OPEC: deciphering da kuma shirya ayyuka. Jerin kasashen - membobin OPEC

Structure kira OPEC, deciphering abbreviations wanda, bisa manufa, saba wa haka da yawa, taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin harkokin duniya, fagen fama. A lokacin da wannan shiri da aka halitta su? Menene babban dalilai bayan da aka kafa wannan kasa da kasa tsarin? Yau Trend, nuna raguwar farashin man, za mu ce shi ne wanda ake iya faɗi kuma haka a karkashin iko na yau exporters da "black zinariya"? Ko da wani babban Yiwuwar OPEC kasashen - Tallafa Actor a cikin duniya fagen siyasa, suna tilasta su yi zaton tare da manyan al'amurra na sauran al'ummai?

OPEC: general bayanai

Mene ne OPEC? Deciphering wadannan abbreviations ne quite sauki. Duk da haka, kafin ka yi da shi, shi ya kamata ya kamata transliterate shi a cikin harshen Turanci - OPEC. Samun - Organization Man Fetur Kasashen. Ko, da Organization Man Fetur Kasashen. Wannan duniya kungiyar halitta mafi girma mai iko ga manufar, bisa ga manazarta, da tasiri a kan kasuwar da "black zinariya" a cikin bangare na, musamman, farashin.

OPEC mambobi - 12 jihohi. Daga cikin su akwai Gabas ta Tsakiya kasashen - Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, da UAE, kasashe uku daga Afirka - Algeria, Najeriya, Angola, Libya da kuma Venezuela da kuma Ecuador, wanda aka located in South America. A hedkwatar kungiyar a wannan yanayin dake a cikin Austria babban birnin kasar - Vienna. A Organization Man Fetur Kasashen aka kafa a shekarar 1960. By yanzu lokacin da OPEC kasashen sarrafa 40% na duniya fitarwa na "black zinariya".

Tarihi na OPEC

OPEC da aka kafa a Iraqi babban birnin kasar Bagadaza, a cikin watan Satumba 1960. A initiators na halitta ya zama duniya ta manyan mai exporters - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait da kuma Venezuela. Kamar yadda zamani masana tarihi yi imani, da lokacin da jihar data aka sanya da daidai himma ya zo daidai da lokacin da akwai wani aiki aiwatar da decolonization. Tsohon dogara yankuna da aka rabu da su uwa kasashen biyu a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki da sharuddan.

Duniya kasuwar mai da aka sarrafawa mafi yawa Yammacin kamfanoni, kamar Exxon, Chevron, Mobil. Akwai tarihi gaskiya - da cartel na manyan kamfanoni, ciki har da mai suna, ya yi shawara ya rage farashin "black zinariya". Wannan shi ne saboda bukatar rage halin kaka na man haya. A sakamakon haka, kasashen duniya da suka kafa OPEC kafa wata manufa - su iya sarrafa su albarkatun kasa daga rinjayar duniya most hukumomi. Bugu da kari, a cikin shekaru 60 da, a cewar wasu manazarta, tattalin arzikin duniya bai samu irin wannan high bukatar man - samar ya wuce bukatar. Kuma saboda OPEC aiki da aka yi nufin su hana a dakushe duniya farashin "black zinariya".

A mataki na farko da aka kafa OPEC sakatariya. Ya "wajabta" a Geneva, Switzerland, amma a shekarar 1965 "ya koma" a Vienna. A shekarar 1968, a taron na OPEC, wanda soma da jawabi a kan man fetur da manufofin. Ya nuna dama na Amurka ya motsa jiki da iko a kan albarkatun kasa. By lokacin da kungiyar shiga wasu manyan exporters na man fetur a duniya - Qatar, Libya, Indonesia da kuma United Arab Emirates. A shekara ta 1969, Algeria shiga OPEC.

A cewar kwararru da yawa, OPEC ta da tasiri a duniya kasuwar mai da aka musamman ƙara a shekaru 70. Wannan ya fi mayar saboda gaskiyar cewa iko a kan man fetur ya hau kan gwamnatocin kasashen kunshe a cikin Organization. Kamar yadda manazarta ce, a cikin wadannan shekaru, OPEC gaske iya kai tsaye shafi duniya farashin "black zinariya". A shekarar 1976, cikin OPEC Asusun da aka halitta, a cikin cajin kasa da kasa da ci gaban da tambayoyi. A 70 ga watan da kungiyar ta shiga da dama sauran kasashe - biyu Afirka (Najeriya, Gabon), daya daga Kudancin Amirka - Ekwado.

By farkon '80s, duniya farashin man sun kai sosai high alamomi, amma a shekarar 1986 suka fara samun koma baya. OPEC mambobi don wani lokaci rage da rabo a duniya kasuwar na "black zinariya". Wannan ya kai, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu manazarta, to gagarumin matsalolin tattalin a cikin kasashen na zuwa kungiyar. Duk da haka, da farko '90s, farashin man ya tashi a sake - to game da rabin da matakin da aka kai a farkon' 80s. A rabo na OPEC a duniya kashi ma ya fara girma. Masana sun yi imani da cewa irin wannan wani sakamako ya fi mayar saboda da gabatarwar da irin wannan bangaren na tattalin arziki siyasa, kamar Ƙa'idodi. farashin hanya dangane da ake kira "kwandon OPEC" an gabatar da.

A cikin shekaru 90 na kasa da kasa farashin man a matsayin dukan ba, bisa ga yawa manazarta, dan kadan a kasa tsammanin na kasashen na ga Organization. A gagarumin shamaki ga ci gaban da kudin da "black zinariya" ya zama wani tattalin arziki da rikicin a kudancin Asiya a 1998-1999. Duk da haka, nan da karshen na 90 ƙayyadaddu na mutane da yawa masana'antu fara bukaci karin man fetur da albarkatun. Akwai sosai makamashi-m kasuwanci, da matakai na duniya sun zama musamman m. Wannan, a cewar masana, Ya halitta wasu yanayi na farashin man sauri girma. Ka lura da cewa a shekarar 1998 da matsayi na observer a OPEC samu Rasha - mai m, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a lokacin da duniya 'yan wasa a kasuwa na "black zinariya". A cikin '90s da kungiyar tafi Gabon, kuma ya dan lokaci dakatar da ayyukan a Ecuador, OPEC tsarin.

A farkon 2000s, duniya farashin man fara tashi sannu a hankali da kuma sun dade a isasshe barga. Duk da haka, shi nan da nan suka fara m girma, wanda cikin ganiyarsu a 2008. By lokacin da OPEC shiga Angola. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2008, sharply tsananta rikicin dalilai. A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2008 da farashin "black zinariya" fadi zuwa matakin na farkon 2000s. Duk da haka, a lokacin 2009-2010 farashin ya tashi sake da kuma ci gaba da zama a wani matakin da cewa babbar mai exporters, a matsayin tattalin arziki ce, suna da hakkin a yi la'akari da mafi dadi. A 2014, saboda wani hadadden dalilai, farashin man sun yi haƙuri ki zuwa matakin na tsakiyar 2000s. OPEC duk da haka ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin duniya kasuwar na "black zinariya".

Manufofi OPEC ayyuka

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da farko don ƙirƙirar OPEC da aka kafa iko a kan kasa da albarkatun, da kuma tasiri a kan duniya trends a farashin man-kashi. Kamar yadda zamani manazarta yi imani, fundamentally, wannan burin ya tun da aka canza. Daga cikin mafi latsa matsaloli, ba kirgawa main, ga OPEC - mai wadata kayayyakin more rayuwa, mai kyau zuba jari samun kudin shiga daga cikin fitarwa na "black zinariya".

OPEC a matsayin dan wasan da duniya fagen siyasa

OPEC mambobi suna da ha a wani gini da cewa yana da matsayi na wani gwamnatoci kungiyar. Wannan yadda aka rajista a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tuni a cikin farkon shekaru na OPEC ta kafa dangantakar da Majalisar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan tattalin arziki da kuma jama'a, ya zama da hannu a cikin taron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cinikayya da raya kasa. Sau da yawa a shekara, tarurruka da ake gudanar da sa hannu na babban jami'in gwamnatin posts kasashen na zuwa OPEC. Wannan irin abubuwan da aka tsara don aiki daga wani hadin gwiwa dabarun kara gini aiki a kan duniya kasuwar.

Arzikin man fetur a OPEC

OPEC mambobi da total reserves na man fetur suna kiyasta a fiye da 1,199 tiriliyan ganga. Shi ne game da 60-70% na duniya reserves. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda wasu masana suka yi ĩmãni, kawai Venezuela ya kai ganiya samar da man fetur. Sauran kasashen da ciki OPEC iya ko kara su yi. Duk da haka, ra'ayi na masana a kan zamani samarwa girma yiwuwa ga "black zinariya" kasashe na Organization baya. Wasu sun ce da jihohin da suke ɓangare na OPEC, za su nemi su kara da ya dace Manuniya - domin ya kula da halin yanzu matsayi a cikin duniya kasuwar.

Gaskiyar cewa Amurka yanzu - Fetur Kasashen (sun fi mayar da alaka da irin man shale), wanda yake da damar sa gagarumin matsa lamba a kan OPEC kasashe a duniya. Sauran manazarta yi imani da cewa karuwa a samar da shi ne marasa amfani baki ɗaya kasashen na ga Organization - karuwa a samar a kasuwa lowers farashin "black zinariya".

management tsarin

An ban sha'awa bangare na nazarin OPEC - halaye na kungiyar na gudanar da tsarin. Jagoranci OPEC ta hukumar mulki - wani taro na kasashe mambobin kungiyar. Gudanar da shi ne yawanci sau 2 a shekara. OPEC gamuwa da format na taro zai hada da wani tattaunawa na al'amurran da suka shafi shan kan kungiyar na sabon jihohi, da tallafi da kasafin kudin, ma'aikata alƙawura. Hot batutuwa na taron zata, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da Board of gwamnonin. Wannan tsarin kuma iko da aiwatar da amince mafita. A tsarin da Board of Gwamnonin - wasu sassan kula da musamman da kewayon batutuwa.

Mene ne wani "kwandon" a man farashin?

Sama mu ce cewa daya daga cikin farashin hari ga kasashe na Organization aikin wani da ake kira "kwandon". Mene ne wannan? Ne ilmin lissafi nufin tsakanin da dama brands na man cirewa a cikin kasashe daban-daban na OPEC. Deciphering su sunayen sau da yawa dangantaka da iri - "haske", ko "m", kazalika da jihar na asali. Alal misali, akwai wani iri na Arab Light - haske mai samar a Saudi Arabia. Akwai Iran Tã - m man fetur na kasar Iran asalin. Akwai brands kamar Kuwait Export, Qatar Marine. Matsakaicin darajar da "kwandon" kai a cikin watan Yuli 2008 - 140.73 daloli.

Ƙa'idodi

Mu lura da cewa, a cikin yi na Organization ba Ƙa'idodi. Mene ne shi? Wannan hanin a kan kullum mai samar ga kowane daga cikin kasashen. Su size iya bambanta a kan tushen da dacewa tarurruka na abokai management. A general, a lokacin da rage wani keɓaɓɓen yawa akwai dalilin da ya sa ran samu karancin wadata a kasuwannin duniya, kuma, a sakamakon, da Yunƙurin a farashin. Bi da bi, idan m iyaka zauna canzawa ko ƙaruwa, farashin "black zinariya" na iya ayan raguwa.

OPEC da kuma Rasha

Kamar yadda aka sani, babban exporters na man fetur a duniya - ba wai kawai OPEC kasar. A daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya kaya na "black zinariya" Rasha ne daya daga cikin kasuwannin duniya. An yi imani da cewa a wasu shekaru tsakanin kasarmu da Organization sun kasance neman tashin dangantaka. Alal misali, OPEC da'awar da aka yi da Moscow a 2002 - don rage mai samar, kazalika da aiwatar a cikin duniya kasuwar. Duk da haka, kamar yadda evidenced da jama'a statistics, fitarwa na "black zinariya" na Rasha Federation daga lokacin da kusan ba ya rage, amma a maimakon haka, ya girma.

Rasha adawa da wannan duniya tsarin, manazarta ce, ya tsaya a lokacin da m girma na farashin man a cikin tsakiyar 2000s. Tun daga nan, tsakanin Rasha da kuma Organization matsayin dukan akwai hali ya shiga na gaskiya - biyu a matakin gwamnatoci shawarwari da hadin gwiwa a bangare na man fetur kasuwanci. OPEC da kuma Rasha - Exporters na "black zinariya". A general, shi ne ma'ana cewa su dabarun bukatu a cikin duniya fagen fama wasan.

al'amurra

Mene ne yiwuwa ga m cinikayya tsakanin gwamnatoci, wadanda ba OPEC? Dikodi mai na abbreviations da aka ba mu a cikin sosai farkon labarin ya bayyana cewa, a cikin tushen muradun daga cikin kasashen da suka kafa da kuma ci gaba da goyon aiki na kungiyar - musamman fitarwa na "black zinariya". A lokaci guda, kamar yadda wasu zamani manazarta, domin kara inganta kasuwanci dabarun, guda biyu tare da aiwatar da kasa na siyasa na kasashen na ga Organization a cikin shekaru masu zuwa za su yi zaton ma tare da ra'ayoyi na mai-sayo kasashen. Tare da abin da shi za a iya haɗa?

Da farko, da cewa wani dadi man fetur ga kasashen da bukatar shi - yanayin domin cin gaban su tattalin arziki. Za su ci gaba da kasa tsarin tattalin arziki, girma a samar - man farashin ba zai fada a kasa da m eksperterov for "black zinariya" mark. Bi da bi, Yunƙurin a cikin kudin na samarwa, wanda sun fi mayar da faruwa saboda matsanancin man fetur halin kaka, da high yiwuwa zai kai ga ƙulli daga makamashi-m wurare, su modernization a cikin ni'imar hannu na madadin makamashi kafofin. A matsayin sakamako - duniya man farashin iya samun koma baya. Saboda haka, babban leitmotif na kara ci gaba da na OPEC kasashe, bisa ga kwararru da yawa - wannan shi ne wani m jayayya tsakanin ganin ta kasa da bukatun da kuma matsayin kasashen sayo da "black zinariya".

Akwai wani ra'ayi. A cewar ta, man ba zai zama madadin a cikin gaba 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Kuma saboda da kasar da kungiyoyi da dukan damar da karfafa matsayinsu a cikin harkokin duniya, fagen fama, kuma ba zato ba tsammani kuma samun abũbuwan amfãni a cikin bangare na ganin na siyasa ba. A general, tare da yiwu gajere downturns, farashin man zai kasance babban kan haƙiƙa bukatun m tattalin arziki, da hauhawar farashin kaya, da kuma a wasu lokuta, in mun gwada jinkirin cin gaban sabon adibas. Shawara ga wasu shekaru da kuma ba zai iya tsayar da tare da bukatar.

Akwai kuma na uku ra'ayi. A cewar ta, a cikin wani mafi m matsayi iya zama kamar wannan mai-sayo kasashen. Gaskiyar cewa yanzu Figures farashin "black zinariya", a cewar manazarta, manne ga manufar a tambaya ne kusan gaba ɗaya tabbas. Kuma a lokuta da dama - ne hõrarriya. Cost-tasiri duniya farashin man fetur na kasuwanci ga wasu kamfanonin - 25 daloli. Wannan shi ne da yawa m fiye da ko na yanzu farashin "black zinariya" ne sosai m m ga kasafin kudi na da yawa aikawa ƙasashe. Kuma saboda kungiyar na kasa a cikin tsarin na ra'ayi da wasu masana wasa da muhimmancin player wanda ba zai iya shibta ta sharuddan. Bugu da ƙari, to a wasu har dogara a kan siyasa manyan al'amurra na da yawa mai-sayo kasashen.

Lura cewa kowane daga cikin uku da maki na view nuna kawai zaton ka'idar bayyana ta daban-daban masana. A kasuwar mai - daya daga cikin mafi unpredictable. Kintace game da farashin "black zinariya" da kuma sa a gaba daban-daban masana, zai iya zama gaba daya jũna.