Commonwealth of Nations: jerin kasashen

Commonwealth of Nations - Association of Independent Amurka, wanda ya hada da Birtaniya da kuma da dama na tsohon sarauta, mazauna da kuma protectorates. Kasashen na ga Union, ba su da ikon siyasa a kan juna. Its aka yi harsãshinsa a 1887, a 1926 soma da Balfour jawabi, da kuma shika-shikan Commonwealth matsayi Disamba 11, 1931 (Dokoki da Westminster). Bayan da Commonwealth ya kasance kamar wata ƙungiyar na kasashe, a hade tare da UK sirri jam'iyya.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara

The aka yi harsãshinsa a cikin XIX karni da kuma a cikin farkon thirties na XX-karni da aka soma doka fassara hakkokin da Member jihar daga cikin kungiyar. Bisa ga daftarin aiki a shekarar 1931, da UK monarch ne shugaban kowace kasa don gane Dokoki na Westminster, kuma memba na Birtaniya Commonwealth of Nations.

Lokaci guda, da daftarin aiki ya tsayar da doka matsayi na sarauta, kazalika da sa a wurin mafita Taruka na 1926 da kuma 1930. A sakamakon haka, da sarauta da aka gane a zahiri shine yantattun jihohi, gaba daya daidai da Birtaniya, da dokokin kasar Ingila kuma ba zai iya tambaya a gare su ba tare da su amsa.

A shekarar 1947, halin da ake ciki canza tare da canji na India a cikin wani Republican kasar, da kuma sakamakon gazawar gane Birtaniya monarch shugaban kasa ya zuwa halin sake duba kayan yau da kullum na jam'iyya. Canza sunan da manufar kungiyar - shi ya zama mai fifiko agaji manufa, ilimi ayyukan, da dai sauransu ...

A halin yanzu kunshe a Commonwealth kasashen al'ummai (lambar 53) nuna wani daban-daban tsarin kula da jihar management. Daga cikin wadannan, kawai 16 - Commonwealth na Kingdom, gane Birtaniya Sarauniya Elizabeth II Head of State.

States a cikin jam'iyya

A hanya zuwa data kasance halin da ake ciki a XXI karni ya kasance dogon. Jihar shiga da fita na ƙungiyar yan kungiya an dakatar da koma wa (musamman da misali misali a nan Fiji, wanda yan kungiya da aka dakatar saboda ƙungiyar matsaloli tare da dimokuradiyya a kasar).

Duk da haka tsari ne har yanzu faruwa, forming da kuma canza zamani Commonwealth. A jerin kasashen da aka ba bisa ga bayanai a kan official website:

• Antigua and Barbuda.
• Bangladesh.
• Botswana.
• Canada.
• Fiji (reinstated a matsayin cikakken memba tun Satumba 26, 2014).
• Guyana.
• Kenya.
• Malawi.
• Malta.
• Namibia.
• Najeriya.
• Rwanda.
• Seychelles.
• Solomon Islands.
• Saint Kitts da Nevis.
• Tonga.
• Uganda.
• Vanuatu.
• Australia.
• Barbados.
• Brunei.
• Cyprus.
• Ghana.
• India;
• Kiribati.
• Malaysia.
• Mauritius.
• Nauru.
• Pakistan.
• St. Lucia.
• Sierra Leone;
• Afirka ta Kudu;
• Saint Vincent da Grenadines.
• Trinidad da Tobago.
• United Kingdom.
• Zambia.
• Bahamas.
• Belize.
• Kamaru.
• Dominika.
• Grenada.
• Jamaica.
• Lesotho.
• Maldives.
• Mozambique.
• New Zealand.
• Papua New Guinea.
• Samoa.
• Singapore.
• Sri Lanka.
• Swaziland.
• Tuvalu.
• Tanzaniya.

Kunshe a cikin Commonwealth of Nations suna da ha ba kawai yarjejeniyar da kida, amma kuma a al'adance da kuma lugga: a kasashe 11, English ne daya daga cikin aikin hukuma harsuna, da kuma a wasu 11 - kadai hukuma harshe.

Gwamnati na Commonwealth of Nations

Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin official website, shi ne mai son rai ƙungiya daga kasashen da na kowa dabi'u. Sarauniya Elizabeth II ne ƙa'ida shugaban Birtaniya Commonwealth of Nations (jerin kasashe mambobin kungiyar na wannan kungiyar ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya), yanzu zartarwa management na samar da sakatariya.

A siffar na kula da rarraba a cikin kungiyar tarayyar kamar haka: 32 jihohi sun jamhuriyoyin, 5 - kasa daular mulkinsu, da kuma 16 gane shugaban Birtaniya Sarauniya, ya wakilta a kowace kasa da Gwamna Janar. Duk da haka, shi ba ya yi wani m ayyuka ko aikinsu.

Business

Da ke cikin Commonwealth of Nations kasashen jerin ne m - jihar ne zuwa kashi hudu daban-daban Categories, bisa ga bankin duniya rarrabuwa (ranking aka sabunta kowace shekara don daidai da babban kasa da capita samun kudin shiga ga baya shekara). Daga cikin wadannan, 11 tare da babban albashi, 14 - sama-tsakiyar samun kudin shiga, 18 - a kasa talakawan, da kuma 10 - da low-IRR.

Kungiyar Tarayyar kasashen ne a cikin gubar a cikin mutane da yawa masana'antu a duniya: daga cikin misalai - karafa na duwatsu masu daraja da kuma karafa, bayanai da fasaha da kuma harkokin yawon shakatawa.

samuwar na Commonwealth

A farko kasashen, membobin ƙungiyar ta kasance United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa. Sun shiga cikin Commonwealth of Nations a shekarar 1931. Pakistan da India sun shiga cikin kungiyar tarayyar a 1947. Sri Lanka - a 1948. Tare, sai suka samar da wani jerin kasashen - cikin tsofaffin 'yan jam'iyya.

A shekarar 1957 suka shiga ta Ghana.

A sittin, Birtaniya Commonwealth of Nations ya samu wani sabon Bugu da kari: wani gamin shiga Najeriya (1960), Sierra Leone da kuma Tanzania (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), Zambia (1964 ). Next - Guyana da Botswana da kuma Lesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968)

Bangladesh shiga cikin jam'iyya a shekarar 1972, Papua New Guinea - 1975

Kuma, a karshe, ya kammala jerin kasashe na Namibia (1990), Mozambique da kuma Cameroon (1995), Rwanda (2009)

yawan

A sharuddan yawan Commonwealth of Nations yana 2.2 biliyan mutane. Inji kai India - 1236,7 miliyan. Nisa a baya shi ne a kamar wannan matakin, Pakistan, Bangladesh da kuma Nijeriya - 179,2 miliyan kuma 168,8 miliyan kuma 154,7 miliyan bi da bi. A karo na hudu wuri, Oddly isa, United Kingdom (duk lambobi kuma bayanan da ake dauka daga cikin official website na Commonwealth) - da yawan jama'ar bisa ga latest Figures na 62,8 mutane miliyan.

Kato a yankin Canada bautar da dukan 34.8 miliyan, da kuma ɓangaren duniya Australia rike da 23,1 mutane miliyan.

Lafiya da kuma tsawon rayuwar

Amma a fagen kiwon lafiya da kuma walwalar dukkan ne da za a sa ran - da mafi talakawan rayuwa expectancy a Australia da kuma Singapore (82), Canada da kuma New Zealand (81 shekara), da UK, Cyprus da kuma Malta (80 years). A karshe Sierra Leone - kawai shekaru 45 (as na 2012).

A wannan kasa take kaiwa a kan matakin da yara da kuma jariri mace-mace, kazalika da uwayensu (as na 2010-2012.). Duk da yake Sierra Leone - a kasar tare da daya daga cikin mafi girma da haihuwa rates a cikin Commonwealth.

Mozambique da kuma Rwanda

Shekaru da dama, mun dauka daban-daban ayyukan da kuma sassa na sauran takardun gudãnar da ayyukan jam'iyya da cewa yana yiwuwa ka iya ba. A guda daftarin aiki, kazalika da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, babu. Dalili na shigarwa ne dangantakar da United Kingdom - da hanya zuwa membobinsu a cikin Commonwealth na bude ga mulkin mallaka, protectorates da kuma sarauta. Wannan mulki, duk da haka, akwai biyu ware: Mozambique, wani tsohon Portuguese mallaka, da kuma Rwanda, wani tsohon mallaka na Belgium da kuma Jamus.

Na farkon su - daya daga cikin matalautan kasashe. Mozambique - memba jihar na Commonwealth of Nations "ba ta dama, amma ta wurin alheri." Ya samu cikin bayan duk makwabta, membobin ƙungiyar ta nema Accession na Mozambique (wannan shi ne daya daga cikin theories).

Fage ne kamar haka: bayan 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975, manyan sauye-sauye da aka za'ayi da kuma fitar da mafi yawan Portuguese natsuwa. Yakin basasa ya barke, tare da tsananin jikkata a tsakanin yawan jama'a da kuma hijirarsa na manyan lambobi na 'yan gudun hijira.

The yaki ƙare kawai a shekarar 1992 - Ba mamaki da cewa kasar nan ta yi a ƙi. Membobinsu a cikin Commonwealth a matsayin dukan ne da amfani ga jihar - wannan gaskiya ne ko na Rwanda, wanda kuma gudanar da su tsira da wuya sau (ciki har da kisan kare dangi).

The rawa da kuma manufofin dangane da membobinta

Yau, 'yan Birtaniya Commonwealth of Nations suna aiki a biyu kwatance - ya inganta akida, da kuma norms na dimokuradiyya da kuma gabatarwa da ci gaba. Shi ne na biyu mafi girma, bayan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kasa da kasa alliance. Turanci taka wani muhimmanci sosai unifying rawa, musamman a yanzu da cewa da harshen da ya zama hanyar kasuwanci sadarwa.

Birtaniya da kuma wasu da suka ci gaba kasashe suna da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na kungiyar tarayyar daban-daban agaji manufa, tallafawa tattalin arziki da kuma sauran duniyoyin. Ko da yake bisa ga ƙa'ida duk Commonwealth mambobin ne m, irin taimakon taimaka wa sakamako Rendering shi ga waɗanda suke bukatar shi.

Rawar da Birtaniya a cikin Union

A tarihi, daga cikin samuwar kungiyoyin da kara, da rawar da Birtaniya da kuma da hali to wannan jam'iyya canza. A farkon rabin XX-karni, shi aka kira ba kawai a matsayin Birtaniya Empire. A tsawon lokaci, da manufofin manyan al'amurra sun canja zuwa EU gefe, cewa duba sosai alamar rahama. Duk da haka, a cikin hasken 'yan aukuwa a cikin EU, da ra'ayin karfafa da kuma raya dangantakar iya duba ƙara m, ba yadda za m jerin kafa Commonwealth jihohi.

A goyon bayan wannan hanya za a iya fassara da kuma Birtaniya hali zuwa Australia. A cikin wannan kasar, magoya bayan na Republican nau'i na gwamnati da wani karfi wuri, da kuma magana game da janye daga Commonwealth sauti kai a kai.

Ziyara zuwa Australia da mambobi na British sarauta iyali, kazalika da bikin aure a shekarar 2011 Yarima William da kuma Keyt Middlton sun taka rawar gani, a kiwon da daraja na Windsor daular. Bũsa a cikin 2011 kalamai na Burtaniya jami'an diplomasiya, da ya kai ziyara sun gurgunta da yiwuwar juya Australia a cikin wata jamhuriyar a nan gaba.

Visit na Sarauniya Elizabeth II da Yarima William, kazalika da sarauta bikin aure stoked amfani Australians, duk da haka, jami'an suma suka ce Australia al'umma a nan gaba za ku yi jihãdi ga samun daga sarauniya ta ikon, ko idan wannan ikon ne kawai m.

A cikin wata sanarwa, da FCO ya bayyana cewa, alƙaluma da canje-canje a kasar ya jagoranci wani raguwa a yawan 'yan asalin wanda ko ta yaya ji su dangane da England. A daidai wannan lokaci, wani babban kaso na yawan yi imanin cewa, kafa jumhuriyar - wani muhimmanci mataki a cikin samuwar jihar.

Wasu daga cikin sauran kasashe na Commonwealth of Nations, duk da haka, goyon bayan ra'ayin karin hadin gwiwa. Irin shawarwarin da aka riga aka bayyana, amma ba su sami rinjaye support saboda damuwa kafin na sarki burinsu na United Kingdom.

Yiwuwar hadewa shi ne har yanzu low - sosai daban-daban matakin na ci gaba ba inganta complementarity ɓullo da samar, mafi yawan} asashe, a wata ƙananan matakin, gasa, kamar yadda suka samar da wannan ko kama da kaya. Duk da haka, shi ne m goyon baya daga mafi ci gaba. A tsanani drawback na Commonwealth, duk da haka, dauke da cewa shi ba ya da karfi hanyoyin tasiri membobinta - kadai zaɓi ne na dakatar da mambobin a kungiyar.