Nucleic acid - matsaran kayyade bayanai

Nucleic acid (tsakiya - core) - gudanar da mahadi, wanda ake dangantawa da kasancewar duk asali matakai na rai al'amari. Wadannan biopolymers aka farko gano da F. Miescher (1968) tare da leukocyte nuclei. A kadan daga baya, da nucleic acid da aka gano a cikin duk Kwayoyin na mutane, da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, microbes da ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, an tabbatar da cewa wadannan halittu mahadi dauke a duk kwayoyin Kwayoyin, ne babban dako na hereditary bayanai, suna da hannu a cikin biosynthesis sunadarai na wani kwayoyin.

Nucleic acid gabatarwa

Nucleic acid ne afar roba kungiyoyin nucleoproteins. A karshen kayayyakin da suka hydrolysis - purine da pyrimidine kwasfanta, pentose da phosphoric acid. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na rarrabe deoxyribonucleic (DNA) da kuma ribonucleic acid (RNA). A tsarin da DNA da aka hada monosaccharide - deoxyribose, a RNA - ribose. Wadannan mahadi bambanta da juna nitrogenous kwasfanta, da tsarin kwayoyin, salon salula sarrafawa, kazalika da ayyuka.

Mahadi kwayoyin kunshi purine ko pyrimidine tushe da kuma wani pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), da ake kira nuklozidami. Title nuleozida m nitrogenous fili wanda ya hada da a cikin tsarin. Alal misali, a nucleoside wanda ya hada da adenine kira adenosine, Bibyun - guanosine, saitosin - cytidine, uracil - uridine, taimain - thymidine. Dangane da carbohydrates cewa yin up kwayoyin rarrabe rubonukleozidy da deoxyribonucleosides.

Bayan asali nitrogenous kwasfanta, nucleic acid   dauke da karin   da ake kira qananan tushe na purine jerin da pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine et al.).

Nucleotides ne phosphate esters na nucleosides. Jigidar halittar kunshi wani nucleotide purine ko pyrimidine kwasfanta, pentose (ribose ko deoxyribose) da kuma phosphoric acid saura cewa ta ɗaure na biyar ko uku zarra Carbo pentoses.

Nucleic acid sifa da aiki.

The mutum nucleotides ake shiga tare a wannan nau'i di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta da polynucleotides, Ina nufin nucleic acid. Nucleic acid an hada da daruruwan ko dubban mutum nucleotides cewa an shiga tare da wani hydroxyl kungiyar, dake kusa da 3'-th zarra Carbo pentose na daya nucleotide tare da saura phosphoric acid cewa an dake kusa da 5 ga watan zarra Carbo pentose na gaba nucleotide.

DNA ne na farko a kayyade kayan dukkan halitta mai rai da nazarin halittu tsarin. A kwayoyin fãce kwayoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta, shi ne sarrafa a cikin cell tsakiya. A kadan adadin da acid da aka mayar da hankali a mitochondria da chloroplast.

Ribonucleic acid da aka gano a cikin kusan kowace cell sulusi da murabba'i. A mafi girma adadin RNA da aka mayar da hankali a ribonucleoprotein aka gyara - ribosomes. Ba dole ne a ce cewa, mafi yawan RNAs dauke a cikin cytoplasm, kuma kawai 10-15% ne wani ɓangare na da kwaya.

RNA dangane da salon salula sarrafawa, nazarin halittu aiki, kwayoyin nauyi kasu iri uku: ribosomal, kai da matrix.

Ribosomal RNA sarrafa a cytoplasmic granules ribosomes inda suka daidaita a daure su da gina jiki. Suna halin high kwayoyin nauyi. Kai RNA ake samu, yafi a Kwayoyin hyaloplasm, da makaman nukiliya ruwa a mitochondria da chloroplast. Bã su da wani low kwayoyin nauyi (40 dubu. Daltons). Su main aiki ne kai na kunna amino acid daga amino acid hadaddun - HAU enzyme zuwa shafin na gina jiki kira, watau, ga ribosomes. Kimiyya karatu sun nuna cewa kowane amino acid na da mutum tRNA. A halin yanzu, akwai fiye da 60 jinsin canja wurin RNA.

Manzon RNA (Manzo RNA). Kowane mRNA kwayoyin a lokacin kira a cikin nucleus din sami bayanai daga DNA da kuma canja wurin shi zuwa ribosomes inda aka aiwatar da furotin biosynthesis.