Samuwar, Labarin

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci - tebur. A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci: ribobi da fursunoni

The m tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a kasar a farkon 60-ies karni na karshe ya generated shakku game da tasiri da kuma yiwuwa na administrative mulkin kama karya, ko da a cikin sosai jagorancin jihar. Ko da a cikin sau na Khrushchev a jarida ya fara wata tattaunawa game da sabon samar ihisani. wani sabon lokaci ya bayyana a kan su shafukan - "da tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci." Garambawul (tebur nuna manyan canje-canje za a nuna daga baya a cikin wannan labarin) a matsayin dukan bai kãfirta umarnin model. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda ta bullo da wani kai-tsari sunadaran, kazalika da kayan ihisani ga masana'antun a yadda ya dace. Bari mu bincika abin da ya ƙunshi kara da tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci, da ribobi da fursunoni na mataki a Kanmu.

Canje-canje a cikin aikin noma

Abin da ayyukan hada da ci gaban da tattalin arzikin na gurguzanci? Gyare-gyaren da farko ya shafi aikin noma. Su farkon da aka sanar a watan Maris 1965. Aka kayyade matakan da nufin a warware matsalolin zamantakewa a yankunan karkara, da gabatarwar tattalin arziki basin aiki. sayan farashin da aka kara, gabatar da wani kashi 50 cikin ƙarin biya zuwa ainihin farashin domin sayar da kayayyakin da shirin. A lokaci guda, kuma Ya ƙãra zuba jari. A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya shafi kafa wani goma-shekara m shirin jama'a samuwa. To ƙarfafa ihisani da aka rage hani a kan hali na zaman noma.

disadvantages canje-canje

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci dõgara a kan administrative levers. Gwamnatin Jihar har yanzu kokarin karfafa rawar da ministocin Noma, a cikin management da kuma shiryawa da ayyukan noma. Mayar da hankali a kan kara zuba jari da kuma bashin gonaki. A ci gaba da aikin gona da masana'antu da kudi mai yawa ya tafi. Duk da haka, da suka da aka yi amfani da sosai inefficiently. Sashe na daga cikin kudaden da aka yi amfani da domin gina da giant hadaddun, tsada kayan aiki sayayya, na rashin lafiya-dauke aikace-aikace na sinadarai da kuma ƙasa reclamation. Na gama barga tsabar kudi albashi da aka gabatar. A da ginshikin - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci nasarori a cikin zaman jama'a Sphere. Duk da haka, bayan gwamnati suka fara samar da dogara. Abin da ya haddasa ci gaban tattalin arzikin da gurguzanci? A ƙarshe shi ne quite m. A sakamakon haka, ya musanya aiki na jihar da kuma na gama gonaki zama marasa amfani baki ɗaya. Domin shekaru 25, daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1988., Akwai wani akan rage arable ƙasar kwace ta 22 kadada miliyan. Sosai sun hasarori a cikin noma. Hasarori a cikin wannan fannin jeri daga 20 zuwa 40%. A kasar da cewa yana m baki ƙasa, ya zama a duniya, most da kaya da abinci da hatsi.

masana'antu kansu

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci a farkon matakai na ci gabantar da hanyoyin inganta tattalin arziki inji ko ihisani ga ma'aikata. A cikin watan Satumba 1965, shugabannin sake fasalin kokarin hada wadannan hanyoyin. Haka abin ya fara da canje-canje a cikin masana'antu kansu. Ya bambanta da aikin noma da gyara ba ƙaryata harsãshin gini ga umurnin tattalin arzikin. Babban ka'idojin aiki ne canje-canje da shirin da kuma kara tutu yanayi. A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci kiyaye stringent nagartacce cikin sharuddan fitarwa. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke gabatar da sabbin matakai da nufin tabbatar da ingancin da dukiya. Don kara basin kera da aka yarda su bar ɓangare na iya yarwa samun kudin shiga na Enterprises. Albashi kasu kashi kudi:

Production na kai-da kudi.
Domestic, zamantakewa da kuma al'adu cin gaban (shiri na kwana gidaje, kulake, gidaje da sauransu).
Material ihisani.

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci zaci cewa line ma'aikatun, wanda aka shirya don mayar, zai yi aiki ba kamar yadda wani tsohon "fir'auna", da kuma yadda tuntuba da kuma kasuwanci abokan. Da suka kamata su taimaka wa kungiyar na samar a kan wani kai-da kudi yanayi, dangane da tabbatarwa daga kai gwamnati, kai-a] e da kuma kai isar. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na ayyuka da cewa hada da ci gaban da tattalin arzikin na gurguzanci, bayar da hade da guda jihar shiryawa tare da na gida himma. A wannan yanayin, da dama don daidaita tsare-tsaren da suka shige yabo, mallakar kawai ga kamfanonin kansu.

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci: takaitawar da sakamakon masana'antu canji

Duk da dukan saba wa juna da kuma gazawa, da hira sa a cikin wani gagarumin sakamakon. A karshen takwas shekaru biyar shirin daga shekarar 1966 zuwa 1970 ya kasance wani karuwa a cikin juz'i na masana'antu samar da 1.5 sau. A kasar da aka gina game da 1900 ne quite manyan kamfanoni. Daga cikin su, misali, da Volzhsky shuka a Togliatti. Amma da ƙarshen 60th hanya na sake fasalin ta ragae down. Wannan shi ne saboda quite haƙiƙa dalilai. A farko wuri, a cikin ƙasar ya rage da rabo daga cikin aiki yawan jama'a. Bugu da kari, da gargajiya hanya tushe an tsautsayi, ya tashi sharply, ma'adinai da albarkatun, m kayan aiki, ta ƙara soja bayar wa. Amma babban matsalar shi ne cewa sosai tattalin arziki model, wanda ya ƙi dukan sababbin abubuwa, ya gaji kansa - da ci gaban zai iya tafiya da inertia wasu lokaci, amma a cikin dogon lokaci, da tsarin da aka ƙaddara wa gazawar.

Babban matsaloli

A gyara ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wasu matsaloli. A musamman, da gina giant masana'antu gidaje ya kai ga monopolization da masana'antu. Wannan, bi da bi, ne ya sa ta matalauta samfurin inganci da rashin mabukaci zabi. Gabatarwa na Manuniya for kimantawa da ingancin da farashin da dukiya ba kawai ya kai ga ta Yunƙurin a farashin, amma kuma wani gagarumin raguwa a samar da ƙarfi. A sakamakon haka shi da wani samfurin karancin. A kowace shekara, shi ya karu da girma na shigo da kaya, wanda ba iya samar da gida masana'antu.

Kiyayewa da siyasa gwamnatin

A tattalin arzikin na ci gaba gurguzanci faltering. Abin da aka ta kira? A shiriya na'ura retold Brezhnev ra'ayi a kan rahoton sanya ta Kosygin a gun cikakken zaman a watan Satumba 1965. Jam'iyyar da'irori yi imani da cewa garambawul zo don kome gubar. Kuma shi ba a bukatar canji, da kuma rashin bege aiki. Kamar yadda wasu marubuta, wannan ra'ayi kuwa shi ne dalilin da insolvency garambawul. Ba da da ewa, da mayar da hankali mayar da su cikin sabon albarkatu na raw kayan, wanda sun bude ga gabashin kasar. A lokaci guda aka yanke shawarar yin sabawa tattalin arziki shugabanci. A shekarar 1979, wani yunkurin da aka yi don farfado da halin da ake ciki ta hanyar inganta tattalin arziki levers da girma da tasiri na shugabannin jam'iyyar. Amma duk wadannan yunkurin ba zai iya warware data kasance matsaloli. Jam'iyyar da'irori sun sake fara magana game da amfanin halin kirki kara kuzari kan abu. Don rama domin shortcomings na ajizanci na tattalin arziki inji farfado gurguzu gasar. Kawai a 1983, bayan mutuwar Brezhnev, Andropov - sabon shugaban na kasar - ya dauki wani "babban-sikelin gwaji." A lokacin da ya tsammani wajen raunana Karkasa rarraba da kuma shiryawa, wani yawan canje-canje a cikin farashin da matakin na wasu yankuna da kuma harkokin kasuwanci. Wadannan matakan sun kasance nasara, amma sakamako ya short-rayu da su. Akwai har yanzu da gaggawa matsalar zauna canji na tattalin arziki levers.

NTP

By farkon '70s a West fara post-masana'antu mataki na ci gaba. Wannan entailed da aiki da kai na samar da matakai, da m amfani da kwakwalwa da kuma mutummutumi, gabatarwar sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. A lokaci guda ya fara aiki individualization, ta hanyar mayar da shi a cikin wani m aiki, free daga hane-hane. A Tarayyar Soviet, mu yi magana mai yawa game da NTP. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na kunno kai kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba kyau kwarai misalai na kwakwalwa da aka halitta a cikin kasar. A shekara ta 1971, a gaba majalisa na CPSU ya busa wani sabon shigarwa. Shirin na gaba 'yan shekaru ya kamata a aiwatar da nasara da ci gaba, tare da tare da abũbuwan amfãni daga gurguzanci. Amma da rashin data kasance gwamnatin muhimmanci ragae da ci gaba na fasaha da kimiyya, da aikace-aikace na ci gaba a cikin masana'antu tsari. Lokaci-lokaci, a can sun kasance rahotanni na babbar aukuwa da kuma binciken. Duk da haka, idan ba su kawo soja darajar, suka zauna unimplemented saboda rashin kudi da kuma rashin goyon baya daga developers a cikin wadanda gabobin, wanda yanke makomar binciken.

Ƙoƙarin magance matsalar STP

A kasar shugabannin fara fahimta da bukatar matsawa zuwa wani m samar da hanyoyin. A sakamakon haka, 4-Musulunci raguwa a yawan da ake gina a kowace shekara manyan kamfanoni. Maimakon haka,} ungiyoyin NGO da aka kafa (kimiyya samar ƙungiya), da sabon masana'antu fito (nukiliya aikin injiniya, microelectronics, yaro-, kuma haka a). Duk da irin wadannan kokari, wadannan nufi ba zama rinjaye. Soviet masana kimiyya sun fara aji, da kuma wani lokacin musamman aukuwa a asali kimiyya. Duk da haka, a cikin m rayuwa, kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba ne kusan ba ya ji. By 80s mu aka har yanzu aiki ta hannu game da 40% na aiki, 60% na yi, 75% na yankunan karkara ma'aikata.

Duniya jama'a dauki

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a shekarar 1985 a Amurka, akwai game da miliyan 1.5 daga cikin latest kwakwalwa da kuma game da miliyan 17 inji mai kwakwalwa. A Tarayyar Soviet, da wannan lokaci akwai da dama dubban wadannan inji, mafiya yawa wanda sun shuɗe model. A halin da ake ciki worsening da aka sa da takunkumi soma da West a farkon 80-ies. Saboda su gwamnati a Tarayyar Soviet kusan tsaya shigo da m art samfurori da kuma high fasahar daga kasashen waje. Saboda haka, ta hanyar da tsakiyar 80s kasar sake, kamar yadda a cikin twenties, yana ƙarƙashin barazana da wani sabon rata tare da kasashen turai.