A tarihin Rasha FSB

FSB ko Rasha Tarayya Tsaro Service, shi ne daya daga cikin mãsu mayẽwa daga Tarayyar Soviet Jihar Tsaro kwamitin (KGB), wata} ungiyar sani na da ta'addanci da kuma m ayyuka, wanda sarrafa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin XX karni.

Asirin 'yan sanda - da Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

History of Tarayya Tsaro Service yana da yawan canje-canje a cikin sunan da reorganization bayan juyin juya hali a Rasha a 1917 hukuma, ta sa sunan KGB domin shekaru 46, daga shekarar 1954 zuwa 1991. Haramta shi kungiyoyi sun dade ɓangare na siyasa tsarin Rasha. The ayyuka na wadannan kungiyoyi da aka muhimmanci kumbura a kwatanta da rawar da siyasa da 'yan sanda, ya buga da asirin' yan sanda a zamanin mulkin Tsar Nicholas II.

A 1917, Vladimir Lenin daga saurã daga cikin Tsarist asirin 'yan sanda ne ya halitta Cheka. Wannan sabon shiri, wadda daga ƙarshe ta juya zuwa cikin KGB, aka tsunduma cikin wani m kewayon ayyuka, ciki har da leken asiri, counter-leken asirin da Tarayyar Soviet ta kadaici daga Yammacin kayayyakin, labarai da ideas. A shekarar 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta watse, manyan ga fragmentation da kwamitin mai yawan kungiyoyi, da most of wanda shine FSB.

Tarihi na Rasha Tarayya Tsaro Service

A 1880, Tsar Alexander II kafa Branch tsare jama'a aminci da kuma oda, da aka sani da "asirin 'yan sanda." Wannan shiri a cikin marigayi XIX - farkon XX karni. gudanar daban-daban m kungiyoyin a Rasha - lura da su mambobi a aiwatar da su da kuma neutralizing su. Tare da mambobi ne na asirin 'yan sanda a gudanar da daban-daban sauyi kungiyoyin, da Sarkin kasance ko da yaushe har zuwa ranar da zai iya sauƙi hana duk wani yuwuwar kai hari. Alal misali, tsakanin 1908 da 1909, 4 daga cikin 5 mambobi ne na St. Petersburg kwamitin Bolshevik Party sun mambobi ne na Okhrana. Nicholas II ya tabbata daga ikonsa a kan wadannan kungiyoyin, wanda a watan Nuwamba 1916 watsi da gargadin da wani sananne juyin juya halin.

Bayan da Fabrairu Democratic Revolution, Lenin da Bolshevik Jam'iyyar asirce shirya karfi da kuma na biyu ƙoƙari na juyin mulki. Lenin ya nuna jin goyon bayan ta'addanci da kuma ganin darajarsa ta Jacobins, mafi m Faransa yunkuri a 1790 ya nada Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo shugaban jama'ar kasar Commissariat ga harkokin (NKVD), babban manufar da ya yi yaƙi da maƙiyan da gwamnatin Syria da kuma rigakafin ɓarna da gangan a ko'ina cikin kasar. Tarihi na Cheka (FSB) fara tare da halittarsa 20 Disamba 1917 don inganta yadda ya dace da aikin da NKVD. M Hukumar kasance dalilin daga baya KGB. Shugaban ta, Lenin nada Dzerzhinsky, wani Yaren mutanen Poland bafadan, wanda ya shafe shekaru 11 a kurkuku ga ayyukan ta'addanci da sarki.

A ja tsõro

Ba da da ewa Zheleznyy Feliks ya fara yin canje-canje a cikin Cheka. History of Tarayya Tsaro Service a watan Disamba 1920 aka alama ta canja wuri na kamfanin hedkwatar daga St. Petersburg a cikin tsohon ofishin na All-Russian Insurance Company, inda ta zauna da wannan rana. Cheka kanta gudanar da bincike kansa ya yi kama, hukunci kansa, na dauke a cikin taro sansanonin da hukuncin kisa.

Tarihi na KGB-FSB qunshi kashe fiye da 500 000 mutane a lokaci tun da aka kafa ta a 1917 zuwa renaming a 1922. A na kowa yi shi ne "Red Firgitar." Daga kowane kauye da jami'an tsaro dauki 20-30 mutane da aka yi garkuwa da kuma gudanar da su har dai manoma ba su ba da duk abin da suka abinci reserves. Idan wannan bai faru, don a harba garkuwa. Ko da yake irin wannan tsarin ya kasance tasiri a rike Lenin ta akida, don inganta huldar cinikaiya da West, da KGB aka wargaza rundunar da kuma maye gurbinsu da wani ba kasa m kungiyar - Jihar Siyasa Directorate (GPU).

Da farko, da GPU tana karkashin iko na NKVD kuma ya kasa iko fiye da Cheka. Tare da goyon bayan Lenin Dzerzhinsky zauna shugaban da kuma ƙarshe kõma ta tsohon ikon. Tare da Tarayyar Soviet kundin tsarin mulki da aka soma a watan Yuli 1923, da GPU aka sake masa suna cikin OGPU, ko da United Jihar Siyasa Administration.

yunwa

A 1924, Lenin mutu, kuma aka yi nasara da Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, suka taimake shi, a wurin yaƙi a gare ikon, riƙe da post. Bayan mutuwar Iron Felix a 1926 ya zama shugaban da OGPU Menzhinsky. Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin da kungiyar a wancan lokacin ya kasance na domin na goyon bayan tsakanin Soviet 'yan ƙasa, a lokacin da Stalin ya juyar da miliyan 14 baƙauye gonaki a cikin gama kai da gonaki. A jini tarihi na FSB qunshi da wadannan hujja. Don hadu da kasashen waje musayar bukatun da OGPU tilasta kwace hatsi da hatsi don fitarwa tallace-tallace da shi a kan, samar da yunwa, saboda wanda ya kashe fiye da miliyan biyar mutane.

Daga berries zuwa Yezhov

A 1934 Menzhinsky mutu a karkashin m yanayi da kuma aka maye gurbinsu da Henry Berry, a harhaɗa magunguna da horo. A karkashin ya jagoranci, da OGPU fara gudanar da wani bincike a fagen nazarin halittu da kuma makamai masu guba. Berry ƙaunar gudanar da gwaje gwajen a kan fursunoni da kaina. Ya aka harbe a karkashin Stalin bayan gaskatãwa ga kisan Menzhinsky ya jagoranci OGPU.

A lokacin gwamnati na Nikolai Yezhov 's magaji Berries, tsõro a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta kai ta ganiya. History of Tarayya Tsaro Service hada da wadannan al'amari: tsakanin 1936 da kuma 1938. kadai ma'aikata OGPU uku da mutane dubu da aka harba. Tsoron da girma da tasiri na Yezhov, Stalin kokarin da harbe shi a 1938.

Shekaru 15 Beriya

Bayan Yezhov matsayin shugaban NKVD shekara goma sha biyar da aka gudanar Lavrenty Beriya. Ya kumbura kungiyar zuwa irin wannan har a 1941 da tsaro sabis zama mai raba kungiyar. NKGB ke da alhakin harkokin tsaron cikin gida, counter-m, da tsaron kan iyaka, aiki sansani, kazalika da yaƙin da clandestine gwagwarmaya da Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na II. Shugaban NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov aka sarrafawa da Beriya. A 1950, sai aka maye gurbinsu da Viktor Abakumov, mai biyayya ga shugaban na NKVD ba haka ba ne makafi. A sakamakon haka, Stalin, da Beriya rinjayi zuwa nanata masa ƙulla wa shugaban dukan jama'ar. A shekarar 1951 Abakumov aka harbe.

Bayan Stalin ta mutuwa a 1953, da Beriya aka ƙoƙarin kai da wuri fir'auna da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma da dama key shugabannin Soviet Army aka goyan bayan Nikita Khrushchev, Beriya aka kawo fitina da kuma kashe shi a 1953. A watan Maris shekarar 1954, akwai da KGB, wadda ke da alhakin kula da 'yan sanda, gudanar da gefen ayyukan, da tsaron kan iyaka da kuma ciki tsaro.

A tarihin FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

Jihar Tsaro kwamitin da aka kafa Maris 13, 1954 Its farko shugaban ya Ivan Serov. A farko aiki da kwamitin ya da wani "tsabta" gwamnati na mutane Beriya, wanda aka ƙoƙarin kama iko da Tarayyar Soviet bayan Stalin ta mutuwa.

Da farko tare da na farko na shekarar 1958, tare da ganawa Aleksandra Shelepina a matsayin sabon shugaban KGB (Serov karkashin jagorancin Janar Leken Asiri Department), Khrushchev ya kawo wasu canje-canje da aiki ayyuka na kwamitin. Ya burin ya koma Tarayyar Soviet, da KGB, da kuma musamman, a kan wani hanya kama da Cheka Dzerzhinsky farkon 1920s. Kasashen turai an mai suna main "makiya" na Tarayyar Soviet, ciki har da Amurka, Birtaniya da kuma Japan. Su kamata ya gurgunta kuma rasa ƙarfi. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin da Khrushchev zamanin ga wani karuwa a yawan siyasa kisan kai da ta'addanci ta dauki nauyin da Tarayyar Soviet.

A daidai wannan lokaci da KGB aka ƙoƙarin canza haramta shi image halitta da Stalinist mulkin kama karya. Created wallafe-wallafen ayyukan extolling da jaruntakar taimako ga adana daga cikin KGB na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma bayar da kudin sufurin kan sarki tare da siffar Dzerzhinsky.

A watan Disamba, 1961, ya maye gurbinsu da Vladimir Shelepina sau bakwai.

A zamanin Andropov

A tarihin FSB bayan da aka hambarar da Khrushchev ta 11 ga watan Oktoba, 1964 da kuma zuwa ga iko Leonida Brezhneva sa a nuna: sau bakwai da aka sallame daga post na shugaban KGB. A May 1967 ya aka maye gurbinsu da Yuri Andropov, shugaban sashen ga dangantakar da gurguzu kasashen. Ya zama Chairman- "longevity", rike fita har sai May 1982.

A sabon shugaban na KGB ci gaba da sake fasalin kudin ya fara da Khrushchev da Shelepin a shekarun 1960s. Ya tsayayya da siyasa, ilimi, kasa, da addini adawa. kumbura tsarin na aiki sansani , da kuma links. amfani da ilimin halin tababbu a magance adawa. Bugu da kari, shi ya karu da tarin kimiyya da fasaha da hankali, wajen taimakawa ga haifar da wani ƙungiya ababen more rayuwa ga kudi da kuma iko da soja, tsaro da tattalin arziki da kuma jirgin sama. A karkashin jagorancin KGB Andropov tsunduma a misinformation, gurbata da takardun na Yammacin hukumomin leken asiri, a] en yaƙi a yammacin latsa, kazalika da fa] a] cibiyar sadarwa na jamiái kasashen waje. A May 1982, Andropov ya zama shugaban na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kan kwamitin ya wuce zuwa damban ne Vitaly Fedorchuk, tsohon shugaban yankin KGB a Ukraine.

Just watanni bakwai ya zama na karshe ministan cikin gida. A Disamba 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, da farko Mataimakin. Fedorchuk, ya ɗauki wõfintattu wuri. A watan Oktoba 1988, ya aka yi nasara da Vladimir Kryuchkov, shugaban na farko Cif Directorate na KGB.

Hooks yi aiki a matsayin shugaban KGB har 18 ga watan Agusta, 1991, a lokacin da ya da kuma bakwai sauran key mambobi ne na Soviet gwamnati sun kaddamar da wani An kasa yunkurin juyin mulki da Mikhail Gorbachev, shugaban na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis daga shekarar 1985 har aka rushe jam'iyyar 25 ga Disamba, 1991

Kungiyar da kuma ayyukan da KGB

A shekarar 1954 ya fara da tarihin KGB-FSB, da siyasa da 'yan sanda na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya zama a hukumance da aka sani da Jihar Tsaro kwamitin da kuma same ta asali tsarin siga.

Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani gagarumin raguwa a matsayi daga ma'aikatar ga kwamitin. Duk da haka, duk da wannan, da KGB kiyaye mafi mulkin kai fiye da sauran mafi Soviet gwamnatin sashen, kuma ya kasance mai zaman kanta da majalisar ministocin kasar da ikon wakilta iko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Kamar yadda Jihar kwamitin KGB ƙa'ida biyaya ga majalisar ministocin kasar a karkashin Yarjejeniya. A tarihin FSB gabobin rufe da cewa kwamitin ya yi oda aka taba buga, da bambanci ga mafi sauran Soviet dokokin. Mutane da yawa al'amurran da kungiyar, duk da haka, an da aka buga a litattafai da wasu lokuta na tonawa na asirin gwamnati.

KGB yana da laima tsarin, wanda kunshi wani irin kwamitocin a kowane daga cikin 14 Soviet jihohi. A RSFSR, duk da haka, yankin kungiyar da aka ba. jama'a aminci kwamitoci a ko'ina Rasha kai tsaye biyaya ga tsakiyar iko a Moscow.

KGB jagorancin nuna da shugaban kasar, ya yarda da su da Majalisar Koli na ofishin siyasa na gabatar. Shi ne na farko 1-2 da kuma 4-6 kawai ya musanya. Su, tare da shugabannin wasu sassan, kafa wani kwamitin - a jiki yanke shawarwari masu muhimmanci game da kungiyar ta ayyukan.

Babban ayyuka na KGB rufe 4 yankunan: jihar kariya daga waje yan leƙen asirin ƙasar da kuma jamiái, ganewa da kuma gudanar da bincike na siyasa da tattalin arziki laifuka, da kariya na jihar kan iyakoki da kuma jihar ta asĩri. Don yi da wadannan ayyuka a cikin shida manyan sassan bauta daga 390 zuwa dubu 700. Man.

tsarin siga

1st Chief Directorate ke da alhakin duk kasashen waje yadda ake gudanar da m-taro. Yana kunshi dama rarrabu, wanda shared biyu da ake gudanar yi (razvedpodgotovka, tarin da kuma analysis) da kuma ta hanyar yanayin yankin na duniya. Bayani dalla-dalla na aikin da ake bukata don zaɓar mafi Ƙwararren ma'aikaci daga duk sassan. recruits da mai kyau ilimi rikodin, san daya ko fiye harsuna, da kuma yi imani sosai da akidar gurguzu.

2nd jihar don samar da ciki mamaye harkokin siyasa na Soviet 'yan ƙasa da kuma baƙin da suke zaune a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Wannan iko ya hana lamba daga kasashen waje jami'an diplomasiya tare da mazaunan ƙasar. An gudanar da bincike kan siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma laifukan dauke da wani cibiyar sadarwa na informers. kula da yawon bude ido da kuma kasashen waje dalibai.

Uku Jihar tsunduma a cikin soja counterintelligence da siyasa dubawa na sojin kasar. Yana kunshi 12 rarrabu, kula da daban-daban soja da kuma kwantar da tarzoma sojojin.

5th PG tare da 2nd ciki aminci tsunduma. Halitta a cikin shekara ta 1969, da za a magance siyasa amincewarsa, shi ne ke da alhakin gano da kuma neutralization na 'yan adawa tsakanin addinai, da kungiyoyin kabilu da kuma ilimi Elite (a Vol. H. Daga wallafe-wallafen da m al'umma).

8th Jihar alhakin gwamnatin sadarwa. A musamman shi gudanar da saka idanu na kasashen waje da ãyõyinMu, halitta ciphers amfani da raka'a na KGB, a aika saƙonnin a jamiái kasashen waje, wajen samar da kafaffen sadarwa kayan aiki.

Jihar Border Sojojin tsunduma a tsarħwa ne iyakar a ƙasar da kuma a teku. Yana da aka raba 9 iyakar yankunan, abin da ya rufe 67 dubu. Km na kan iyakoki na Tarayyar Soviet. Babban aikinsu na da rundunõninsu, sun kasance a gani na yuwuwar kai hari. suppressing doka dabba ba a kanta ko'ina cikin iyakar mutane, da makamai, bama-bamai, ƙwari da kuma damuwa adabi. saka idanu na Soviet da kuma kasashen waje jiragen ruwa.

Bugu da kari ga shida jihar da a kalla 'yan mafi sassan, karami a size da kuma ikon yinsa:

• 7th tsunduma a lura da kuma bayar da ma'aikata da kuma fasaha kayan aiki wajen saka idanu da ayyukan 'yan kasashen waje da kuma m na Soviet jama'a.
• 9th tabbatar da kariya da key shugabannin jam'iyya da kuma su 'yan uwa a cikin Kremlin da sauran gwamnati wuraren a ko'ina cikin kasar.
• 16th bayar da tarho da kuma rediyo links amfani da jama'a hukumomi.

A matsayin manyan da hadaddun kungiyar, da KGB, ban da wadannan ofisoshi, da wani m na'ura na samar da kullum aiki na kungiyar. Shi ne da HR sashen, sakatariyar, fasaha goyon bayan ma'aikatan, da kudi sashen, library, administrative sashen, kazalika da jam'iyyar kungiyar.

Karkatar KGB

18 ga watan Agusta, 1991 Mihaila Gorbacheva shugaban na Tarayyar Soviet a wata gwamnati dacha a kan Black Sea a cikin Crimea aka ziyarci da dama maƙarƙashiya, a Vol. H. Lieutenant-Janar Yuri Plekhanov, shugaban na shugaban tsaro sabis, kuma Valery Boldin, shugaban na Gorbachev gwamnati, wanda ya ji cewa jam'iyyar shi ne a karkashin barazana. Sai suka tambaye shi ko dai ƙi ko watsi da shugaban kasa iko a cikin ni'imar da mataimakin shugaban kasar Gennady Yanayev. Bayan da gazawar da Gorbachev gadi ya zagaye gidansa, ba kyale shi ya bar ko sadarwa tare da waje duniya.

A lokaci guda a cikin Moscow "Alpha" kungiyar 7 na KGB aka umurce su da su kai farmaki cikin ginin da Rasha majalisar, da kuma kwace shi. A rabo ya gudanar gefen bincike na gininsa a kan Agusta 19, sa'an nan kuma shiga da kuma kama da 20 ga watan Agusta kuma 21 ga watan. Sabanin da tsammanin daga cikin mambobi na gaggawa na kwamitin, a karkashin jagorancin kungiyar Mikhail Golovatova yanke shawarar ba a gudanar da wani aiki. Su dage shi har sai da dakarun 'yan adawa karkashin jagorancin Boris Yeltsin bai zo kare gini.

Bayan 'yan maƙarƙashiya gane cewa juyin mulki talauci ya shirya kuma bã su cin nasara, sun yi kokarin gudanar da shawarwari tare da Gorbachev, wanda shi fursuna. Shugaban ki hadu da mambobi ne na gaggawa na kwamitin. Wasu daga cikin mãkirci aka kama, da kuma juyin mulki da aka mur.

The "gungu na takwas" sun mataimakin shugaban kasar, da shugaban KGB, da ministan tsaron kasar, da firayin ministan kasar memba na Majalisar Tsaro, Majalisar Koli memba, shugaban jihar-mallakar kamfanonin na Association da ministan harkokin. Bakwai daga cikinsu aka kuma kama da dan kaso. Takwas harbe kansa a kai kafin a kama.

Bayan juyin mulkin, Vladimir Kryuchkov, tsohon KGB shugaban na shekaru uku, aka maye gurbinsu da Vadim Bakatin, baya aiki kamar yadda ministan cikin gida daga shekara ta 1988 zuwa shekara ta 1990, wanda aka sa'an nan ya kira ga dismantling na jihar Tsaro kwamitin. Wannan matsayi to, ya zama dalilin da nuna bambanci da kuma manufa maimakon Borisa Pugo, baya goyan bayan juyin mulkin.

Kuma Oktoba 24, 1991 da KGB aka hukumance narkar.

abu akan sake haihuwa

Ko da yake bisa ga ƙa'ida da KGB daina wanzuwa a shekarar 1991, shi ya kasu kashi sassa, wanda tare cika wannan ayyuka kamar yadda da kwamitin.

Harkokin waje Leken Asiri Service, aka kafa a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1991, ya dauki kan aiki na 1st jihar za su gudanar da kasashen waje gudanar, tarin da kuma bincike na hankali.

Tarayya Agency for gwamnatin Communications kuma Information aka kafa a kan tushen da 8th jihar da kuma 16th Management da kuma ne ke da alhakin tsaro na sadarwa da kuma watsa daga m.

8-9 dubu. Sojoji wanda da zarar zarcewa da 9th iko, da aka haɗe zuwa Tarayya tsaro sabis da tsaro da sabis na shugaban kasa. Wadannan kungiyoyi masu alhakin kariya ta Kremlin da dukkan muhimman cibiyoyin na Rasha Federation.

A tarihin FSB na Rasha a karkashin ta ba sunan fara bayan a 1993 Ma'aikatar Tsaro da aka watse. Yana hada 75.000 mutane daga na biyu, na uku kuma na biyar a jihar. Da alhakin harkokin tsaron cikin Rasha Federation.

Tura a cikin gabata ...

Bayan shekaru masu yawa na ta'addanci Soviet 'yan kasa, wanda kullum tsoron m tambaya da KGB ko jumla aiki a cikin matsananci yanayi na aiki sansani, jihar Tsaro kwamitin ya daina wanzuwa a karkashin tsohon sunan. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa har yanzu da rayuwa cikin tsoro da wannan m da kuma haramta shi kungiyar. A tarihin FSB na Rasha shi ne cike da? Ata facts. Writers waɗanda ayyukansu aka gane da anti-Soviet da kuma wanda ya taba gani ya littattafai a cikin Buga, su ne wadanda ke fama da 5th Jihar na KGB. Iyalai da aka karya, a lokacin da jamiái na kwamitin da aka kama, da kuma kokarin yanke hukuncin daurin miliyoyin mutane zuwa gidan yari a aiki sansani a Siberia ko mutuwa. Mafi yawa daga cikin laifin bai aikata wani laifi - sun kasance wadanda ke fama da hali, kasancewa a daidai wuri a lokacin da bai, ko saboda wani m ra'ayi sanya a gida. Wasu daga cikin su ne aka kashe saboda kawai KGB jamiái sun zuwa cika da tayi a ajiyewa, da kuma idan shi ne bai isa magewaya cikin su iko, su kawai ya dauki m mutane da azabtar da su har sai sun yi ikirarin laifuka ba su yi.

Yana da jũna da cewa wannan mafarki mai ban tsoro ne tafi har abada. Amma tarihin Cheka-KGB-FSB ba ya kawo karshen akwai. Kwanan bayyana tsare-tsaren kafa ma'aikatar harkokin Tsaro a kan tushen da SVR da FSB ne reminiscent na Stalinist tsarin da wannan sunan, wanda aka yi nufi ga kare bukatun na jam'iyya mai mulki.