Van Allen radiation bel

Duniya radiation bel (RPGs), Van Allena bel, ko - a yankin na sarari mafi kusa a kewayen duniya, da ciwon nau'i na zobba, waxanda suke da giant kõguna na electrons da protons. Duniya riƙe da su ta hanyar da dipole Magnetic filin.

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EBL aka gano a cikin 1957-58. Masana kimiyya daga Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. "Explorer 1" (hoton da ke ƙasa), da farko Amurka sarari da tauraron dan adam, da ƙaddamar da abin da ya faru a shekarar 1958, aka bayar da muhimmanci sosai bayanai. Godiya ga Amirkawa jirgin gwaje-gwajen a kan Duniya ta surface (a tsawon game da 1000 km), da aka samu radiation zone (ciki). Daga baya, na biyu, irin yankin da aka samu a tsawon game da 20,000 km. Babu bayyana iyaka tsakanin ciki da kuma m belts - na farko a hankali a cikin na biyu. The biyu rediyoaktif zones bambanta a cikin mataki na lura da barbashi da kuma abun da ke ciki.

Wadannan yankunan zama da aka sani Van Allena belts. Dzheyms Van Allen - likita, wani gwaji wanda ya taimaka musu don gano. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa wadannan belts ake yi har na hasken rana da iska da kuma caje barbashi cosmic haskoki, wanda suna janyo hankalin zuwa Duniya ta Magnetic filin. Kowace daga cikinsu Forms torus a kewayen duniya (wani adadi wanda aka dimbin yawa kamar Donut).

A sarari, tun lokacin can sun kasance yawa gwaje-gwajen. An yarda gano da babban fasali da kuma kaddarorin RPGs. Ba kawai wannan duniya tamu, akwai radiation belts. Su ne samuwa da kuma sauran basamaniyai, wanda da wani yanayi da kuma wani Magnetic filin. Radiation bel Van Allen da aka gano godiya ga Amurka interplanetary jiragen ruwa Mars. Bugu da kari, da Amirkawa same shi a Saturn da Jupiter.

Dipole Magnetic filin

Duniyar mu yana da ba kawai Van Allena bel, amma dipole Magnetic filin. Shi ne mai sa na Magnetic bawo nested a juna. A tsarin da filin yayi kama da kabeji ko albasa. Magnetic harsashi za a iya zaton kamar yadda saka na Magnetic Lines na karfi rufaffiyar surface. A kusa da cibiyar da dipole ne harsashi, da girma da Magnetic filin ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, bugun jini da ake bukata domin a caje barbashi penetrable waje, kuma qara.

Saboda haka, N-na ambulan yana da lokacinta barbashi P _n. A cikin akwati inda na farko lokacinta na barbashi ne kasa da P _n, shi nuna irin Magnetic filin. A barbashi sa'an nan ya kõmo zuwa sarari. Duk da haka, shi ma ya faru da cewa shi dai a kan N-th harsashi. A wannan yanayin, shi ne ba su iya barin. Barbashi za a kama a tarko, muddin dai ba dissipate, ko da fuskantar saura yanayi ba zai rasa makamashi.

A halin maganaɗisu filin na wannan duniya tamu ne guda harsashi located a daban-daban nisa daga duniya a surface at daban-daban longitudes. Wannan shi ne saboda da mismatch na Magnetic filin da axis na juyawa na duniya aksali. Wannan sakamako ne ga mafi kyau a kan Brazilian Magnetic anomaly. A wannan yankin da Magnetic filin Lines aka tsallake, kuma entrained barbashi motsi a kan su, zai iya zama a kasa 100 km tsawo ya kuma inganta fada a cikin yanayin duniya.

Abun da ke ciki RPGs

Ciki da radiation bel m rarraba protons da electrons. Da farko dake a cikin ciki na shi, da kuma na biyu - a cikin matsanancin. Saboda haka, a wani wuri mataki na nazari, masana kimiyya sun gaskata cewa akwai waje (e) da kuma ciki (proton) Earth ta radiation belts. A halin yanzu, wannan shi ne ra'ayi mafi m.

A mafi muhimmanci inji na ƙarni na Van Allena Belt filler barbashi ne da lalata da albedo neutrons. Ya kamata a lura da cewa neutrons an halitta a lõkacin da yanayi interacts da cosmic radiation. A kwarara daga barbashi motsi a cikin shugabanci daga duniya (neutrons albedo), ya wuce ta Duniya ta Magnetic filin da yardar kaina. Duk da haka, su ne m da kuma readily decompose cikin electrons, protons da electron antineutrino. Rediyoaktif albedo core da ciwon high makamashi, decompose a cikin riko yankin. Wannan shi ne yadda Van Allena bel ne a bayansa da positrons da electrons.

EBL da Magnetic hadari

Lokacin da ya fara karfi Magnetic hadari, wadannan barbashi ba kawai hanzarta, suka bar rediyoaktif Van Allen bel, emptying daga shi. Gaskiyar ita ce, idan da halin maganaɗisu filin sanyi da aka canza, madubi batu iya nutsa cikin yanayi. A wannan yanayin, da barbashi rasa ƙarfi (ionization hasarori, watsi) musanyãwa ga farar malã'iku, sa'an nan kuma mutuwa ta isa babba yadudduka magnetosphere.

RPGs da arewacin hasken wuta

Van Allen radiation bel da aka kewaye da wani jini Layer, da ke cikin kama kõguna na protons (ions) da kuma electrons. Daya dalilin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda arewacin (iyakacin duniya) haske - shi ne cewa barbashi an zuba daga jini Layer, da kuma jera daga wani waje RPG. Borealis wakiltar yanayi radiation kwayoyin halitta wadda ne m saboda karo na barbashi precipitating daga cikin bel.

A binciken da RPGs

Kusan dukkan muhimman hakkokin sakamakon bincike na wannan tsarin a matsayin radiation ɗamararku, wanda aka samu a game da 1960-70-ies. Recent lura tare da yin amfani orbital tashoshin, interplanetary jirgi da latest kimiyya kayan aiki a yarda da masana kimiyya don samar da wani muhimmanci sabon bayani. Van Allen belts a kusa da Duniya da ake yi karatu a zamaninmu. A takaice bayyana mafi muhimmanci nasarori a wannan fannin.

A data samu daga "Salyut-6"

Masu bincike daga Moscow Engineering Physics Cibiyar a cikin farkon 80-ies sun bincika electron kwarara da wani babban matakin da makamashi a nan da nan kusanci na duniya tamu. Don yin wannan, sun yi amfani da kayan aiki, wanda ya kan orbital tashar "Salyut-6". Yana da damar da masana kimiyya ya sosai nagarta sosai ware kõguna na positrons da electrons da kuzari mafi girma daga 40 MeV. Kewayewa tashar (karkata daga 52 °, na da tsawo na game 350-400 km) gudanar da mafi yawa a kasa da radiation belts na duniya. Duk da haka, shi har yanzu shãfe na ciki na a Brazil Magnetic anomaly. Lokacin tsallaka yankin tsit gudana da aka samu, kunsha na high-makamashi electrons. A RPG kawai electrons wanda makamashi ne kasa da 5 MeV aka rubuta kafin wani gwaji.

wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam data jerin "meteor-3"

Masu bincike daga Moscow Engineering Physics Cibiyar za'ayi m ma'aunai a kan wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam na duniya jerin "meteor-3", a cikin abin da tsawo daga cikin madauwari madawwama biyu na 800 km da kuma 1200. A wannan lokaci, da naúrar ya dauka tushen a cikin matukar zurfi RPGs. Yana tabbatar da sakamakon da aka samu a baya a tashar "Salut-6". Da masu bincike sa'an nan samu wani muhimmanci sakamakon, don yin amfani da tashar "Mir" da "Salyut-7" Magnetic spectrometers. An tabbatar da cewa barga zone a baya ya lura kunshi na musamman na electrons (positrons ba), da samar da makamashi na wanda shi ne sosai high (har zuwa 200 MeV).

Bude tsit CNO nuclei bel

A rukuni na masu bincike daga MSU NIYAF a cikin marigayi 80 ta kuma farkon 90-ies da za'ayi wani gwaji da nufin nazarin nuclei, wanda aka located in kusa sarari. Wadannan ma'aunai aka za'ayi amfani gwargwado bẽnãye da makaman nukiliya emulsions. Su aka za'ayi a kan tauraron dan adam "Cosmos" jerin. Masana kimiyya sun gano gaban nuclei koguna N, Ya kuma Ne a sarari, a cikin abin da wani wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam madawwama biyu (karkata daga 52 °, kamar 400-500 km tsawo) intersects Brazilian anomaly.

Analysis ya nuna cewa wadannan nuclei, da makamashi ta kai da dama dubun MeV / nucleon ba galactic, albedo ko hasken rana asali, tun ba su iya tare da makamashi sosai a shiga da zurfi cikin magnetosphere na duniya tamu. Saboda haka masana kimiyya sun gano anomalous bangaren na cosmic haskoki kama a tarko da Magnetic filin.

Low-makamashi kwayoyin halitta a cikin interstellar al'amari, suna iya shiga cikin heliosphere. Sa'an nan, ultraviolet radiation rãnã ionizes mono- ko disubstituted. A sakamakon caje barbashi an kara a kan fronts na hasken rana da iska, kai da dama dubun MeV / u. Su sa'an nan shiga cikin magnetosphere, wanda aka kama da kuma cikakken ionized.

Kusan-tsit bel protons da electrons

A Sun Maris 22, 1991 akwai mai iko flash cewa tare da a saki wata babbar taro na hasken rana abu. Yana kai da magnetosphere ta 24 Maris da ya canza ta m yankin. The hasken rana da iska magnetosphere fashe barbashi da karin makamashi. Da suka isa yankin a wadda sa'an nan ya CRESS, an American tauraron dan adam. Na'urorin saka kanta rubuta wani kaifi karuwa a proton makamashi ne bambanta daga 20 zuwa 110 MeV da kuma iko electron (game da 15 MeV). Wannan ne evidenced da zargin wani sabon bel. Da farko, a kusan-tsit bel lura a wani yawan kumbon sama jannati. Duk da haka, kawai a cikin "Mir" tashar, ya yi karatu ga tsawon rayuwa ne game da shekara biyu.

Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 60s na karshe karni a sakamakon cewa a cikin halittu fashe makaman nukiliya da na'urorin, akwai wani kusan-tsit bel, kunsha na electrons da kananan kuzari. An wanzu for game da shekaru 10. Rediyoaktif fission, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa rududdugaggu, kuma wannan ya kasance wani tushen caje barbashi.

Shin akwai wani RPG a kan Moon

A tauraron dan adam na duniya tamu babu wani Van Allen radiation bel. Bugu da kari, yana da wani m yanayi. A surface na Moon ya buɗe hasken rana da iska. A karfi hasken rana walƙiya, idan ta faru a lokacin da Lunar manufa za a incinerated da 'yan saman jannati da kwantena, kamar yadda za a spewed babban radiation juyi, wanda shi ne m.

Shin yana yiwuwa a kare da cosmic radiation

Wannan tambaya yana da sha'awar masana kimiyya shekaru da yawa. A cikin kananan allurai radiation, kamar yadda aka sani, yana da kusan wani sakamako a kan mu lafiya. Duk da haka, yana da hadari ne kawai a lokacin da ba su wuce a wasu bakin kofa. Kada ka san abin da matakin na radiation waje da Van Allen bel, a farfajiya na duniya tamu? Yawanci, da abun ciki na Radon da thorium barbashi kasa da 100 Bq da 1 m ^3. Ciki, RPGs, wadannan alkaluma suna yafi hakan.

Hakika, da Van Allen radiation belts na Duniya ne mai hadarin gaske ga mutane. Da tasiri a kan kwayoyin karatu da yawa masu bincike. Soviet masana kimiyya a shekarar 1963 ya ce Bernard Lovell, sanannen Birtaniya falakin, wannan yana nufin ba su san da mutum zuwa ga kare daga kufan radiation a sarari. Wannan na nufi cewa ba zai iya ko da rike m harsashi na Soviet na'ura. To, ta yaya amfani da capsules Amirkawa superfine karfe, kusan kamar tsare, iya kare 'yan saman jannati?

Bisa ga tabbacin NASA, shi ya aiko 'yan saman jannati zuwa watã kawai a lokacin da annobar cutar ba a sa ran cewa kungiyar ne iya tsinkaya. Yana yiwuwa a rage girman radiation Hazard. Sauran masana, duk da haka, jayayya da cewa kawai wajen hango ko hasashen da kwanan wata na high radiation.

Van Allen bel da kuma tashi zuwa watã

Leonov, Soviet cosmonaut, a shekarar 1966 har yanzu ya fito a fili. Duk da haka, ya aka ado a cikin wani super-m gubar kwat da wando. Amma bayan shekaru 3, 'yan saman jannati daga Amurka tsalle a kan Lunar surface, kuma shi ne a fili ba a cikin nauyi kara. Zai yiwu masana daga NASA a tsawon shekaru gudanar ya gano matsananci-haske abu da ya kare da 'yan saman jannati daga radiation? Moonshot har yanzu kiwata da yawa tambayoyi. Daya daga cikin manyan muhawara na waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da cewa Amirkawa ba komai a fili a kan shi - da wanzuwar radiation belts.