A manufa na Laser mataki: fasali na Laser radiation

A farko manufa na mataki na Laser, wadda ta dogara ne a kan kimiyyar lissafi na Planck ta radiation dokar, a ka'idar, Einstein a 1917 ya sami kuɓuta. Ya bayyana sha, maras wata-wata da kuma kara kuzari electromagnetic radiation amfani yiwuwa coefficients (Einstein coefficients).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman shi ne na farko ya nuna manufa da mataki na wani jan yaƙutu Laser, bisa Tantancewar famfo amfani da wani flash fitilar roba yaƙutu, ya haifar da mai jiwuwa radiation tare da wani zango na 694 nm.

A shekarar 1960, kasar Iran masana kimiyya da Yawan, da Bennett halitta na farko gas lasers amfani da gaurayawan na Ya kuma Ne gas a cikin wani rabo na 1:10.

A shekarar 1962, R. N. Hall da ke sa a farko diode Laser sanya na gallium arsenide (GaAs), emitting a zango na 850 nm. Daga baya da cewa wannan shekarar, Nick Golonyak ɓullo da farko semiconductor jimla janareta na bayyane haske.

The na'urar da manufa na lasers

Kowane Laser tsarin hada da wani aiki matsakaici optically sanya tsakanin biyu daga layi daya da kuma sosai nuna madubai, daya daga wanda ke translucent, da kuma wani ikon source for famfo shi. Kamar yadda riba matsakaici iya aiki a matsayin mai m, ruwa ko gas, wanda suna da ikon fadada da mawadãta daga haske kalaman wucewa ta hanyar shi ƙ tare da lantarki ko Tantancewar famfo radiation. The abu da aka sanya tsakanin biyu daga madubai haka cewa haske nuna a su kowane lokaci ya wuce ta shi da kuma, da ya zo da wani gagarumin karuwa, ratsa cikin rabin madubi.

Duplex yanayi

Ka yi la'akari da manufa na Laser mataki tare da wani aiki matsakaici wanda kwayoyin zarra da kawai biyu makamashi matakan: E m E ₂ da kuma tushe _1. Idan kwayoyin halitta via wani famfo inji (Tantancewar, lantarki sallama halin yanzu ko transmittance electron bombardment) ne m zuwa jihar E _2, a cikin 'yan nanoseconds suka koma ga ainihin matsayin da, haskakawa makamashi photons hν = E ₂ - E _1. A cewar Einstein ka'idar, da watsi da aka samar a cikin biyu hanyoyi daban-daban: ko dai shi ne jawo by wani photon, ko da shi ya auku spontaneously. A cikin tsohon yanayin, kara kuzari watsi ya auku da kuma na biyu - maras wata-wata. A thermal ma'auni, da yiwuwar kara kuzari watsi ne da yawa m fiye da maras wata-wata (1:10 ^33), don haka abin da ya fi na al'ada incoherent haske kafofin, kuma lasing ne zai yiwu a yanayin da wasu fiye da thermal ma'auni.

Ko da tare da wani karfi famfo yawan-matakin da tsarin da za a iya sanya su daidaita. Saboda haka, a cimma yawan inversion ko wasu Tantancewar famfo Hanyar bukatar wani uku- ko hudu-matakin tsarin.

Multi-matakin tsarin

Mene ne manufa da uku-matakin Laser? A sakawa a iska mai guba na tsanani hasken mita ν ₀₂ farashinsa up babban adadin kwayoyin halitta daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci makamashi matakin E ₀ kuma E ₂ daga cikin manya. Radiationless mika mulki tare da kwayoyin halitta E ₂ to E ₁ tabbatar da yawan inversion tsakanin E ₁ da kuma E _0, wanda a yi shi ne kawai zai yiwu a lokacin da kwayoyin halitta ne da wani dogon lokaci, a wani metastable jihar E _1, da kuma mi} a mulki daga E ₁ to E ₂ auku hanzari. The aiki manufa na wani uku-matakin Laser ne a wadannan yanayi, don haka da cewa tsakanin E ₀ kuma E _1, da yawan inversion aka samu da aka Littafi photon makamashi E ₁ -E ₀ kara kuzari watsi. Fadi matakin E ₂ iya kara wa sha zango zangon zuwa da nagarta sosai tsotso, sakamakon ci gaban da kara kuzari watsi.

Uku-matakin tsarin bukatar wani sosai high famfo ikon tun ƙananan matakin, suna da hannu a cikin ƙarni, shi ne tushe. A wannan yanayin, domin yawan inversion faru zuwa jihar E ₁ da za a pumped fiye da rabin jimlar yawan kwayoyin halitta. A wannan yanayin, da makamashi ne kuka da kansa. A famfo ikon za a iya ƙwarai rage idan ƙananan lasing matakin ne ba da tushe, wanda na bukatar a kalla hudu matakin tsarin.

Dangane da yanayin da aiki abu, da lasers suna kasu uku na asali Categories, wato m, ruwa da kuma iskar gas. Tun shekarar 1958, a lokacin da ƙarni na farko da aka lura a wani jan yaƙutu crystal, masana kimiyya da masu bincike sun yi karatu mai fadi da kewayon kayan a kowane category.

m-jihar Laser

The aiki dogara ne a kan yin amfani da wani aiki matsakaici wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ƙara wani insulating crystal raga mika mulki karfe (Ti ^+3, Kr ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, da sauransu. D.) , rare duniya ions (Ce ^+3, K.Mag ^+3, nd ^+3, PM ^+3, SM ^+2, EU ^{+ 2, + 3,} tarin fuka ^+3, DY ^+3, Ho ^+3, Er ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , et al.), da kuma actinides kamar U ^+3. A samar da makamashi matakan da ions alhakin kawai domin tsara. Jiki Properties daga cikin tushe abu, kamar thermal watsin da thermal fadada suke da muhimmanci a cikin ingantaccen aiki na Laser. Location raga na kwayoyin halitta a kusa da wani doped ion canjãwa ta makamashi matakan. Daban-daban tsawo na kalaman tsara a cikin aiki matsakaici ake samu ta hanyar doping daban-daban kayan a cikin wannan ion.

Holmium Laser

Wani misali da wani m-jihar Laser ne mai jimla janareta, a cikinsa holmium zarra sauya tushe abu na crystal raga. Ho: Yag ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau lasing kayan. The aiki manufa na holmium Laser ne cewa yttrium aluminum garnet doped da holmium ions, optically pumped ta flash fitilar da kuma fitarda a zango na 2097 nm a infrared iyaka ne da tunawa da kyallen takarda. Amfani da wannan Laser ga ayyukan a kan gidajen abinci, hakori jiyya, to vaporize ciwon daji Kwayoyin, koda da kuma gallstones.

A semiconductor jimla janareta

Jimla da lasers ne m, da damar taro samar da suke sauƙi scalable. The aiki manufa na da semiconductor Laser dogara ne a kan yin amfani da pn-diode Junction, wanda ya fitar haske kan wani zango da recombination na m at tabbatacce nuna bambanci, kamar LEDs. LED emit spontaneously da kuma Laser diodes - compulsively. Don cika da yanayin yawan inversion, da aiki yanzu ya kamata wuce a dokin ƙofar. The aiki matsakaici a semiconductor diode yana da wani ra'ayi na dangane yanki na biyu-girma yadudduka.

Ka'idar aiki na da irin wannan Laser ne cewa su kula oscillations babu waje madubi ake bukata. A na nuna ikon, halitta saboda da Refractive index yadudduka da ciki tunani na aiki matsakaici, shi ya isa ga wannan manufar. A karshen saman manne diodes cewa samar da layi daya nuna saman.

A fili kafa ta semiconductor abu daga cikin wannan irin yana kira a homojunction, kamar yadda kafa ta haɗa biyu daban-daban - heterojunction.

Semiconductors na p kuma n irin tare da wani high yawa na dako ya samar da wata p-n-maha? Ar da bakin ciki sosai (≈1 mm) tsautsayi Layer.

gas Laser

Ka'idar aiki da kuma yin amfani da irin wannan Laser ya sa ya yiwu don ƙirƙirar na'urorin na kusan kowace iya aiki (daga milliwatts zuwa wutar) da kuma wavelengths (daga ultraviolet zuwa infrared) da kuma iya aiki a pulsed da kuma ci gaba da halaye. Bisa ga yanayin da aiki kafofin watsa labarai, akwai iri uku gas lasers, wato atomic, ionic da kwayoyin.

Mai gas lasers pumped ta lantarki sallama. A electrons a sallama tube suna kara da lantarki filin tsakanin wayoyin. Sun yi karo da kwayoyin halitta, ions ko kwayoyin na wani aiki matsakaici da kuma sa miƙa mulki ga mafi girma makamashi matakan cimma wata jiha na yawan inversion da kuma kara kuzari watsi.

kwayoyin Laser

A manufa na Laser mataki dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa, sabanin da ya zama ruwan dare kwayoyin zarra da ions a atomic da ion lasers kwayoyin mallaka m makamashi makada na mai hankali makamashi matakan. Bugu da kari, kowane electron makamashi matakin yana da babban yawan vibrational matakan, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin bi da bi - 'yan rotational.

A samar da makamashi tsakanin electron makamashi matakan da ke cikin UV da bayyane yankuna na bakan, yayin da tsakanin vibrational-rotational matakan - a kusa da nesa infrared yankuna. Saboda haka, mafi yawan kwayoyin lasers aiki a wani m, ko kusa-infrared yankuna.

excimer lasers

Excimers ne irin kwayoyin kamar yadda ArF, KrF, XeCl, wanda aka raba barga ƙasa a jihar da kuma na farko matakin. Ka'idar aiki na Laser gaba. Yawanci, da yawan a cikin ƙasa jihar na kwayoyin ne kananan, don haka kai tsaye famfo daga ƙasa jihar ne ba zai yiwu. A kwayoyin kafa a farko m lantarki jihar ta fili da ciwon high makamashi halides da inert gas. The yawan inversion aka samu saukin tun da yawan kwayoyin a wani asali matakin ne ma low, idan aka kwatanta da m. A manufa na Laser mataki, a takaice, shi ne ya miƙa mulki daga daure m lantarki jihar zuwa ƙasa jihar dissociative. A jama'ar na ƙasa a jihar ne ko da yaushe a wata low matakin, saboda a wannan lokaci da kwayoyin dissociate cikin sunadaran.

A na'ura da kuma lasers manufa kunshi a cewa sallama tube aka cika tare da cakuda halide (F ₂₎ da kuma rare gas (Ar). A electrons a shi dissociate da ionize da halide kwayoyin da kuma haifar da mummunan ions. M ions Ar ⁺ kuma korau F ^- amsa da kuma samar da ArF kwayoyin a cikin ta farko m jihar dangantaka da m miƙa mulki ga tushe jihar makawa kuma ƙarni na jiwuwa radiation. Excimer Laser, da manufa na aikin da yin amfani da abin da muke tattaunawa a, za a iya amfani da famfo na aiki matsakaici na fenti.

ruwa Laser

Idan aka kwatanta da daskararru, taya ne mafi kama da da hakan yawa na aiki kwayoyin halitta, a kwatanta da gas. Bugu da kari ga wannan, su ne ba wuya, don samar, damar sauki kadan masha'a da za a iya sauƙi maye gurbinsu. A manufa na mataki na Laser aka yi amfani a matsayin riba matsakaici kwayoyin fenti, kamar DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, da kuma kamar. D ., narkar da a da ya dace da sauran ƙarfi. A bayani na fenti kwayoyin ne m da radiation wanda zango na da kyau sha coefficient. A manufa na Laser mataki, a takaice, shi ne don samar da a daina zango, ya kira haske. Bambanci tsakanin makamashi tunawa da jefarwa photons amfani nonradiative makamashi a mulki kuma heats da tsarin.

Mafi fadi band haske ruwa lasers yana da wani musamman alama - zango kunna. Ka'idar aiki da kuma yin amfani da irin wannan a matsayin tunable Laser da jiwuwa haske Madogararsa, an ƙara zama muhimmanci a spectroscopy, holography, kuma a cikin ilimin halittu da aikin likita aikace-aikace.

Kwanan nan, lasers da aka yi amfani da rina ga isotope rabuwa. A wannan yanayin, da Laser selectively da hankali daya daga cikinsu, lamarin da ya fara a sinadaran dauki.