SamuwarKimiyya

The ayyuka na DNA da tsarinta

A zuciya na rayuwa Kwayoyin kwayoyin da harshen damo ne ayyuka na nazarin halittu polymers, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids sunadaran da. Biopolymers kunshi monomers, hydrocarbon Tsarin, wanda kuma sun hada da nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur da phosphorus.

A cikin karni na 19th, nazarin tsarin da abubuwa da aka qaddamar da dokoki da rayayyen tantanin halitta, amma da aiki na DNA, sunadarai, RNA, kuma su tsarin karshe an ƙaddara a cikin karni na 20th.

Friedrich Miescher a 1868, ya zama ruwan dare daga cell nuclei phosphorous leukocytes kuma ya kira shi nukleina. Sa'an nan Richard Altman a 1889 m cewa wannan abu ya kunshi musamman acid da kuma gina jiki. Sa'an nan a karo na farko, kuma ji game da kalmar nan "nucleic acid". Duk da haka, ya tsayar da aiki na nucleic acid da aka har yanzu a wuri mai nĩsa.

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - shi ne mafi girma da nazarin halittu polymers hada da monomers daruruwan - deoxyribonucleotides. A abun da ke ciki, fãce sugar (deoxyribose), ya hada da 4 iri nucleotides: adenine - A, thymidine - T, saitosin - C, Bibyun - G.

A karo na farko da aka dauke a DNA nucleic acid na dabba asali, tun lokacin da aka ware daga thymus na dabbobi, da kuma RNA da aka ware daga alkama jam - kayan lambu. An yi imani da cewa a karshe da biochemical bambanci tsakanin jinsi Kwayoyin aka samu teny da dabbobi. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar karni na ashirin da suka samu cewa RNA da DNA suna kunshe a duk Kwayoyin.

Nan da nan tsarin ta fara nazarin nucleic acid Erwin Chargaff, wanda a 1953 ya gano cewa nucleotides cewa wani bangare ne na wannan sunan acid nau'i nau'i-nau'i tare da m tsari.

A dangane da yaushe dauki daya pyrimidine da purine tushe na daya, T = C, A = T. Wancan ne, adenine ta ɗaure zuwa thymidine da Bibyun - da saitosin.

Kuma ga DNA aiki muhimmanci cewa dangane da farko idan samar da hydrogen 2 nau'i-nau'i, da kuma na biyu - uku.

Chargaff dokokin tabbatar da tushe a kan wanda Watson da Crick gina tsarin da DNA biyu Helix.

A wannan kwayoyin, kazalika a sunadarai na gina jiki, daban-daban primary, secondary da manyan sifofi.

A primary tsarin - a mikakke jerin monomers a cikin wannan sarkar.

Hakika, a cikin yanayi na DNA a guda sarkar ba ya faruwa, amma a nan muna magana ne game da primary tsarin biopolymers, wanda ya kira duk da kaddarorin.


Secondary tsarin - a sarari halayyar da biopolymer. A cikin hali na DNA da shi ne a polynucleotide sarƙa biyu, kowanne daga abin da aka juya a dama Helix, kuma duka suna a lokaci guda juya a kewaye iri na agogo shugabanci game da na kowa axis. Wadannan sarƙoƙi da ake gudanar gaba ga sojojin na hydrogen bonding. A manyan tsarin da DNA Helix kwayoyin kara bayyana.

A giant mataki gaba da aka yi tare da gano cewa aikin na DNA ne don canja wurin da kuma ajiya na kayyade bayani. DNA yana dauke da kwayoyin shirin na tsarin sunadarai, musamman ga kowane kwayoyin. Su, tare da halittar RNA kai kwayoyin bayanai daga kwayoyin to kwayoyin. A DNA ne ma alhakin aiwatar da kwayoyin bayanai. Suna da hannu a kwafi matakai, kwafi da translation, haka tabbatar da kira na daban-daban sunadarai.

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