Ezhov Nikolay: biography da kuma hoto

Kamar yadda muka sani, daga tarihi, da mafiya yawan waɗanda suke aika zuwa Faransa da tsada da kuma sarauta iyali da guillotine a lokacin da bantsoro a cikin 18th karni, daga baya aka kansu hukuncin kisa. Akwai ma wani kama magana, ya sanar da Ministan Shari'a Danton, ya ce, kafin su fille kansa shi: "The juyin juya halin cinye da kansa yara."

Tarihi maimaita kanta a cikin shekaru na Stalin ta tsõro, idan daya bugun jini na alkalami jiya, da Executioner zai iya zama a cikin wannan kurkuku gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa ko a harbe ba tare da shari'a, kazalika da wa anda ya ya aika zuwa ga mutuwar.

A m misali ne Ezhov Nikolay - Commissar na harkokin da Tarayyar Soviet. Daidaiton da yawa shafukan da biography aka tambaye ta tarihi, domin akwai da yawa duhu aibobi.

iyaye

Bisa ga hukuma, Ezhov Nikolay aka haife shi a 1895, a St. Petersburg, a wani aiki iyali.

A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne ya yi ĩmãni da cewa mahaifinsa ya Ivan Commissar Yezhov, wanda aka haifa tare da. Volhonschino (Tula lardin) da kuma bauta soja a Lithuania. Akwai ya haɗu da wani gida yarinya wadda ya aura nan da nan kuma yanke shawarar ba su kõmo zuwa ga mahaifarsa. Bayan demobilization Yezhov iyali koma Suvalki lardin, da kuma Ivan samu ga 'yan sanda.

yara

A lokacin haihuwar Koli mahaifansa biyu mafi kusantar zama a wani kauye a Marijampole County (yanzu a Lithuania). 3 Bayan shekaru, yaron mahaifin aka nada kula da gundumar Zemsky birane yankin. Wannan shã'aninku ya kai ga cewa da iyali koma a Marijampole, inda makarantar firamare Kohl disaccustomed shekaru 3.

Gaskantawa da ɗansa isasshe ilimi iyaye a 1906 aiko shi zuwa ga dangi a St. Petersburg, inda ya ya kamata ya koyi dinki cinikayya.

matasa

Ko da yake tarihin Nikolaya Ezhova nuna cewa har 1911 ya yi aiki a Putilov factory a matsayin almajiri makaniki. Duk da haka, Siyasa takardun kada tabbatar da wannan. Mun dai san cewa a 1913, saurayin koma wa mahaifansa biyu a Suvalki lardin, sa'an nan yawo cikin search na aiki. A wannan yanayin, don wani lokaci ya ma zauna a Tilsit (Jamus).

A lokacin rani na 1915 Ezhov Nikolay wata mai sa kai ya tafi da sojoji. Bayan horo a cikin 76th bataliyan aka aiko zuwa Arewa-Western Front.

Bayan watanni biyu kuma, bayan fama da wata azãba mai tsanani cutar da kuma huhu raunuka, ya aka aiko zuwa ga raya, kuma a cikin farkon lokacin rani na 1916 Nikolay Ezhov, wanda ci gaban da aka sani kawai 1 mita 51 cm, da aka ayyana m for soja. A saboda wannan dalili, ya aka aiko zuwa ga raya bita a Vitebsk, wanda ya tafi zuwa ga masu gadi da kuma riguna, kuma nan da nan, kamar yadda mafi m soja, aka nada magatakarda.

A kaka 1917, Ezhov Nikolay cikin asibiti, kuma ya kõma zuwa ga naúrar har farkon 1918, aka sallami saboda rashin lafiya for 6 watanni. Ya sake ya tafi zuwa ga iyaye, wanda a wancan lokacin ya rayu a cikin Tver lardin. A watan Agusta na wannan shekara Yezhov fara aiki a gilashin factory, wanda ya Vyshny Volochyok.

Fara jam'iyyar aiki

A tambayoyi cika da Yezhov a farkon 1920s, ya ce cewa ya shiga cikin RSDLP a watan Mayu 1917. Amma bayan wani lokaci sai ya fara ce abin da ya yi shi a cikin watan Maris 1917. A daidai wannan lokaci, bisa ga wasu 'yan Vitebsk birni kungiyar na RSDLP a da darajõji Yezhov shiga kawai a kan 3 ga watan Agusta.

A watan Afrilu 1919, sai aka kira su bauta a cikin Red Army da kuma aika zuwa radioformirovany tushe a Saratov. Akwai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa na farko, sa'an nan a umurnin da magatakarda. A watan Oktoba na wannan shekara Ezhov Nikolay aka nada Kwamishinan tushe inda rediyo kwararru da aka horar da, da kuma a spring 1921 aka nada Kwamishinan daga cikin tushe, da kuma an zabe mataimakin shugaban sashen agitpropagandistskim Tatar Regional kwamitin RCP.

A jam'iyyar aiki a babban birnin kasar

A watan Yuli 1921, Ezhov Nikolay rajista aure da Titov. Ba da da ewa bayan bikin aure, amarya tafi Moscow da ya canjawa wuri a can da kuma mijinta.

A babban birnin kasar, Yezhov fara motsa da sauri a cikin sabis. A musamman, 'yan watanni baya ya aika zuwa Mari Regional Jam'iyyar Kwaminis matsayin sakataren zartarwa.

Bugu da ari, ya rike da wadannan mukamai jam'iyyar:

• sakataren zartarwa na da lardin na Semipalatinsk.
• shugaban kungiya sashen na shiyya kwamitin na Kirghiz.
• Mataimakin sakataren zartarwa na yankin kwamitin Kazakskogo.
• orgraspredotdela malami CC.

A management ta ra'ayi, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich shi ne cikakken mai yi, amma yana da wani gagarumin drawback - ba zai iya dakatar, ko a yanayi inda kome za a iya yi.

Bayan ya yi aiki a kwamitin tsakiya har shekara ta 1929, ya shafe watanni 12 aiki a matsayin mataimakin jama'ar kasar Commissar Aikin Gona da Tarayyar Soviet, sa'an nan ya koma orgraspredotdel to kai.

"Kawar"

Orgraspredotdelom Nikolai Yezhov yake lura har 1934. Sa'an nan ya jũya zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU, wanda aka za'ayi "tsarkakewa" na jam'iyyar, kuma daga Fabrairu 1935 aka zabe shi dan shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na JKS, kuma sakataren.

Daga 1934 zuwa 1935 Yezhov a madadin na Stalin gangarawa hukumar na Kremlin da hali na Kirov ta kisan da bincike. Shi ya sadar da su da Zinoviev ayyukan, Trotsky da Kamenev, a zahiri maƙarƙashiya tare da Agranov da na karshe shugaba na NKVD Yagoda.

sabon alƙawari

A cikin watan Satumba 1936, Stalin da Zhdanov, waɗanda suke a wancan lokaci hutu, aka aika zuwa babban birnin na cipher telegrams jawabi ga Molotov, Kaganovich da kuma sauran 'yan Politburo. A da shi suka nema su sanya Yezhov ga post na jama'ar kasar Commissar na harkokin, ya bar shi a matsayin mataimakin Agranova.

Hakika, domin ya za'ayi nan da nan, kuma a farkon Oktoba 1936 Nikolay Ezhov hannu na farko domin ya sashi shiga post.

Ezhov Nikolay - Mutane na Commissar na harkokin

Kamar yadda G. Berry, ya yi jiha hukumomin tsaro da kuma 'yan sanda, kazalika da ancillary sabis kamar wuta kariya da kuma hanyoyi management.

A cikin sabon matsayi Nikolay Ezhov shirya danniya da mutane da ake zargi da leken asirin ko anti-Soviet ayyukan, "purges" a cikin jam'iyyar, da taro kama, korar da zamantakewa, na kasa da kuma hukumomi Lines.

A musamman, bayan da Maris 1937 plenum na kwamitin tsakiya, ya koya masa yin abubuwa a cikin tsari a cikin NKVD, da aka kama a 2273 wani ma'aikaci na hukumar. Bugu da kari, shi ya fara sauka a Yezhov NKVD umarni, gawarwakin a ƙasa, ya nuna da yawan unreliable 'yan asalin wanda su ne batun tsaro, mutuwa, ɗan gudun hijira ko a kurkuku da kuma aiki sansani.

A lokacin da wadannan "feats" Yezhov aka bayar da Order of Lenin. Akwai kuma yawan kyaututukan da ya samu za a iya dangana ga halakar tsohon matsara yunkuri wanda aka sani unsightly tarihin rayuwa da yawa manyan jami'an.

Afrilu 8, 1938 Yezhov aka nada part-time Mutane ta Commissar na Ruwa sufuri, da kuma watanni da dama daga baya na farko mataimakin na NKVD da Cif na jihar Tsaro dauki Lavrentiy Beriya.

wulãkanci

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1938, da Politburo na CP tattauna denunciation na Nikolaya Ezhova, wanda aka sanya hannu da shugaban na Ivanovo NKVD. A 'yan kwanaki baya Commissar sulhuntawa ya yi murabus, wanda gane ta da alhakin ɓarna da gangan ayyuka na "abokan gaba", wanda ya ba da gangan shiga m ofishin da NKVD.

Foreseeing ya sananne kama, a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga shugaban na al'umman da ya roƙa ba a taba ya "shekara saba'in da haihuwa mace-uwa" da kuma kammala harafi ta hanyar furtawa cewa ya kasance "da Rikicin girma abokan gaba."

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1938, "News" da "Pravda" da aka buga da sako cewa Yezhov, bisa ga request, sallame daga NKVD shugaban aikinsu, amma ya bar post na jama'ar kasar Commissar na Ruwa sufuri. Ya aka yi nasara da Lavrenty Beriya, wanda ya fara aikinsa a sabon matsayinsa tare da kame mutane kusa da Yezhov ga NKVD, kotuna da kuma m ofishin.

A ranar 15th ranar tunawa da V. I. Lenina mutuwa, Yezhov ya karshe ba a muhimmin taron na kasa da muhimmancin - da bukukuwan taron kishin wannan bakin ciki ranar tunawa. Amma sai bi da taron, wanda ya nuna a fili cewa a kan shi ko da fiye da kafin, da tara girgije na fushi da shugaban na al'umman - ya ba zabe a wakili zuwa XVIII Congress of kwaminis Bolshevik Party.

tsaro

A watan Afrilu 1939, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich, wanda biography ya labarin wani m aiki takeoff mutum har zuwa wannan lokaci, kawai sauke karatu daga yan makaranta, da aka dauka a cikin tsare. A kama ya faru a Malenkov ofishin, tare da sa hannu na Beriya, wanda aka nada domin jagorantar gudanar da bincike a cikin akwati. Daga can sai ya aika zuwa kurkuku Sukhanovskaya musamman NKVD.

Bayan makonni 2, Yezhov rubuta da rubutu, wanda yarda cewa wani kishili. Daga baya sai aka yi amfani da matsayin hujja da cewa ya sanya m jima'i ayyukan for son kai da kuma anti-Soviet dalilai.

Amma mafi yawa, shi ya sa masa laifi, aka mãkirci juyin mulki da kuma 'yan ta'adda da horo, wanda zai iya amfani da su kai hare-hare a kan' yan jam'iyyar da gwamnati a kan Nuwamba 7 a Red Square, a lokacin da zanga-zanga na aiki mutane.

Sentences, kuma Yanke hukuncin kisa

Nikolai Yezhov, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a cikin labarin, karyata zargin da akeyi da ake kira da kawai kuskure da rashin himma a cikin "tsaftacewa" jihar tsaro gabobin.

A karshe magana a shari'a, Yezhov ce cewa ya aka dukan tsiya a lokacin da gudanar da bincike, ko da yake shi ne shekaru 25 da haihuwa gaskiya suka yi yãƙi, kuma Muka halakar da makiya na mutane. Bugu da kari, ya ce cewa idan ina so in yi da harin ta'addanci kan daya daga cikin mambobi na gwamnatin, bai da kurtu kowa, ya iya kawai amfani da ta dace da dabara.

Fabrairu 3, 1940, tsohon Mutane ta Commissar aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. A kisa ya faru da wadannan rana. Bisa ga shaidar waɗancan da suka rako shi a karshe lokacin kafin kasancewa harbi, ya rera waka "The Internationale". Mutuwa Nikolaya Ezhova ya instantaneous. Don halaka ko ƙwaƙwalwar tsohon yan'uwansu, shugabannin jam'iyyar sun yanke shawarar a kan ƙonawa daga cikin jiki.

post mortem

Game da fitina daga Yezhov da kisa da aka ruwaito ba. Abinda cewa talakawa dan kasa lura da Land of Soviets, yana da dawowar tsohon sunan garin Cherkessk, kazalika da bacewar na tsohon Mutane ta Commissar na hotunan da kungiyar hotuna.

A 1998, Nikolai Yezhov da aka samu ba za a gyara ta Soja Collegium na Kotun Koli. The muhawara kawo sunayensu da wadannan facts:

• Yezhov shirya wani jerin kisan kai na mutane da suke an gamsarwa ga shi da kaina.
• Ya dauki cikin rãyuwar matarsa, domin ta iya bijirar da ba bisa doka ba ayyuka, kuma suka aikata ya fi kyau ba shi da wani laifi a wani aiki na kunar bakin wake.
• a sakamakon ayyukan da za'ayi a daidai da umarni Nikolaya Ezhova, ya aka kama fiye da rabin miliyan 'yan ƙasa.

Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich: soyayya rayuwa

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da farko da matar aka harbe Commissar Antonina Titova (1897-1988). The biyu saki a 1930 kuma da 'ya'ya.

Tare da matarsa ta biyu - Eugene (Shulamith) Solomonovna - Yezhov ya sadu a lokacin da ta yi aure har yanzu wani jami'in diflomasiyyar da dan jarida Alekseem Gladunom. Matasa mace nan da nan ya samu saki, kuma ya kasance da matarsa dogon lokacin da jam'iyyar functionary.

Yana kasa don a samar da biyu a cikin hasken da nasu 'ya'yan, amma su sun soma wani maraya. A yarinya sunan da aka Natalie, kuma bayan da ya kashe kansa da wani mãma, wanda ya faru jim kadan kafin kama da kisa da Yezhov, ta ƙare har a wani marayu.

Yanzu ka san wanda ya Nikolai Yezhov, wanda biography ya quite hali na da yawa ma'aikata na jihar na'ura a wadannan shekaru, Dorval to ikon a cikin farkon shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kammala rayuwa, kazalika da su shafa.