A photoelectric sakamako - da kimiyyar lissafi na sabon abu

A 1887, Jamus masanin kimiyya Hertz gano sakamakon haske a kan wutar lantarki sallama. Karatu da walƙiya sallama Hertz gano cewa idan korau lantarki lighting da hasken ultraviolet, da sallama ya auku a wani ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki a kan wayoyin.

An kara gano cewa, a lokacin da fallasa zuwa haske na wani lantarki baka barnatar da cajin da farantin karfe da alaka da electroscope kibiya electroscope da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa da hasken baka plaque hasarar da korau cajin. A tabbatacce lura da farantin karfe da haske ba ya rasa.

Loss daga karfe jikuna da hasken haskoki haske na korau lantarki cajin da aka kira wani photoelectric sakamako ko photoelectric sakamako.

A kimiyyar lissafi na wannan sabon abu da aka yi karatu tun 1888, kuma ya shahara Rasha masanin kimiyya A. G. Stoletovym.

A binciken da na photoelectric sakamako ƙarni da aka yi ta hanyar shigarwa kunsha na biyu kananan fayafai. The m tutiya farantin karfe kuma na bakin ciki raga kafa tsaye da juna, kafa capacitor. Its farantin da alaka da sandunan da na yanzu source, sa'an nan hasken da hasken lantarki baka.

Light yardar kaina ta hanyar da raga a kan surface wani m tutiya Disc.

STOLETOV gano cewa, idan wani tutiya farantin na capacitor da alaka da korau iyakacin duniya na ƙarfin lantarki tushen (a cathode), da galvanometer haɗa ta kewaye nuna halin yanzu. Idan cathode ne a raga, to, bãbu halin yanzu. Saboda haka, hasken tutiya farantin fitarda barnatar caje barbashi, waxanda suke da alhakin yanzu zama tsakanin ta da net.

Stoletov, nazarin photoelectric sakamako, da kimiyyar lissafi na wanda ya ba tukuna bude, sai ya ɗauki domin gwaje-gwajen da ƙafafun na daban-daban karafa: aluminum, jan, tutiya, da azurfa, nickel. Attaching su ga mummunan iyakacin duniya na ƙarfin lantarki source, shi yana gani yadda a karkashin mataki na baka a cikin kewaye da wani matukin jirgi shuka shi da lantarki. Wannan halin yanzu ake kira da photocurrent.

By kara irin ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin capacitor faranti photocurrent ne ta ƙara, kai wani irin ƙarfin lantarki ta zuwa iyakar darajar kira jikewa photocurrent.

Binciken photoelectric sakamako, da kimiyyar lissafi na wanda aka kakkarfan dangankata da dogaro da jikewa na photocurrent darajar da luminous juyi ya faru a kan cathode farantin STOLETOV kafa wadannan dokokin: jikewa darajar da photocurrent, zai zama kai tsaye na gwargwado ga abin da ya faru haske juyi plaque.

Wannan dokar da aka kira Stoletov.

Daga baya an gano cewa, photocurrent - kwarara daga electrons tsãge ta daga haske karfe.

A ka'idar da photoelectric sakamako ya samu m m aikace-aikace. Kamar wancan ne aka halicci na'ura, wadda ake bisa wannan sabon abu. Suna da ake kira hasken rana Kwayoyin.

A photosensitive Layer - cathode - rufe kusan dukkan ciki surface na gilashin kwan fitila fãce kaɗan kadan taga ga samun haske. A anode ne ma a waya zobe, karfafa ciki da ganga. A ganga - wani injin.

Idan muka gama da zobe ga m iyakacin duniya na baturi da photosensitive Layer na karfe, ta hanyar galvanometer tare da korau iyakacin duniya, sa'an nan a lokacin da rufe Layer dace haske Madogararsa halin yanzu bayyana a cikin kewaye.

Za ka iya kashe baturi a duk, amma sai mu gani yanzu, kawai sosai rauni, tun kawai ta rage wani kankanin na haske fitad da electrons zai fada a kan waya zobe - da anode. Don bunkasa sakamako dole ƙarfin lantarki a cikin tsari na 80-100.

Photoelectric sakamako, da kimiyyar lissafi na wanda aka yi amfani a irin wannan abubuwa za a iya lura amfani da wani karfe. Duk da haka, mafi yawan su, kamar tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe, platinum, tungsten, kawai m zuwa hasken ultraviolet. Mere alkaline karafa - potassium, sodium da kuma cesium, musamman - da kuma kula da bayyane haskoki. Su ma aka yi amfani da sarrafa daga hasken rana Kwayoyin cathodes.