A kwayan cell

Kwayoyin cuta ( "itace" daga Greek) wakiltar mulkin (kungiyar) enucleated (prokaryotic), kwayoyin, unicellular yawanci. Yau an san kuma aka bayyana a cikin tsari na dubban jinsin. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa akwai fiye na mai da miliyan.

Kwayan Kwayoyin iya zama madauwari, ya kumshe wadansu abubuwan, sanda-dimbin yawa. A rare lokuta cubic, tetrahedral, stellate, kuma O- ko C-dimbin yawa form. Bayyanar kayyade ikon mallaki by kwayan cell. Alal misali, dangane da siffar, da kwayoyin mallaka a wasu mataki na motsi, da ikon don hašawa zuwa surface, da sha na gina jiki ko wasu mahadi hanya.

Kwayan cell hada da uku m tsarin: cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes da nucleoid.

Daga cikin membrane ga m gefe ne da mahara yadudduka. A musamman, akwai wani slimy Case, kwantena, cell bango. Bugu da kari, da waje ɓullo da daban-daban surface Tsarin: villi, flagella. A cytoplasm da membrane ake hada a manufar "protoplast".

A kwayan cell da dukan da abun ciki da aka iyakance ta waje yanayi ta wajen wani membrane. Ciki, a yi kama sulusi da murabba'i na cytoplasm ayi sunadaran narkewa RNA substrates musayar halayen, daban-daban mahadi. Sauran dauke da daban-daban tsarin abubuwa.

A kwayan cell ƙunshi babu makaman nukiliya membrane da wani intracytoplasmic membranes, wanda ba su samu daga cytoplasmic membrane. Duk da haka, ga wasu prokaryotes hankula gida "kumbura" main daina kai hare hare. Wadannan "kumbura" - mesosoma - yi daban-daban ayyuka da kuma raba da kwayan cell a cikin aikin sassa daban daban.

All data zama dole domin rayuwa, suna kunshe ne a cikin wannan DNA. Chromosome, wanda qunshi wani kwayan cell, yawanci yana da nau'i na zobba, covalently-rufe. A daya batu da DNA a haɗe zuwa membrane da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani zama ruwan dare, amma ba a rabu da cytoplasm tsarin. Wannan tsari ne da ake kira "nucleoid". A kumbura form kwayan chromosome yana da tsawon mafi girma daga wani millimeter. An yawanci wakilci a guda kwafin. A wasu kalmomin, kusan duk prokaryotes ne haploid. Duk da haka, a wasu takamaiman yanayi, da kwayan tantanin halitta zai iya ƙunsar kofe na chromosomes.

Na musamman muhimmancin a cikin rãyuwar kwayoyin yana da wani cell bango. Tare da wannan aiki tsarin kashi ne ba da ake bukata. wasu siffofin prokaryotes aka samu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin abin da bango ne gaba daya, ko partially fakowa ba. Wadannan kwayoyin iya zama a karkashin al'ada yanayi, amma a wasu lokuta, sun rasa ikon raba. A yanayi, akwai wani rukuni na prokaryotes, wanda ba dauke da, a cikin bango tsarin.

Kwantena - a kan m surface na amorphous Layer iya zubar a kan garu. Mucous yadudduka rabu da kananan kwayoyin ne mai sauki isa, ba su da wani dangane da cell. Cases ma da kudin tsarin, ba su da amorphous.

Farfagandar da kwayoyin cuta ne da za'ayi da wasu nau'i na wani m, binary fission ko budding giciye. Daban-daban kungiyoyin akwai daban-daban versions daga cikin rabo. Saboda haka, misali, cyanobacteria haifuwa auku mahara hanya - da dama m binary rarrabuwa. A sakamakon haka ne hudu ga dubban sabon kwayoyin. Suna da musamman sunadaran da wanda tabbatar genotype plasticity da ake bukata a daidaita da canza waje yanayi da kuma juyin halitta.