Sharadi reflexes - yana da ... Iri sharadi reflexes. Hanawa na sharadi reflexes

Sharadi reflexes - a dauki na dukan jiki ko kuma wani bangare daga gare su waje ko ciki samuwar kasashe. Sun bayyana kansu ta hanyar bacewar, yanã raunanar da ko karfafa a kan wani aiki.

Sharadi reflexes - shi na hannun daman jiki, kunna shi amsa da sauri zuwa ga wani canje-canje da kuma daidaita da su.

labarin

A ra'ayin na sharadi reflex aka kaddamar da Faransa Falsafa da kuma masanin kimiyya Descartes. Da ɗan baya, Rasha physiologist Ivan Sechenov aka halitta da kuma gwaje tabbatar da sabuwar ka'idar game da halayen da kwayoyin. A karo na farko a cikin tarihin na Physiology, shi aka ƙarasa da cewa sharadi reflexes - wani inji cewa an kore ta ba kawai da laka segments. A aikinsa, dukan juyayi tsarin ne da hannu. Wannan ba ka damar ci gaba da tuntubar juna da yanayi.

Karatu reflex Pavlov. Wannan fice Rasha masanin kimiyya ya iya bayyana ginshikai na mataki na cerebral bawo da cerebral hemispheres. A farkon XX karni, suka ci gaba da ka'idar sharadi reflexes. Wannan kimiyya aikin da aka mai real juyin juya halin a Physiology. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa sharadi reflexes - a dauki na jiki da ake samu cikin rayukansu, dangane da unconditioned reflexes.

gabbai

Wasu iri mika wuyansu reflexes ne halayyar ga kowane jinsin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Su kira gabbai. Wasu daga cikin su ne quite hadaddun. Wani misali na wannan zai iya zama a matsayin kudan zuma, wanda ya shafi cell, ko tsuntsu, curly gida. Saboda gaban gabbai jiki ne iya daidaita da optimally ga muhalli da yanayi.

Unconditioned reflexes ne m. Suna gaji. Bugu da kari, suna kira da nau'in jinsi, tun da sun kasance ga kowa da kowa 'yan wani irin. Gabbai ne m da kuma zurfi cikin rayuwa. Sun bayyana wa isasshen samuwar kasashe, wanda suna a haɗe zuwa wani takamaiman guda receptive filin. Baya unconditioned reflexes aka rufe a cikin kwakwalwa kara a matakin sashen da laka. Suka bayyana anatomically bayyana ta da reflex baka.

Amma ga biri da mutumin, suka motsa jiki da yawa daga cikin hadaddun unconditioned reflexes shi yiwuwa ba tare da sa hannu na cerebral bawo. Lokacin da take hakki na mutuncin ta pathological canje-canje faruwa unconditioned reflexes, kuma wasu daga cikinsu kawai bace.

rarrabuwa gabbai

Unconditioned reflexes ne da karfi. Kawai a karkashin wani yanayi, a lokacin da su magana ta zama tilas ba, ba za su iya bace. Alal misali, kiwo a gida game da ɗari uku da suka wuce, Canary a halin yanzu yana da wani ilhami zuwa gida. Wadannan iri unconditioned reflexes:

- The ilhami na kai-tsare, wanda shi ne jiki ta mayar da martani ga wani iri-iri na jiki ko sunadarai samuwar kasashe. Irin wannan tunani, bi da bi, na iya faruwa a gida (janye hannu) ko da za a wuya (gudu daga hatsarin).
- Abinci ilhami da ya sa yunwa da ci. Wannan unconditioned reflex hada da wani dukan sarkar da m ayyuka - daga gano ganima kai farmaki shi da kuma ci gaba da cin abinci.
- Parental da kuma jima'i gabbai alaka da goyon baya da kuma haifuwa na jinsi.

- Comfort ilhami bauta wa ya kula da jikinsa a cikin tsarki (wanka, yanã tõno, girgiza, da dai sauransu).
- nuni ilhami a lokacin da ta juya zuwa cikin kara kuzari idanu da kuma shugaban. Wannan reflex wajibi ne da adana rayuwa.
- The ilhami na da 'yanci, wanda aka fi a fili da aka bayyana a cikin hali na dabbobi a zaman talala. Su kullum so su 'yantu, kuma sau da yawa mutu ta wurin ƙin abinci da ruwa.

Ana zargin sharadi reflexes

A lokacin da rayuwar gaji gabbai su ƙara samu halayen. Suna da ake kira sharadi reflexes. Suna da an samu daga cikin jiki a sakamakon mutum ci gaba. Dalili na cikin sharadi reflexes ne rãyuwa mai gwaninta. Ba kamar wadannan gabbai mutum dauki. Suna iya zama ba a cikin wasu 'yan jinsuna da kuma ba ya nan a wasu. Bugu da kari, cikin sharadi reflex ne a dauki cewa ba za a iya] orewa, a rayuwa. A karkashin wani yanayi an samar, gyarawa, shi vuya. A sharadi reflexes - a dauki wanda zai iya faruwa to daban-daban samuwar kasashe, tsoka mai amsa sigina a haɗe zuwa bangarori daban-daban. A wannan sun bambanta daga gabbai.

The inji na sharadi reflex aka rufe a matakin da cerebral bawo. Idan ka cire shi, da kawai ilhami zai kasance.

sharadi reflex samuwar daukan wuri a kan tushen da mika wuyansu. Domin gudanar da wannan tsari wajibi ne don gamsar da wasu yanayi. Kamar haka wani canji a cikin external yanayi ya kamata a hade tare da lokaci da ciki jihar na jiki da kuma cerebral bawo gane lokaci guda tare da wani dauki yin mika wuyansu da kwayoyin. Kawai a cikin wannan harka, mai sharadi kara kuzari, ko siginar da cewa taimaka wa fitowan da wani sharadi reflex.

misalai

Domin bayyanar da wani jiki dauki matsayin yau a lokacin da kadawa wukake da kuma cokula masu yatsotsi, da kuma lokacin da yin karan kofuna na dabba ciyar (a cikin mutumin kuma kare, bi da bi), wani da ake bukata kafun an maimaita daidaituwa na sauti data tare da aiwatar da abinci.

Hakazalika, zobe sautin ko canzawa da kwan fitila zai sa flexing kare ta dungu, idan wadannan mamaki ya faru akai-akai, tare da lantarki ruri na dabba ta kafafu, abin da ya bayyana a sakamakon da lankwashewa reflex mika wuyansu da irin.

Sharadi reflex ne Flick daga cikin yaro iyawa da wuta da kuma m kuka. Duk da haka, wadannan abubuwan da zai faru ne kawai idan nau'in wuta, ko da sau daya, ya zo daidai da konewa.

aka gyara na halayen

Jiki ta mayar da martani ga wani mai kara kuzari ne wani canji a numfashi, mugunya, motsi da sauransu. D. matsayinka na mai mulki, unconditioned reflexes ne quite hadaddun halayen. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da dama aka gyara kunshe a abun da ke ciki. Alal misali, a tsaron gida reflex yana tare da ba kawai tsaron gida tafi, amma kuma m numfashi, kara ayyuka na zuciya tsoka, canje-canje a cikin jini abun da ke ciki. Wannan na iya bayyana da kuma murya martani. Amma ga abinci reflex, akwai kuma na numfashi, secretory, da kuma zuciya da jijiyoyin jini aka gyara.

Tasari dauki yawanci haifa tsarin unconditioned. Wannan shi ne saboda da zumudi na samuwar kasashe na wannan jijiya cibiyoyin.

Nau'in sharadi reflexes

An samo jiki martani ga daban-daban samuwar kasashe raba da irin. Wasu daga cikin data kasance sukayi fassara ne da muhimmanci a warware ba kawai msar tambayar amma kuma m matsaloli. Daya aikace-aikace data ilimi shi ne wasanni aiki.

Halitta da kuma wucin gadi jiki dauki

Akwai sharadi reflexes cewa faruwa a karkashin mataki na sakonni halayyar m Properties unconditioned samuwar kasashe. An misali ne da gannanku, kuma kamshin abinci. Irin wannan sharadi martani ne na halitta. Suna halin da gudun da kuma samar da wani babban juriya. Halitta da numfashinsa, ko da a cikin rashi na kara reinforcements iya riƙe dukan rayuwarsa. Tamanin da sharadi reflex tare da wani musamman manyan a farkon matakai na rayuwa da kwayoyin, a lokacin da shi adapts ta muhalli.
Duk da haka, da dauki za a iya yi aiki daga da bambance bambancen sha'aninsu dabam da sakonni kamar wari, sauti, zazzabi canji, haske, da kuma sauransu. E. Ba su da samuwar kasashe a vivo. Wannan irin halayen ake kira wucin gadi. Suna ci gaba sannu a hankali, kuma a cikin rashi na reinforcements sauri bace. Alal misali, wucin gadi sharadi reflexes mutum - a dauki ga kararrawa sauti, mai touch ga fata, weakening ko tabbatarwa daga cikin lighting, da dai sauransu ...

A farko kuma mafi girma domin

Akwai wasu iri sharadi reflexes, wanda aka kafa a kan tushen da mika wuyansu. Wannan na farko-domin dauki. Akwai mafi girma Categories. Saboda haka, halayen da ake samar a kan tushen da data kasance matukar reflexes, tana nufin wani dauki daga cikin mafi girma domin. Ta yaya suka taso? A yin irin matukar reflexes auku ƙarfafa sha'aninsu dabam siginar sharadi samuwar kasashe suna da kyau assimilated.

Alal misali, a cikin nau'i na hangula kira kullum karfafa ta abinci. A wannan yanayin, akwai wani ci gaban da sharadi reflex na farko domin. A ta da asali da dauki za a iya kulla da kuma a kan sauran kara kuzari, misali, zuwa ga haske. Wannan zai zama wani sharadi reflex na biyu domin.

Tabbatacce kuma korau halayen

Sharadi reflexes iya shafar aiki da kwayoyin. Irin wannan halayen ne tabbatacce. Bayyanuwar sharadi reflexes na data iya zama secretory ko mota ayyuka. Idan na ayyuka na jiki ba ba, to, ku dauki aka classified a matsayin korau. Domin karbuwa ga kullum canja yanayin muhalli, da kuma daya, da kuma na biyu da irin ne na bayar da muhimmanci.

A wannan yanayin, akwai su kusa da dangantaka, kamar yadda lalle zalunci wasu a kan abin da ya faru daya irin aiki. Alal misali, sa'ad da sauti umurnin "Hankali!", The tsokoki ne a wani wuri. Kamar wancan braked motor halayen (a guje, tafiya, da sauransu. D.).

Ginshikai na samuwar

Sharadi reflexes faruwa a karkashin lokaci daya mataki na sharadi kara kuzari da kuma unconditioned reflex. A wannan yanayin, ya kamata ka cika wasu sharudda:

- unconditioned reflex ilimin karfi.
- wani buɗi na sharadi kara kuzari, dan kadan gaba da mataki na ilhami.
- da sharadi mai kara kuzari dole goyan bayan da mataki na unconditioned.
- jiki dole ne a farke da kuma zama lafiya.
- Tsayar da yanayin rashi na extraneous samuwar kasashe, samar da ni kinibibi mataki.

A cibiyoyin da sharadi reflexes ne a cikin cerebral bawo, kafa ta wucin gadi dangane (short-circuiting) tsakanin su. A wannan yanayin, da hangula da aka sani da cortical neurons, waxanda suke da wani ɓangare na baka na unconditioned reflex.

Hanawa na sharadi martani

Domin tabbatar da isasshen halin da kwayoyin, kuma zuwa mafi daidaita da yanayi na daya daga motsa jiki ba zai isa. Bukatar ga m hanya na aiki. Su ne hanawa daga cikin sharadi reflexes. Wannan shi ne tsari na kawar da halayen da kwayoyin a cikin abin da ba lallai ba ne. Kamar yadda ka'idar ci gaba da Pavlov, rarrabe wasu iri cortical hanawa. A farko daga cikinsu yana nufin mika wuyansu. Ya zo a matsayin mayar da martani ga mataki na wani waje mai kara kuzari. Akwai kuma wani ciki braking. Shi ne ake kira mai matukar.

external hanawa

Wannan sunan, da mayar da martani samu dangane da gaskiyar cewa ta ci gaba da taimakon su ga tsari faruwa a wadanda sassa na bawo, wanda ba su shiga a cikin aiwatar da reflex aiki. Alal misali, wani bakon wari, sauti ko lighting canji kafin a fara da abinci reflex iya rage masa ko taimakawa wajen karewa. New kara kuzari ne mai hana zuwa sharadi martani.

Alimentary reflexes za a iya shafe ta da kuma m samuwar kasashe. Braking jiki inganta dauki ambaliya mafitsara, emesis, kumburi tafiyar matakai da ciki t. D. Sai duk suka hana abinci reflexes.

ciki hanawa

Yana faruwa a lokacin da aka karža yana ba da goyan bayan da unconditioned kara kuzari. Ciki hanawa na sharadi reflexes faruwa idan, misali, dabba a lokacin da rana kafin idanu lokaci zuwa lokaci hada da wani lantarki kwan fitila, ba tare da kawo da abinci. An gwaje tabbatar da cewa duk lokacin da yau samar da zai koma baya. A sakamakon haka, da dauki huce ba gaba daya. Duk da haka, da reflex vuya ba tare da wata alama. Ya kawai falters. An kuma an tabbatar da gwaje.

Sharadi hanawa daga cikin sharadi reflexes za a iya cire gaba rana. Duk da haka, idan wannan ba yi, da jiki ta dauki ga kara kuzari, sa'an nan bace har abada.

Iri ciki hanawa

Rarraba dama iri kawar halayen ga samuwar kasashe. Saboda haka, dangane da bacewar sharadi reflexes cewa suna kawai ba a bukata, shi ne na nau'i nau'i a cikin ba yanayi. Akwai wani iri-iri na wannan sabon abu. Wannan rarrabe ko bambanci braking. Alal misali, dabba iya rarrabe tsakanin yawan lashe na metronome, a cikin abin da zai kawo abinci. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da sharadi reflex baya ci gaba. Animal rarrabe samuwar kasashe. Dalili na wannan dauki, da kuma adana ciki hanawa.

The darajar kawar halayen

Sharadi hanawa taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar da kwayoyin. Godiya ga shi, kan aiwatar da karbuwa ga yanayi ne mafi alheri. Yiwuwar fuskantarwa a da dama wuya yanayi ba a hade da kara kuzari da kuma hanawa da suke da biyu siffofin guda na tsarin jijiya tsari.

ƙarshe

Sharadi reflexes, akwai rashin iyaka yawa. Su ne factor cewa kayyade hali na wani rai gabar. Da taimakon sharadi reflexes na dabbobi da mutane zuwa daidaita zuwa ga yanayi.

Akwai da yawa tsaye ba alamun halayen, wanda da alama darajar. Alal misali, wata dabba, da sanin da m hatsari, a cikin wani hanya gina ta hali.

Kan aiwatar da samuwar sharadi reflexes, wanda ya kamãta da hakan domin, shi ne wani kira na wucin gadi sadarwa.

Basic dokoki da ka'idojin bayyana a cikin samuwar ba kawai hadaddun, amma kuma na farko halayen, daidai ne da duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Yana bi da wani muhimmanci ƙarshe na falsafa da kuma kimiyya da cewa mutum kwakwalwa ba zai iya bi da dokokin general na ilmin halitta. A wannan batun, shi za a iya ma'ana karatu. Duk da haka, ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa mutum kwakwalwa yana da ingancin halaye da kuma bambancin daga aiki na dabba kwakwalwa.