Alikhan Bukeikhanov: biography, siyasa, ra'ayin, memory

Na dogon lokaci da sunan wannan mutum da aka dakatar, kuma ya, kamar da yawa daga cikin Sahaban, hukumance dauke da wani maƙiyi daga cikin mutane. Amma na dogon lokaci da wannan mutumin gyara, kuma aikinsa ya aikata da girmamawa daga mãsu gõdiya zuriyarsa. Yau ne mai girma siyasa Alikhan Bukeikhanov, da ranar tunawa da aka yi bikin a shekara ta 2016 - daya daga cikin kasa heroes na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan. Bayan duk, a kan bagaden da 'yancin kai na Central Asia kasar, ya sa dukan ransa.

Active jama'a adadi, mai haske siyasa, a m marubuci, mai talented malamin da wani Bakan'ane mai babban birnin kasar ... Kuma ethnologist, agronomist, tattalin arziki, lauya, masanin - kuma wannan ba wani cikakken jerin dukan matsayin. Ba mai yawa tarihi na Kazakhstan ya san mutane na wannan girma!

Yau, ya biography da kuma rayuwar karatu in Kazakh makarantu. A cikin wannan kasar, an dauke a kasa gwarzo. A saboda wannan dalili, a cikin Kazakh littattafan tarihi na wani hali kishin da yawa shafukan. Saboda haka, bari in more daki-daki a cikin tarihinsa da wannan mutum mai girma.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka Bukeikhanov

Ƙananan yara da kuma matasa na nan gaba shugaban na al'umma da ya faru a wani kauye da m №7 Tokraunskoy Ikklesiya Karkarala gundumar Semipalatinsk yankin (a zamanin yau shi Aktogai gundumar Karaganda yankin). A wannan wuri ne aka haife ta biyar Maris 1866 Bukeikhanov Alikhan Nurmuhamedovich, zama na farko-haife daga mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa.

Iyalinsa mallakar zuriyar Kazakh sultans na torus, kuma suna Chingizid Alikhan mahaifin sa da girman kai. Gaskiya, yalwa Bukeikhanov m pedigree ba musamman na nuna. The iyali da wahala gano da kudi ga masarufi.

Kanã nufin tabbatar da cewa ɗansa, wani m yanki burodi, ya ba da shi ga iyaye Alikhan Madrasah bayan kammala digirinsa a Karkaralinsk cinikayya makaranta. Amma iya mugun yaro, kuma na sami ingancin koyarwa ne matalauta kuma da yardar ransa ya koma Rasha-Kazakh makaranta. A wannan lokaci, matasa Bukeikhanov ne kawai da shekaru tara.

Saki zo a cikin nineties karni na sha tara, a lokacin da cikakken lilo yi na Siberian Railway da ƙananan fasaha ma'aikata sun kasance a bukatar. Suka shirya Omsk Technical School, wanda dalibi ya zama magajin Genghis Khan.

Amma aikin railwayman ya ba ƙaddara. A talented saurayi ci gaba da kuma samun wani fatauci tattalin arziki a St. Petersburg na mallaka daji Cibiyar. A a layi daya, ya ƙware da Attaura, a Jami'ar (wato St. Petersburg). Bayan zartar da karshe jarrabawa, Alikhan Bukeikhanov fara adulthood brilliantly ilimi matasa maza - da-na rasa sana'a alama ce a zamani gaskiya, wanda yake sanin tara harsuna. Ko sa'an nan ya bayyana a fili cewa wannan saurayi yana da babban da haske nan gaba.

Research ayyuka

A duk rayuwarsa Alikhan Bukeikhanov gudanar ya dauki bangare a cikin hudu bincike expeditions, ka rubutu hamsin tsanani kimiyya takardunku, kuma fiye da dubu bayanin kula da daban-daban articles.

Multifaceted unknown duniya da kuma janyo hankalin shi, da kuma, a farko koyarwa lissafi a noma makaranta, sa'an nan ɗauke da ba komai haqqinsa sabis a Omsk Technical School, ya ci gaba da gano wani sabon abu da kuma ilmantar da kanmu. Kuma a sama da dukan Bukeikhanov ko da yaushe sha'awar a tarihin na Kazakhstan.

The sosai farko na hudu expeditions domin shi ya Tobolsk, a lokacin da karatu da tambaya da sake ma su matsugunni Rasha a kan Kazakh ƙasar. Shi ne kawai bayan ƙarshen Forest Institute - a 1894. Kuma shekaru takwas daga baya, shi ya fara wani nazari da Steppe yankin - kuma aka sake gudun hijira a cikin Haske. Bisa ga umurnin da gwamnati, wadda ta shirya taron, masana kimiyya ya gano wõfintattu ƙasar dace da sabon hijira.

Amma matasa Bakan'ane don amfani da wannan ilimi a kansu hanya. Duk da ya gani da kuma ji a lokacin expeditions, kuma daga baya ya zama dalilin da ya kimiyya da aikin jaridar ayyukan ƙwarai, a cikin abin da marubucin ya nuna da kuma tabbatar da samun galaba matsayi na Kazakhs a ƙasar haihuwarsa a sakamakon m sake ma su matsugunni da manufofin na tsarism. Wannan Jihar harkokin iya ba zama sha'aninsu dabam Bukeikhanov. Su ya kasance "lafiya" da kuma kama shi da kokawa har karshen rayuwa.

Bugu da kari a gudanar da bincike a kan zamantakewa da tarihi fuskantarwa, da tsunduma a nan gaba da firaministan kasar Kazakhstan da tattalin arziki, da tarihin gida, da agrarian kansu, dabba husbandry da sauransu. D.

Babban sha'awa ne, misali, ta yi aiki kishin Steppe tumaki kiwo yankin, m shawarwari waddan wadannan dabbobi: inda kuma abin da irin ci mafi alhẽri daga da abinci ga kula, da dai sauransu ...

Abay: saba da ayyukan da mawãƙi

A bayanin da Alikhan Bukeikhanov aka tafiya a ƙasarsa ta Kazakh Ƙasar ta zama tushe a lõkacin da aiki a kan ta goma sha takwas girma na "Rasha taro. Cikakken yanayin bayanin mu yankin. " Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa wannan shi ne daidai duqufar zuwa Kazakhstan, da kuma Bukeikhanov ya daya daga cikin mawallafa. A cikin sashe, da ya yi magana game da al'adu, salon, haukan da ethnographic ɓangare na Kazakh mutane, kamar yadda misalai suna rayayye ta amfani duka biyu jama'a da kuma marubucin aiki, musamman shayari. Alihana Bukeyhanova sosai sha'awar a cikin shayari na zamani - Abai, wanda waka "Kozy-Korpesh kuma Bayan Sulu" ya bincikar a cikin kimiyya aiki.

A idanun bincike Abay kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyau wakilan da sabon Kazakh ilimi, bayar da shawarar da 'yancin kai na Kazakhstan. Kuma Bukeikhanov yayi kowane yiwu hanya zuwa jaddada su dangantaka da babban Kazakh mawãƙi ne.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi a nan gaba "ciyar" by Abai da aikinsa zuwa a fadi masu sauraro, zama na farko biographer da kuma shirya da buga wani littafi na ayyukan mawãƙi ne. Amma don buga wani kundin} asidu Bukeikhanov hana a kama shi, abin da ya faru a 1905.

Active jama'a adadi

Bisa ga bayanai, wanda ya azurta mu da hukuma biography, Alikhan Bukeikhanov daga cikin matasa bayyana kanta a matsayin wani aiki jama'a adadi. Musamman m da shi ya zama wani adadi na 1893, lokacin da wani Jenghiz Khan, wani memba na daban-daban clubs (daga adabi zuwa tattalin arziki), aka hannu a cikin tarzoma, shirya dalibai. Wannan ke nan a lõkacin da Bukeikhanov farko kusantar da hankali ga 'yan sanda, da kuma ya fāɗa cikin jerin mutane dauke "siyasa unreliable."

Sun Bakan'ane shiga cikin National Liberation Movement of cikin Steppe yankin da kuma ƙarshe zama jagora. Wannan shi ne wani babban har taimakawa ga m oratory Bukeikhanov. Wasu Sahaban, yana da kyau arziki su kasance a jawabansa, gwada su da wasanni na Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, cewa su ne kusan a wata hanya mafi ƙaranci daga gare su a ma'ana da kuma tabbatacce.

A farkon wata mai hazaka harkar siyasa

Babu shakka, irin wannan mutum yana da wani kai tsaye hanya a cikin harkokin siyasa. Ya tafiya amincewa tare da wannan hanya. A 1905, Alikhan Bukeikhanov zama memba na jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) da mafarkai na samar da gida (Kazakh) ta sashen. A lokaci na rike da wani taro a birnin Uralsk da Semipalatinsk. A wannan shekara ya kuma an zabe mataimakin ga farko Jihar Duma na Rasha Empire.

Amma don wakiltar bukatun Kazakhs Bukeikhanov a kan mafi girman jihar matakin da na yi ba, saboda Duma an narkar da kusan nan da nan bayan zaben. Lokaci ya fara taurin kai, m - Rasha ta girgiza real m. Wakilai kokari domin kare 'yancinsu da wallafa Vyborg manifesto m soke rushe tsarist Duma, amma da kokarin kasance m. A karkashin sakon da aka sunan Alihana Bukeyhanova.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a 1905, an haifar da siyasa, wanda aka hankali bi da gendarmes, aka kama a karon farko. Ya aka zarge sunã shũshũta yakin fitina. Na biyu a kama faru a 1908, da kuma wannan lokaci ba ya iya samun kashe sauki tsoro. Ra'ayin siyasa, Alihana Bukeyhanova aiki a kan m mulkin mallaka siyasa na tsarist Rasha, da hukumomin dauke m da 'yanci da kuma kõre rajin mahada zuwa Samara, inda ya rayu har ya zuwa 1917, a cikinsa akwai ta kasance mai girma canje-canje a kasar nan. Wannan shekara Rasha ya zama daban-daban. 1917 gabatar Bukeikhanov fatan cewa mutane za karshe su iya zama m.

Malaman tarihi Bukeikhanov la'akari da shi mai kyau misali ga yau 'yan siyasa. Ya crystal kirki da mutunci, ya yi jayayya akai-akai, har sai da karshe numfashi yayin da rike aminci ƙasar haihuwarmu, kuma ta mutane. Wannan mutumin shi ne daya daga waɗanda suka je shiga siyasa ba saboda sirri amfanin, amma saboda jama'a jindadin.

wani m jarida

Aikin jaridar da aikin jaridar aiki - wannan shi ne na musamman, da muhimmanci sosai Layer a cikin al'adunmu Alihana Bukeyhanova. Cikakken sanin cewa, da kalmar - mafi kyau makami, ya yi kokarin amfani da shi kamar yadda zai yiwu da kuma nagarta sosai.

A lokacin daga 1905 zuwa 1907 Bukeikhanov aiki edita a Cadets Jam'iyyar jaridu "The Voice", "Omsk" da "Irtysh". Ya rubuta cewa ilimi articles for "New Encyclopedic Dictionary". Kuma tun 1910 aiki kafada da kafada tare da na farko Kazakh-harshen mujallar "Aikap" wanda Highlights da rayuwar siyasa na yankin, suna tashi da matsaloli na ilimi, magani, kimiyya, adabi, da agrarian kansu, kuma yafi. Duk da cewa ya kasance a kan lebe na ci-gaba Kazakh kawo dukkan daga cikin lokaci.

The real mashirya a tada na kasa sani ya jaridar "Kazakh", wanda Bukeikhanov saki tare da sauran aiki jama'a Figures kuma 'yan jarida - da kuma Dulatova Baitursynov. Gudunmawar da wannan uku ga ci gaban mulkin demokra], kuma m tsari a Kazakhstan da wuya a overestimate.

Af, mafi yawansu da kayan Alikhan Bukeikhanov da aka buga a "Kazakh" a karkashin sunan "Ɗan matakan" ( "Kyr Balas").

Freemasonry

Akwai bayanai da cewa wasu lokaci Bukeikhanov hada kai tare da masu gini. Sunansa da aka samu a cikin memoirs na Kerensky, wanda ya jagoranci Masonic Lodge "Ursa Ƙananan" a St. Petersburg.

A cikin daidaito da wannan bayanai na nuna gaskiyar cewa halittar Samara kungiyar na Freemasons faru dama bayan taron da Kerensky Bukeikhanov. Bugu da kari, an san cewa daga cikin mahalarta wannan yunkuri shi ne mafi cadets, wanda ya kasance daga cikin gwarzo wannan labarin.

A Masons Jenghiz Khan gan sama duk majiɓinta. Ya abota da su, su bayyana bege na taimako a bada mulkin kai da Kazakhs. A shekara ta sha bakwai ya aka ma nada a matsayin shugaban wucin Gwamnatin Kazakhstan, amma jim kadan bayan haka hanyar magina, da Alihana Bukeyhanova tarwatsa, a matsayin karshen gane cewa goyi bayan burinsu na kungiyar, ya ba zai jira. Yaya ba jira ta, kuma daga Cadets. Tare da su a shekara ta sha bakwai ya ce ban kwana ma.

A jam'iyyar "Alash": wani sabon zagaye na harkar siyasa

Cizon yatsa sãme Bukeikhanov, bai karya ruhunsa. Siyasa bayan shekara ta sha bakwai na juyin juya halin da aka ba kwanciya saukar da makamai, da kuma mataimakin versa - aka yada da fuka-fuki. Tare da abokan aiki, zai bayyana a lokacin da halittar da jaridar "Kazakh", ya shirya wani sabon, gaba daya m siyasa karfi "Alash Orda" (Alash - a general sunan ga dukan al'ummai, wanda ƙarshe ya zama da aka sani da Kazakhs).

Wannan taron shi ne babban tarihi muhimmanci da kuma sun fi mayar da m al'adar yau zamani Kazakhstan. A jam'iyyar "Alash" gaskiya kishin kasa united Jamhuriyar farkon karni na ashirin, da kuma a cikin zuciya na ta akidar sa a so a cimma 'yancin kai na Kazakhstan a matsayin wani ɓangare na demokra] iyya Rasha. A iko sabon shiri ya hada da kusan dukan launi na Kazakh kawo dukkan daga cikin lokaci.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov gangarawa jam'iyyar tun da aka kafa ta. A lokacin aiki na siyasa shi dama congresses da aka gudanar, daya daga wanda ya faru a 1918, wani mataki mai aukuwa - na farko ayyana zaman kanta a jihar na Kazakhs. Kuma mahaliccin jam'iyyar "Alash" shine mafi girman ofishin - da firaministan kasar Kazakhstan!

A halin yanzu, fiye da mafi yakin basasa taso a Rasha. Kasar kama hargitsi. Da farko Alash ordintsy yi yaƙi da Bolsheviks a gefe na fata. Amma lokacin da nasarar da Soviets, sun yi shawarwari tare da akida abokan adawar da zaman lafiya da hadin kai. Babban yanayin "zumunci", ba shakka, domin a tsare 'yancin kai da jariri jihar. Yana da aka amince da ja, amma kawai a kan takarda. A gaskiya, daga lokacin da na ƙarshe na kwangila da m Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan daina wanzuwa.

Saboda haka, domin a takaice dai lokaci Alikhan Bukeikhanov gangarawa jam'iyyar "Alash", wanda shi ne na karshe daga cikin nasara a fagen siyasa. Da zuwan Soviet ikon m Kazakh samu shi dole ta yi watsi da jihar na aiki a dukan siffofin.

Danniya da kuma mutuwa Bukeikhanov

Duk da barin Bukeikhanov daga siyasa, matasa Soviet gwamnatin gan shi a matsayin mai hadarin gaske, maƙiyi. Ya hana sabon matasa Soviet tsarin domin ba su raba ra'ayin kwaminisanci. I wasa tare da shi kamar cat da linzamin kwamfuta, da kama, sannan a sake sako-sako da.

Yana da muhimmanci don kawar da tasirin da masu kafa jam'iyyar "Alash Orda" ga 'yan'uwanmu countrymen, don haka shi ne a cikin ashirin da biyu ta sarautar tilas canjawa wuri zuwa Moscow, inda ya tsunduma a kimiyya, adabi, ethnography. Ya koyar a jami'ar. Domin wani lokaci na Alikhan Bukeikhanov yarda "excommunicated" kawai a Birnin Leningrad, - inda ya kuma yi tsammani mai koyarwa aiki. Amma mafi kyau na shekaru goma sha biyar "links" da aka gudanar a babban birnin kasar na Tarayyar Soviet.

"Kãmamme" Kazakh zare jiki da tsare lint a kan kimiyya aiki, tattara almara, karatu da tarihi na (da asirce ajiye a touch tare da 'yan'uwanmu countrymen da directing hanya a karkashin kasa National Liberation Movement). By hali da jũna gaba daya m.

Amma a shekara ta talatin da bakwai ta "mowed saukar" da kuma ba da irin wannan ... Naturally, wani tsohon kasa shugaban ya fita daga Stalin ta-da kulli. A saba'in da biyu a shekara, Alihana Bukeyhanova kama, da ake zargi da ta'addanci da kuma ashirin da bakwai na Satumba 1937 aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. A ci-gaba shekaru na Kazakh Bakan'ane wanda ya kula ba. A jumla da aka kashe a wannan rana.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov: iyali da kuma na sirri rayuwa

A cikin sirri rai na Kazakhstan ta most siyasa adadi na farkon karni na ashirin da shi aka sani ba sosai. Amma har ma da bayanai da cewa shi ne, isa ya fahimci - ta kasance ba cloudless.

A 1901 ya aure Elena Bukeikhanov Sevastianova, shi ne 'yar jarida Yakova Sevastyanova, wanda Alikhan Nurmuhamedovich yi aiki a cikin littafin na "Steppe Region." Tuni a 1902, ma'auratan yana da wani ya Kanipa (hukumance - Elizabeth). Kuma shekaru takwas daga baya, a 1910, magajin bayyana a cikin iyali - dan Oktay (hukumance - Sergei).

A shekara goma sha takwas Elena Bukeikhanov ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu ya bar mijinta da kuma yara biyu a ta makamai. Amma Alikhan malami ne mai kyau da kuma tashe nagari mutane. Dukansu kuwa shiga wurin mahaifinsa zambiyõyin, kuma ya kasance kimiyya Figures. Jikan (dan Elizabeth) ya rasu a fagen yaƙi a lokacin yakin duniya na II. A karo na biyu zuwa aure Kazakh Bakan'ane aikata ba. Kuma kafin karshen zamaninsa ya kasance da aminci ba zato ba tsammani ya tashi ƙaunataccen matarsa.

Abin lura shi ne cewa babu wani daga cikin dangi Alihana Bukeyhanova ba "blacked fita." Magada Kazakh sultans da nuna alfahari sa sunansa, duk da hatsari ga wanda ya fraught. Kuma a lokacin da, bayan da gyaran daya daga cikin dan'uwa Bukeikhanov samu a cikin archive "mutuwa sentences", fuskarsa streaming hawaye, da kuma zuciyarsa ta cika da girman kai a babbar zumunta.

memory

Amma ba kawai dangi da kuma abokai na memory daga cikin manyan Gazakh mai suna Alikhan Bukeikhanov. A 150th ranar tunawa da haihuwar wannan shekara bikin karkashin laimar UNESCO! Irin wannan fitarwa ne kawai 'yan dame su ...

A yawan events ana shirya da kuma riga da za'ayi a matakin kasa a Kazakhstan, wanda 'yancin kai haka alfahari da ban da tsoro kare Alikhan Bukeikhanov. Littafi nuni sadaukar da rai na labari, da gabatar da shirin edition na tattara ayyukan, daban-daban taro, taro da yawa, fiye da shirye m zuriyarsu a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da wani mutum wanda ya ba da kansa ga sabis na jama'arsa.