Tsarin kwayoyin halitta

Atomic da kwayoyin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da aka rayayye yi karatu da Lomonosov. Rasha masanin kimiyya na farko amfani a cikin sunadarai ka'idar, jigon wanda ya ga wani matsayi.

1. Duk abubuwa kunshe a ta membobinsu "corpuscles". Wannan lokaci ne da ake kira Lomonosov kwayoyin.
2. Corpuscles an hada da "abubuwa." Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da su nuna a fakaice Lomonosov kwayoyin halitta.
3. All barbashi (da kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin) ana ci gaba da motsi. Thermal Jihar duk jikinsu ne sakamakon da motsi na bijiro da batun kafa barbashi.
4. M atoms sa up wani kwayoyin a cikin sauki abubuwa, daban-daban atoms - kwayoyin a cikin hadaddun abubuwa.

Atomistic rukunan amfani baya Dalton. Dalili na ka'idar da Turanci masanin kimiyya, ta kwatanta tsarin da abu, kuma ya mayar da Lomonosov ka'idar. Duk da haka, Dalton 'yan ɓullo da shi. Turanci masanin kimiyyar da aka kokarin sanin da atomic nauyi na abubuwa, da aka sani a wancan lokacin. Kamar wancan Daltons musanta cewa kwayoyin na sauki abubuwa, iƙirarin sauki abu ya ƙunshi kawai kwayoyin halitta. Duk da yake hadaddun abubuwa sun hada da "hadaddun kwayoyin halitta."

A karshe ya tabbatar da rukunan da atomic da kwayoyin tsarin al'amari ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19th.

Kwayar Komayya kira da karami barbashi al'amarin. Yana da dukan sinadaran Properties daga cikin kashi. Atom - da karami barbashi kunshe a cikin kwayoyin na hadaddun da sauki abubuwa. Abun da ke ciki atoms kayyade sinadaran Properties na abubuwa. A karkashin wannan halin da ake ciki, ya kamata a halin yanzu definition daga cikin mafi karami barbashi. Saboda haka, zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki barbashi. Ya ƙunshi wani core, lallai cajin, kuma electrons cajin barnatar.

A daidai da zamani Concepts, kwayoyin suna vaporized da gaseous jiki. A daskararru, da karami barbashi (kwayoyin) ne yanzu bayar cewa da crystal raga, wanda, bi da bi, yana da wani kwayoyin tsarin.

Akwai da dama key guzuri koyar.

Theory don bayyana tsarin da al'amarin, ya nuna gaban barbashi na wasu lokuta. The girma na wadannan nisa dogara ne a kan zafin jiki da kuma jihar tari na abu. The most gibba tsakanin kwayoyin lura a gaseous jikinsu. Wannan take kaiwa ga ikon sauƙi matsa gas. Da yawa kasa da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin a cikin taya, don haka su ne mafi wuya ga damfara. Daskararru ne resistant zuwa matsawa, saboda gaskiyar cewa sarari tsakanin barbashi ne kananan.

A kwayoyin ne kullum a motsi. A bisa yanayin jiki, da hakan gudun. Tsakanin barbashi akwai sojojin na juna janye da tunkuxe.

Kwayoyin dauke da kwayoyin halitta wadda kuma suna a ci gaba da motsi.

Daya irin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban daga juna a dũkiyarsu da kuma nauyi.

A kwayoyin tsarin da wani abu a cikin m jihar crystal lattices ne nodes cewa sun dauki wani kwayoyin. Contact tsakanin barbashi ne mai rauni da kuma fashe a kan dumama. Saboda haka, irin wannan jikin mallaka low narkewa maki.

A jikin iya da wani tsari. The abubuwa iya kunshi kwayoyin zarra da sauran barbashi cewa sune crystal lattices na nodes (msl, da baƙin ƙarfe, da sauran karafa). Tsakanin wadannan gaɓũɓuwa, akwai mai karfi a tsakaninsu. Don a hallaka su, kana bukatar ka ciyar makamashi mai yawa. Wannan tsarin da abu kwakwalwa gaba da wani babban narkewa batu.

A kan tushen da rukunan bayyana yawa mamaki. Alal misali, yadawa. Wannan tsari dogara ne a kan ikon da gaɓũɓuwa, kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta a shiga cikin interstices yanzu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin na wani daban-daban abu. Wannan, bi da bi, shi ne zai yiwu saboda da m motsi daga cikin barbashi cewa yin up jiki.