A samu na proton da neutron

Bayan an gano cewa wani abu hada da kwayoyin, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin bi da bi - daga kwayoyin halitta da likita samu wani sabon tambaya. Yana da ya wajaba don tabbatar da tsarin da kwayoyin halitta - abin da yake kunshi. Domin warware wannan kalubale zo daga Rutherford da dalibai. Opening na proton da neutron suka gudanar a farkon karni na karshe

E. Rutherford ya kasance hasashe a matsayin abin da zarra kunshi wani tsakiya da kuma orbiting shi a high gudu daga electrons. Amma abin da ya ƙunshi na tsakiya na zarra, ba gaba ɗaya bayyana. Rutherford samarwa da suke cewa a cikin atomic nuclei na wani sinadari ya zama cikin tsakiya na hydrogen zarra.

Wannan jarrabawa daga baya aka tabbatar ta jerin gwaje-gwajen, wanda ke haifar da gano proton aka aikata. Jigon da gwaji runs ya Rutherford cewa nitrogen kwayoyin halitta suna bombarded alpha radiation da abin da wasu daga cikin barbashi ma gaba daya daga nitrogen atomic tsakiya.

Wannan tsari da aka rubuta a kan wani photosensitive fim. Duk da haka, da haske ya kasance haka da rauni, da kuma ji na ƙwarai cikin fim shi ma kananan, don haka Rutherford shawarar zuwa ga dalibai da suka fara zuwa fuskanci 'yan sa'o'i a lokaci ya kasance a cikin wani duhu daki, ga idanu iya ganin dabara fitilu.

A wannan gwajin, halayyar haske burbushi da aka ƙaddara cewa barbashi, wanda aka karya, nuclei sun hydrogen da oxygen kwayoyin halitta. A cikin jarrabawa na Rutherford, wanda ya kai shi ga cewa ya gano wata proton, ya same ta m tabbatarwa.

Wannan barbashi Rutherford samarwa da sunan proton (daga "Protos" shi ne na farko Greek). Ya kamata a fahimci haka da cewa atomic hydrogen tsakiya yana da wani tsari da irin wannan cewa shi yana daya kawai proton. Tun lokacin da aka gano na proton aka aikata.

Electric cajin, ya ne tabbatacce. A wannan yanayin, shi quantitatively daidaita da electron cajin, amma yana da m alama. Wancan ne, shi dai itace cewa proton da electron kamar yadda idan juna balance. Saboda haka, duk abubuwa, tun da suka kunshi atoms asali ba a caje, da kuma wutar lantarki da ake samu a lõkacin da suka fara aiki a kan lantarki filin. A tsarin da atomic nuclei na daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa iya zama ya fi girma yawan protons fiye da atomic hydrogen tsakiya.

Bayan da ya gano na proton, da masu bincike fara gane cewa core na sinadari da zarra aka hada ba kawai na protons, saboda gudanar da jiki gwaje-gwajen da nuclei na beryllium atoms gano cewa, da taro na protons a cikin nucleus din da aka hada da raka'a hudu, yayin da dukan taro na tsakiya - tara raka'a. Yana da aka ma'ana ya ɗauka cewa biyar more taro raka'a mallakar wasu unknown barbashi ba tare da lantarki cajin, tun in ba haka ba da electron-proton balance za a keta.

James Chadwick almajiri E. Rutherford, gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, da kuma iya gane na farko barbashi wanda ya tashi daga beryllium atomic tsakiya a lokacin da suke bombarded tare da alpha radiation. Sai ya juya daga cewa ba su da wani wutar lantarki. Found shi ne rashin cajin saboda gaskiyar cewa wadannan barbashi bai amsa kiran da electromagnetic filin. Sa'an nan ya bayyana cewa ya gano samarwar kashi na nukiliya tsarin.

Wannan bude D. Chadwick barbashi kira wani neutron. Sai ya juya daga cewa shi yana da wannan taro a matsayin proton, amma, kamar yadda aka ce, ba shi da wani lantarki cajin.

Bugu da ari, shi aka gwaje tabbatar da cewa yawan protons da neutrons daidaita da jeren yawan da sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

A sararin samaniya za a iya lura abubuwa kamar neutron taurari, wanda sau da yawa da karshe mataki na gagarumi juyin halitta. Irin wannan neutron taurari da sosai high yawa.