A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na shuke-shuke: description, da matakai, makircinsu, kuma siffofin

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar da shuka kunshi uku a jere, saukarwa:

• nucleation.
• ci gaba;
• haifuwa.

Yana iya zama mai sauki, ko hadaddun. A sakamakon zai iya chlorella, wanda ninka spores abar sauki sake zagayowar. Developing wannan kore algae zama matattarã 4-8 autospores cewa girma cikin uwar kwayoyin da aka rufe da nasu harsashi. Amma daga cikin mafi kowa shuka hadaddun ci gaban sake zagayowar, wanda ya kunshi mai sauki 2-3.

Features da rayuwa hawan keke na shuke-shuke

An muhimmanci dũkiyar dukan abubuwa masu rai ne ikon haifa. Kiwo Hanyar ne:

• jima'i (gametes).
• asexual (spores).
• Vegetative (jiki sashi).

A hadaddun hawan keke a jima'i haifuwa akwai ko da yaushe dama raba bulan na gametes da zygotes. Gamete - ne cikakke tare da haploid jima'i cell (talakawa) sa na chromosomes. A zygote da diploid (dual) sa kafa ta ƙungiyar na biyu gametes. Daga zygote tasowa da sporophyte, wanda ya fitar haploid spores. Na muhawara - da gametophyte, wanda ya faru ya zama namiji da mace.

Alal misali, za mu iya dauka ravnosporovyh fern, wanda shi ne guda biyu siffofin mutane - da kansa fern (sporophyte) da kuma zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - shi ne zuriya na manya fern. Ya na da wani lokaci mai tsawo, amma kulawa don samar da guda krupnolistvennuyu mutum. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar wata shuka saboda peculiarities na haifuwa kunshi canzawar ƙarnõni: daga fara tasawa fern zuwa prothallia kuma a sake zuwa adult fern.

kiwo Hanyar

Jima'i hanyar mayar da mafi yawan tsire-tsire. Lokacin da wannan ya auku da samuwar wani sabon kwayoyin na zygote bayan hadi da kuma hada gametes (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - haifuwa ba tare da hadi - kuma da dangantaka da wata hanya domin jima'i: jiki an kafa daga wani yaro izogamety cewa unites izogamety da spores. Jima'i haifuwa ne kusan ko da yaushe a hade tare da wasu hanyoyi - vegetative ko asexual, tun da shi kansa ne halin da low yawan aiki.

A daidai wannan lokaci wannan hanya da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu samu a ferns, kuma a tare da vegetative zaɓi - wasu algae. A iri shuke-shuke samuwar sel haihuwar samu daga daya na biyu na zygote, sakamakon wannan tsari ne ya fi kama da wani haifuwa, da kuma haifuwa.

Lokacin da sake yiwuwar tohowarsu kafa zoospores - Kwayoyin ba tare da cell ganuwar, wanda a kwayar shuke-shuke suna kiyaye a cikin na musamman sporangia, da kuma tsayayyen Kwayoyin - aplanospory. Da kansa daga irin wannan hanya na haifuwa aka samu a cikin yanayi ne sosai rare. Yawancin lokaci shi ne a hade tare da jima'i ko vegetative.

Akwai 2 iri spores: mitospory cewa tashi a cikin tsari na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, kuma meiospores - abin da ke faruwa a lokacin jima'i. Mitospory bayyana yin amfani da mitosis, sakamakon wani misali kamar motherboard. Meiospores kafa ta meiosis a lokacin germination zygote ko sporangia. Ga masu rinjaye na shuke-shuke suna da halin biyu hanyoyin da haifuwa, wanda ake samu ta hanyar biyu daban-daban siffofin dabbobi.

Vegetative haifuwa Hanyar

A vegetative yaduwa embodiment aka rabu cikin Akinetes - garu Kwayoyin. Ya aka rabu da uwarsa sayar da giya da wasu daga sassa - brood ko koda Kwayoyin. A wannan hanya, ninka wasu ƙananan tsire-tsire, ciki har da Sargassum, launin ruwan kasa da kuma ja algae. Vegetatively karbe ko da flowering shuke-shuke, kamar Duckweed. Wasu daga cikin su kafa brood buds, wanda fada a kasa da kuma kai tushen akwai. kodan iya reshe kashe da kuma rabu da uwarsa shuka. A angiosperms, da kungiyar shi ne sosai na kowa da ci gaban harbe daga karkashin kasa rhizomes.

rarraba shuke-shuke

Daya daga karshe matakai na haifuwa ne da rarraba shuke-shuke. A yanayi na iya zama 3 embodiment shiri: jam spores da tsaba. A musamman rare lokuta, da baza iya faruwa ta hanyar zygotes. More Linnaeus nasaba iri da kuma spore baza su cryptogams da phanerogams shuke-shuke. Nau'i na biyu shi ne wani rukuni na gymnosperms da angiosperms, da farko - duk sauran kungiyoyin, ciki har da algae, gansakuka da kuma ferns.

shuka yaduwa hanyoyi sun zo dogon juyin hanya daga vegetative zuwa jima'i da kuma asexual. Yanzu da rabo daga spore shuke-shuke da iri ba a danganta su da baza, kuma tare da haifuwa. Seed Hanyar kasaftawa a raba kungiyar saboda an dauke haifuwa fili spores da gametes. Seed haifuwa ya shafi dama, saukarwa: samuwar zygotes, gametes, spores, tãyuna da maniyyi, kazalika da sake ma su matsugunni da shuka.

canzawar ƙarnõni

Shuka rayuwa a cikin nau'i na biyu daban-daban da al'ummomi za su iya kawo sunaye daban-daban: wani canji na tsari, awar ƙarnõni, da dai sauransu yawa manyan fern da prothallia a cikin hali na ravnosporovyh ferns - misali ne na canzawar zamaninsu, alama da kasoshin lokatan adulthood siffofin dabbobi ... Wadannan biyu siffofin ne don haka daban-daban a cikin bayyanar da cewa su ne da wuya a samu wanda kuma wannan shuka. Zarostok fern ne sosai wuya a ga da ido tsirara. A angiosperms analogue prothallia - tayi jakar kwai, wanda yake shi ne musamman kananan da yake a ɓõye, a cikin zurfin na flower. Daga cikin wasu kungiyoyin da wadannan siffofin algae jinsin su ne irin wannan a cikin bayyanar, amma quite daban-daban nazarin halittu halaye. Canzawar ƙarnõni na faruwa a kusan duk mafi girma shuke-shuke da kuma juyin ci gaban algae.

A rayuwa hawan keke na mafi girma shuke-shuke

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na mafi girma shuke-shuke, sai dai da bryophytes, halin a cewa gametophyte ne talauci da dabarun, da kuma a cikin rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na mafi yawan daukan sporophyte. Bryophytes shuke-shuke da ya bambanta a cewa sporophyte tasowa ciki da kaciyar mata sashin jiki da kuma shi ne a ci gaba da tattaunawa tare da gametophyte. A cikin hali na leafy mosses shi ya dubi kamar akwatin da spores girma daga saman gametophyte.

Sauran mafi girma shuke-shuke sun furta sporophyte, waxanda suke da manyan da hadaddun kwayar kwayoyin da jikinsu kamar ganye, stalks da kuma tushen tsarin. Mai shuke-shuke da cewa mutum shayi a lokacin da ya yi maganar horsetails, ferns ko wasu kungiyoyin - sporophytes.

A rayuwa hawan keke na flowering shuke-shuke

A mafi ci gaba cikin sharuddan juyin halitta suna flowering shuke-shuke. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na flowering shuke-shuke halin a cewa tayi ne sau da yawa su iya ci gaba daga wani unfertilized kwai (apomixis). A m nau'i na flowering ne heterosporous sporophyte wakiltar mai shuka da ganye da kuma mai tushe. Male gametophyte aka wakilta hirtsinta hatsi da mace - da tayi jakar kwai (shi tasowa da sauri fiye da gymnosperms). Jikin a matsayin jima'i da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, shi ne modified gudun hijira - a flower. A rudiments na tsaba da kariyar ganuwar da kwai. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na shuke-shuke na kungiyar kawo karshen bayan hadi da iri samuwar, da tayi wanda yana da wadata da na gina jiki da kuma ba ya dogara ne a kan waje dalilai.

A rayuwa hawan keke na gymnosperms da angiosperms

The kungiyar hada da wakilan gymnosperms conifers kuma shrubs. Mafi yawan su suna da wani modified allura-kamar ganye. gymnosperms rai sake zagayowar ne halin da cewa da microspores (pollen) an kafa a kananan namiji Cones (anthers) da kuma megaspory - a mace (ovule). Daga microspore Forms namiji gametophyte, da kuma na megaspory - mace. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar wata shuka na kungiyar halin a cewa hadi faruwa ta hanyar iska, wanda ya bada pollen ga ovule. Sa'an nan, a cikin ovule tayi fara bunkasa, da kuma iri samar gare ta. Shi ya ta'allaka ne a kan irin shuka sikelin da undisguised. Seed ya ba da wani sabon sporophyte, daga abin da ke tsiro da wani sabon shuka.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar daga angiosperms ne halin a cewa wannan kungiyar tana da flower, a cikin abin da spores suna kafa da kuma gametophytes hadi da iri ci gaba. A peculiarity wannan kungiya - a kare tsaba, wanda aka boye cikin 'ya'yan itacen da kuma kariya daga muhalli da tasirinsa.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar daga spore shuke-shuke

Spore shuke-shuke ba a Bloom, domin su ma kira cryptogamic. Sun zo a cikin biyu Categories:

• mafi girma (ferns, horsetails, mosses, kulob din mosses).
• m (algae, lichens).

A rayuwa hawan keke na shuke-shuke spore dangane da nau'in iya tafi jima'i ko asexually embodiment. Ba za su iya haifa jima'i hanyar ba da taimakon da ruwa yanayi. gametophyte da ake amfani da jima'i haifuwa, amma ga asexual - sporophyte. Akwai biyu subgroups na spore shuke-shuke: haploid da diploid. A haploid subgroup hada da mosses, ferns, horsetails da kuma a cikin abin da suka ci gaba fiye da gametophyte da sporophyte aka kafa a matsayin prothallia. Haploid subgroup halin a cewa sporophyte ne ƙarƙashin matsayi a cikin shi.

Rayuwa hawan keke na shuke-shuke: kewaye

Mosses - wakilan wani m jinsuna na mafi girma shuke-shuke. Bã su da wani sosai al'ada rabo daga cikin jiki a kan tushe kuma bar maimakon tushen - filamentous rhizoids. Suna girma a cikin swampy, gumi wurare da sosai ƙafe danshi. Haifa jima'i, da sporophyte shi ne dogara a kan gametophyte, spores suna kafa a ta musamman akwatin, wanda aka located a kan gametophyte da ake dangantawa da shi.

Wakilai ferns da manyan pinnate ganye (sporangia aka shirya a kan ƙananan gefe). A shuka yana da pronounced tushen tsarin, da kuma takardar ne ainihin wani reshe tsarin, da ake kira vayey ko predpobegom. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar da shuka ferns kungiyar kunshi biyu bulan: jima'i da kuma asexual. A jima'i lokaci na faruwa a tare da sa hannu na gametes da asexual - a husũma. Asexual tsara ta fara da wani diploid zygote, da kuma jima'i - a haploid spores. Yawa daga wadannan bulan da babbar ɓangare na sake zagayowar.