Ƙasa profiles:-daban da kuma kwatancin

Halaye na kasa don ƙayyade da darajar shi yiwuwa ba tare da karatu ƙasa profiles. Mẽne ne da kuma abin da su ne iri na bayanan martaba, karanta labarin.

gona profile

Kan aiwatar da samuwar na kasa rinjayar da iyaye dutse hakar ma'adinai, inda gona Properties bambanta a tsaye shugabanci. Akwai yau da kullum da canji a cikin abun da ke ciki na kasar gona daga surface to zurfi a cikin bedrock, wanda bai shafi cikin ƙasa samuwar tsari. Sai ya faru a hankali. Ƙasa profiles aka kafa a karkashin tasirin wasu dalilai. Babban wadanda su ne:

• Abubuwa shigar tsaye a cikin ƙasa daga yanayi ko daga ruwan karkashin kasa. Su motsi dogara a kan irin gona samuwar kuma yawa a tsawon shekaru da kuma yanayi.
• Rarraba tsaye tushen tsarin shuke-shuke da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, dabbobi, kwayoyin.

All cikin sãsanni da ƙasa profile ne juna. Yana haka ya faru da cewa gona yadudduka na daban-daban suna da kama da dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye.

Ƙasa profiles: tsarin

Ƙasa yadudduka alternating tsaye, suna gona sararin sama. Sifa da kaddarorin bambanta. Ƙasa sãsanni, abin da ke faruwa sequentially daya bayan daya - shi ne gona profiles. Kila shi ne musamman domin kowane gona.

A tsarin da ƙasa profile ne a hankali related to da na halitta aiwatar da samuwar na kasa, da kuma yin amfani da aikin noma. Ƙasa yadudduka na daban-daban bambanta ba kawai a cikin siffofin da kaddarorin, amma kuma abun da ke ciki. Ikon sararin sama m tsaye har. Babban sãsanni:

• A humus ƙasa.
• Horizon miƙa mulki daga gabanin na gaba Layer.
• A subsoil (iyaye abu).

sauki profile

A tsarin da ƙasa profile on kusa dubawa ne mai sauki da kuma hadaddun. Simple ƙasa tsarin yana da wadannan profile iri:

• M - a low ikon matakin, wurin himma ne iyaye dutse.
• Bai cika raya - a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan profile ne duk sãsanni, hali na gona. Kowane sararin sama low iko.
• Na al'ada - halin da duk sãsanni kafa a kayyade matakin. Ikon peculiar neerodirovannoy gona.
• Talauci bambanta - sãsanni da talauci alama.
• Gaji da damuwa ko eroded - ne halin da lalata da babba yadudduka na yashewa.

hadaddun profile

Nau'in na kasar gona profile tare da wani hadadden tsarin ne da wadannan:

• Relic - samuwa daga wannan profile ake binne sãsanni da kuma bayanan martaba paleo kasa. A abun da ke ciki na iya samun burbushi na zamanin d ƙasa samuwar.

• Profile polynomial - generated lokacin da lithological canjawa, ba tare da tafiyarsu daga ƙasa strata.
• Polycyclic - da samuwar aka alaka da lokaci-lokaci shaida na kayan constituting ƙasa: volcanic ash, kogin alluvium laka ash.
• Gaji da damuwa ko inverted - halin da samuwar daban-daban: na halitta ko wucin gadi. A cikin farko idan irin rawa da mutum dalilai, a karo na biyu - na halitta, a lokacin da mayar da su cikin ƙananan sãsanni surface.
• Mosaic - An halin ba ta bi da bi samuwar sãsanni da zurfin. Canza sãsanni Yana shãfe auku a matsayin mosaic juna.

A tsarin da profile a kan yanayin ƙasa samuwar

Ƙasa profiles bambanta. Dangane da ƙasa samuwar tsari, sun kasu kashi biyu iri:

• Nau'i na farko shi ne halin da samuwar da kasa karkashin wanka, ya kira eluvial, da kuma sakamako na danshi daga yanayi. Yanayi mikawa downward kwarara daga ƙasa barbashi koma saukar, da kuma sinadaran abubuwa.
• Description na kasar gona profile na biyu irin na da halaye. Wannan irin tsari ne halayyar hydromorphic kasa, wanda aka kafa a lokacin da wuce haddi danshi. Da samuwar kasa shafi kasa ruwa, wanda aka wadãtar da ƙasa Layer.

A tsarin da zurfin profiles

Dangane da rarraba da daban-daban abubuwa: farar ƙasa, humus, gypsum, ma'adanai, salts, zurfin za a iya bambanta ƙasa profiles:

• Accumulative - saman ƙasa ƙunshi kananan adadin abubuwa: da more, da mafi za su zama karami.
• Eluvial - adadin abubuwa qara da zurfin.
• Datti-jari - abu accumulates daga ƙasa ruwa, wanda aka located a kasa ko tsakiyar profile.
• Eluvial-bambanta - kadan abu tara a cikin sama Layer, da kuma a wasu yadudduka - mai yawa.
• Undifferentiated - da abu ne rarraba uniformly bisa dukan profile.

sãsanni profile

Har ila yau ware uku da manyan sãsanni kamar:

• Peat, organogenic. Its samuwar auku a kan surface a wani m wuce haddi danshi. A halayyar alama ne peculiar adana kwayoyin abubuwa da ba su tuba zuwa humus kuma ba ƙone. A cikin abun da ke ciki na peat ne ciyawa, itace, gansakuka, lichen, deciduous ko gauraye. Saura na shuka asalin iya ba za a dage farawa daga, jera kiyaye su kuma dage farawa daga gaba daya.

• Zuriyar dabbobi katako - wannan Layer arziki a cikin kwayoyin abubuwa. Its ikon kai ashirin da santimita. Kunshi shuka sharan riƙe da farko form, partially ko kaucewa humus.
• Sod Layer - wannan surface sararin sama. Its samuwar auku a karkashin herbaceous shuke-shuke. Mafi yawa daga cikin girma shi ne tushen da shuke-shuke.
• Humus sararin sama - ƙunshi 15-35 bisa dari na kwayoyin abubuwa. Yana iya zama unstructured ko da soya tsarin. A ƙasa ne baki, mazhuschayasya cikakken da ruwa.
• Horizon tillable - da samuwar aka alaka da aiki na humus ko muhimmi yadudduka.
• Horizon humus - An kafa a kan surface yana da wani duhu launi, shi ya ƙunshi 15 bisa dari kwayoyin halitta.
• Eluvial sararin sama - kafa a karkashin Organic sãsanni. Ƙasa whitish, tãtacce.
• Ma'adinai sararin sama - da wuri na da samuwar - tsakiyar ɓangare na profile. Zai yiwu illuvial, solonets, carbonate, gishiri, gypsum, ko gauraye.
• Gley sararin sama - shi ne ake kira ma'adinai. Formation ya auku a lokacin da shafe tsawon ko dindindin wuce kima danshi da kuma oxygen rashi. Halayyar da sararin sama ne maras ban sha'awa saka launi. Yana iya zama blue, blue-m, ko zaitun tabarau.
• Iyaye abu - halin da low mataki na daukan hotuna da hallakaswa dalilai a cikin samuwar kasa.

ƙasa launi

Ƙasa sararin sama peculiar alama kamar su launi, wanda ya dogara a kan abun da ke ciki na kasar gona da kuma matakai na da samuwar.

• Black gona. Wannan sunan launi zuwa duhu launin toka da kuma duhu Brown kasa. Su launi dogara da abun ciki na humus ko takin. A mafi daga gare ta a cikin ƙasa, da duhu da launi. Black gona zai iya ba mahadi wasu ma'adanai, da kuma ci daga daban-daban asalin.
• White gona da wani launi na haske sautunan. Irin launi bada ƙasa farar ƙasa, gypsum, ma'adini, narkewa salts, feldspar.
• Red ƙasa ne lokacin da a cikin shi accumulates baƙin ƙarfe oxide. A m saka launi da aka samu saboda babban abun ciki na manganese oxide, yellow - baƙin ƙarfe hydroxides.
• Gona da inuwõyinta suna kusa, blue, blue da kuma kore launuka. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da ƙasa ƙunshi ferrous baƙin ƙarfe fili. Da abun ciki a cikin ƙasa - wani sakamako na halitta na anaerobic yanayi (haddi danshi).

Mene ne damar da sararin sama?

Wannan tsayin ta tsaye zurfin daga surface ga iyaye dutse da ya faru. Daban-daban gona da iri daban-daban suna da iko. A kan talakawan, shi jeri daga arba'in zuwa ɗari da hamsin santimita. Alal misali, idan mai tsanani muhalli da yanayi, kasar gona samuwar tsari rinjayar da na sama na dutse. Da ikon irin gona ya kai ashirin zuwa talatin santimita. A cikin steppe yankunan karkashin m makiyayar da - biyu ko uku da ɗari.

Ikon mutum sãsanni da hukunci ƙasa dabi'u. Saboda haka, a lokacin farin ciki Layer humus halin da manyan gefe abubuwa da kuma raunana elution. Podzolic kasa ne matalauta a gina jiki, saboda haka suna da kadan darajar.

chernozems

Wannan shi ne mafi m gona. Black gona a baya aka kafa daga m ciyawa cover, wanda ya mutu a kashe a kowace shekara, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da dumi bazara bazu ta samar da humus, wanda shi ne lokaci mai tsawo tara. A halin yanzu, kusan baki ƙasa nome. Humus gona profile yana da wadannan tsarin:

• Ji steppe, ikon 3-4 santimita.
• Sod - iyãwarsa ne 3-7 santimita. Yana yana da wani duhu launin toka launi da matattu ko masu rai saurã daga tushen da hatsi. Wannan Layer iya horar ko budurwa kasa.
• A humus sararin sama - ikonsa na 35-120 santimita. Yana yana da wani duhu launin toka launi uniform launi. Features baki duniya gona profile a cikin tsarin. Shi ne granular kuma robust. Babban alama - haihuwa.
• Dõgẽwa sararin sama na humus Layer na gaba. Its iya aiki ne 40-80 santimita, da launi - brownish-m, uniform, a bayyane spots da zane na humus. Yana yana da wani m, lumpy tsarin.
• Wannan sararin sama irin na subtypes. Wasu daga cikin su za a iya bambanta illuvial- carbonate sararin sama tare da brownish-yellow launi, da kuma wani prismatic tsarin. Ƙasa sararin sama ne kawai molehills. Suna cike da wani ruwan kasa taro ya fito daga sararin sama kwance a kasa. Sai ya faru da cewa wormhole cike da ƙasa duhu launi daga cikin manya sãsanni.
• Rocks kafa gona. Yana yana da wani whitish ko kodadde rawaya launi da kuma wani prismatic tsarin. Gona daban-daban zurfin halin da carbonate salts da kuma gypsum.

podzolic kasa

Ƙasa podsolic gona profile aka kafa a high zafi. Hankula na wadannan ne daban-daban na ciyayi. Features na kasar gona profile podzolic ƙasa acidity. Saboda haka, domin su yana da muhimmanci sosai microflora daidaita da wa wadannan yanayi domin shiga a cikin kwayoyin halittar sharan lalata tafiyar matakai. Sãsanni Profile podzolic kasa su ne kamar haka:

• Zuriyar dabbobi - ikon biyu santimita.
• Talauci bazu shuka ya zauna.
• Hada a cikin nau'i na mycelium. Ƙasa launi ne haske launin ruwan kasa.
• Lumpy ko pulverulent ƙasa tsarin da duhu Brown launi.
• Humus-jari Layer damar zuwa talatin santimita.
• Podzolic Layer da wannan ikon.
• A mi} a mulki daga bambance-bambance da canza launi Layer damar zuwa hamsin santimita.
• Illuvial Layer, iyãwarsa - 20-120 santimita.
• A Layer na iyaye abu.

Wannan irin gona a cikin daji da low haihuwa, humus Layer ne kusan babu gona acidic dauki. Podzols ba sha danshi, ba kawai arziki a gina jiki, wanda rinjayar shuka abinci mai gina jiki da kuma girma.