kuma yaranta shuka a dansa mai soyayya na buga kalma da craving ga sabon ilmi. Bayan kammala karatu daga Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) da kuma Jami'ar Cambridge a 1880, wani matashi lissafi Dzhozef Tomson tafi aiki a Cabendish Laboratory. Gwajin karatun gaba daya captivated matasa masanin kimiyya. Abokan aiki lura da rashin ƙaddamar da m sha'awar ga m aiki.

A 1884, yana da shekaru 28 years, Thomson aka nada darektan dakin gwaje-gwaje, biye Ubangiji K. Rayleigh. A karkashin jagorancin Thomson Laboratory kan gaba 35 shekaru da shi ya girma a cikin daya daga cikin mafi girma a cibiyoyin duniya kimiyyar lissafi. Saboda haka suka fara da tafiya Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Hankali ga daki-daki

Aiki a kan nazarin cathode haskoki Thomson fara duba gwaje-gwajen da na magabata. Domin da yawa gwaje-gwajen da aka sanya musamman kayan aiki ga sirri zane Lab darektan. Bayan samun tabbaci na ingancin abubuwan, Thomson ba su ma tunanin dakatar da akwai. Babban manufar da shi da aka gani a daidai gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da yanayin da haskoki da su bijiro da batun kafa barbashi.

New tube gina ga wadannan gwaje-gwajen da aka a cikin abun da ke ciki, ba kawai saba cathode kuma accelerating wayoyin (a cikin nau'i na faranti da zobba) tare da wani deflection ƙarfin lantarki. Hay corpuscles directed a allo mai rufi da bakin ciki Layer da kayan glowing barbashi kan tasiri. Gudana da ake sa ran gudanar da hada mataki na lantarki da kuma Magnetic filayen.

aka gyara zarra

Discoverer zama da wuya. Ko da wuya kare da suka gaskata, wanda suke saba wa da-kafa Concepts na shekaru dubbai. Imani da kanka, a cikin tawagar da kuma Thomson suka aikata mutumin wanda ya gano electron.

The kwarewa ba mai ban mamaki sakamakon. barbashi taro ya kasance a cikin dubu biyu. sau karami fiye da na hydrogen ions. A rabo daga cajin corpuscles shi ba ya dogara ne a kan taro kwarara kudi, da kaddarorin da cathode abu, da yanayi na gaseous matsakaici a cikin abin da sallama ya auku. A ƙarshe shi ne a rashin daidaito da duk tushe: corpuscle - Universal particulate kwayoyin halitta a cikin abun da ke ciki na zarra. Lokaci bayan lokaci, Thomson aniya da hankali bari da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da lissafin. Lokacin shakka an bar, wata lacca a kan yanayin cathode haskoki na Royal Society. A cikin bazara na 1897 shi ya daina zama basa zarra. A shekarar 1906, Dzhozef Tomson aka bayar da Nobel Prize a Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Sunan malamin Koningsborskogo geophysics, sa'an nan Jami'ar Gottingen, bincike seismography duniya Johann Emilya Viherta, wanda aka fi sani a cikin masu sana'a da'irori geologists da kuma geographers. Sai shi kuma ya saba da kuma ta jiki masana kimiyya. Shi ne kadai mutum wanda hukuma kimiyya, tare da Thomson, da discoverer na electron ya yarda. Kuma idan muna so mu zama cikakken madaidaici, takardunku bayyana gwaje-gwajen da lissafin Wiechert aka buga a watan Janairu 1897 - hudu watanni gaba na Ingila ta rahoto. Wanda ya gano electron - ya tarihi, an yanke shawarar, amma gaskiyar da ya rage.

Domin tunani: a babu wani daga cikin ayyukansa, Thomson bai yi amfani da kalmar "electron". Ya yi amfani da sunan "corpuscles".

Wanda ya buɗe proton, neutron, kuma electron?

Bayan ganowa na farko na farko barbashi karfe Jita-jitar a kan zai yiwu tsarin da zarra. Daya daga cikin na farko model aka samarwa da Thomson. Atom, bisa ga shi, kama wani yanki na pudding tare da zabibi: a gaskiya ma cajin jiki cike da koyaswa korau barbashi.

A 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) da shawarar cewa planetary model na zarra yana da wani tsari. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya sa a gaba da jarrabawa na zama a cikin nucleus din da zarra gaskiya ma caje barbashi kuma, tun samu shi gwaje, da ake kira proton. Ya kuma yi faɗi a kan wanzuwar wani tsaka tsaki barbashi a cikin nucleus din da ta proton taro (da neutron aka gano a 1932 ta Burtaniya masanin kimiyya Yahaya. Chadwick). A shekarar 1918, Dzhozef Tomson mika iko dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ernest Rutherford.

Bukatarsa ce da cewa gano electron ya yarda da wani sabo ne look at lantarki, Magnetic kuma Tantancewar Properties daga cikin abu. Yana da wuya a overestimate rawar da Thompson da kuma mabiyansa a gaban atomic da makaman nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.