A wasu biranen akwai wani abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky. Restoration of abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a tarihi site a Moscow

Kawai 'yan watanni sun wuce tun dawowar da abin tunawa ga fe Dzerzhinsky a kan Lubyanka Square. Abokan adawar da kuma magoya bayan na wannan shawarar da hukumomin aka yi wata babbar kafa. Domin fahimtar dalilai irin wannan m jama'a dauki, kokari ya fahimci rawar da mutum a cikin tarihin na Iron Felix Tarayyar Soviet.

Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: biography

Shahararren dattaku na Soviet zamanin ya fara aiki a cikin iyali na komai a fili gentry - Edward Iosifovicha Dzerzhinsky bauta wa malami na gida makaranta. The sunan Soviet Kwamishinan - Felix - Latin fassara a matsayin "farin ciki". Kuma shi da aka bai wa yaron domin gaskiyar cewa mahaifiyarsa, fadowa ga 'yan kwanaki kafin a haifi sakaci a cikin bude cellar, ba kawai bai karya da kanta, amma kuma ya iya kare ta yaro daga rauni.

Dzerzhinsk iyali ya rayu a m rayuwa. Da zarar a 1882 da shugaban iyali ya mutu daga tarin fuka, uwar yi guda-handedly kawo yara tara, da babba wanda a wancan lokacin shekara goma sha biyu, da kuma ƙarami - kawai a shekara daya da rabi.

Duk da wadannan matsaloli, Feliks Edmundovich samu damar karatu, a Lithuanian makaranta, inda a 1895, ya gana da wakilan da Social Democratic motsi, da kuma shiga jam'iyyar. Game da horo na himma, da Sahaban kimanta ilmi na saurayi kamar yadda mediocre. Saboda haka, daga cikin takardun da Dzerzhinsky zauna sau biyu a cikin ta farko aji kuma ba zai iya gama da horo, da ya samu kawai a takardar kammala takwas sa. Af, Rasha da kuma Greek, dole ne ya unsatisfactory alamomi.

Duk da haka, rashin cin nasara a makaranta ba ya tsoma baki da wani cin nasara karkashin kasa aiki. Dzerzhinsky a 1896, aka tsunduma a cikin farfaganda daga cikin yan sana'a da kuma ma'aikata da ma'aikata, wanda ya sa aka akai-akai kaso da kuma yanke masa hukuncin naƙudarta, da kuma links. Ko kasancewa a tsare, Dzerzhinsky aka shirya domin Oktoba juyin juya halin, shirya na farko hari na Red Guard a Moscow, da shan kashi a cikin taro na jam'iyyar. Bayan juyin juya halin dauki muhimmanci mukamai a Soviet gwamnati, ya zama shugaban hari Commissariats (Mutane ta Commissariat - da tsakiyar iko a cikin kungiyar tarayyar jamhuriyoyin) da kuma kafa Cheka (All-Russian m Hukumar Magance Counter-juya halin da kuma ɓarna da gangan).

Mutu Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky na wani ciwon zuciya lalacewa ta hanyar wani m fashewa, a lokacin da wani jawabin a kwamitin tsakiya taron, Yuli 20, 1926.

Jihar aiki

Ranking gwamnatin mukamai a sabuwar kafa soja gwamnati, Dzerzhinsky ɓullo da duk wannan feverish aiki da ya hankula a lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci karkashin kasa da ayyukan. Figure Iron Felix ne har yanzu rigima a tarihin samuwar da kuma kungiyar tarayyar Soviet. Kuma zuwa wannan rana Yanã mai yawa rigingimu.

Ana sanya wa post na shugaban na Cheka, Feliks Edmundovich ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tauri, kuma m shugaban wanda ruthlessly lalata wani ƙoƙari na fãsiƙanci. A lokacin mulkinsa cewa Cheka ne wani ɓangare na m yi na siyasa na ta'addanci. Babu daidaituwa cewa tare da Cheka aiki da yawa daga baya a kasashen yamma zai sadarwa mafi girma jita-jita, da kuma asiri.

Dzerzhinsky tunanin cewa a cikin gwagwarmaya da counter-juyin juya halin yarda da wani matakan ciki har da taro tsõro. An yaba da sanannen sanarwa cewa repressionnaya siyasa Cheka ne musamman muhimmanci da kuma zama dole, ko idan "shi samun bazata takobi a kan shugabannin da marar laifi." Ya rayayye tsayayya da hane-hane dillancin iko, ya fito fili bayar da shawarwari game da yin amfani da mafi tsanani matakai a kan 'yan tawayen.

A daidai wannan lokaci mai girma "Chekist" sunan ake dangantawa da mafi m ayyukan. Saboda haka, bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin a tituna shi ne game da miliyan biyar rashin gida, kuma shi ne a karkashin shugabanci na Dzerzhinsky da takardar fara gina wucin gadi tsare, da marayu da kuma yara gida, inda yara sama duk dole taimako da ya samu damar zuwa koyi. Daga cikin na farko baƙi makarantun - takwas tsohon titi yara da suka zama Academician na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma daya daga cikinsu - Nikolay Petrovich dubin - ya gangara a tarihi kamar yadda a duniya-mashahuri jini.

Wata ƙungiya siyasa Dzerzhinsk ne ta aiki hannu a wasanni rayuwa a kasar. Farga da cewa ikon sashen ma'aikatan ba zai iya zama ba tare da mai kyau fitness matakin, shi halitta mai DSO "Dynamo", wanda a yau shi ne daya daga cikin rare wasanni al'ummu na Rasha.

Feliks Edmundovich dauki bangare a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihar. Koli tattalin arziki Council, ya na da hannu a cikin ci gaban da kananan sikelin-zaman kansa kasuwanci, na kokarin samar da kyakkyawan yanayi ga ci gaban kasa kasuwanni, da neman hanyoyin da za a rage kudin da samar.

Kamar yadda wani mai neman sauyi pro-rayayye goyan bayan da manufofin kasar masana'antu. A karkashin umurnin bayyana uniform metallurgical hadaddun ya zama daya daga cikin mafi m, a duniya. A lokaci guda Dzerzhinsky soki gwamnati da jam'iyyar da ya gani wata babbar kuskure a cikin taro na hankali a kan soja ƙarfe. A disagreeing da irin wannan tattalin arziki manufofin da ya akai-akai tambayi murabus.

Dzerzhinsky a art

Hoton na iya karawa Iron Felix aka sau da yawa amfani da marubuta da kuma 'yan fim. dattaku image qawata kudin sufurin kan sarki. Its ayyukan ake sung a cikin aya ta Soviet mawallafa da kuma Chants Soviet majagaba, kuma ya ƙaddara aka gaya a da dama bibliographic Roma. Bugu da kari, akwai wani tarihin rayuwar rubuta ta Dzerzhinsky a shekaru daban-daban, kazalika da yawan ayyukan kishin kasa tsaro na kasar. Shubuha hoto na juyin juya halin Musulunci samu a wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu, memoirs daga cikin Sahaban.

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet, da sunan "banrazana" da kuma aka bar manta. A lokacin perestroika shekaru da labarin mutum guda daga cikin labarin na ma'asumai na sahabbai da gwarzo na juyin juya halin da ya wuce a cikin category na labaru game da m laifi da kuma 'yan ta'adda.

A duniya ta yau da muhawara game da ma'anar Dzerzhinsky Figures a cikin tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet kuma ba ya kwanta, da kuma siffarta ci gaba da ƙwarin zamani kasida da marubuta. Saboda haka ambaci Felix samu a cikin waɗannan ayyukansu makada a matsayin "Liapis Trubetskoy" da "tankin kifi".

Ƙauyuka, mai suna bayan Dzerzhinsky

Bayan rasuwar sunan F. E. Dzerzhinskogo aka sanya da dama birane da kauyuka a cikin daban-daban jamhuriyoyin tarayyar Soviet. A girmama shi ya kira jami'o'i, murabba'ai, gõnaki, kuma Parks, soja raka'a, masana'antu da kuma jiragen ruwa. Sunan Iron Felix aka sanya tituna da kuma makarantu. Da aka sani da Babban Jami'in Tsaro girmama aboki na juyin juya halin da kuma wani m aboki kuma amini Lenin.

A Rasha a yau akwai fiye da dozin kauyuka qazanta da sunan Dzerzhinsky, haka ma, a cikin Nizhny Novgorod da kuma Moscow yankuna da wannan sunan birnin: Dzerzhinsk da Dzerzhinsk.

A cikin biyu tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin - Ukraine da Belarus - kuma an located game da arba'in daban-daban kauyuka da garuruwa, da dama manyan birane, mai suna bayan sanannen neman sauyi. Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet da shi da aka dauka yawan yunkurin sake suna, ko komawa asalin sunayen ƙauyuka, amma mafi bude tattaunawa da 'yan kuri'u shi ba a koma.

yanayin siffofin

Bugu da kari a birane da garuruwa, shi ne sunan Dzerzhinsky da kuma da dama daga yanayin siffofin. Saboda haka, tsororuwar a kan ƙasa na zamani Belarus yana dauke su a tudu da Dzerzhinsky. Kuma a cikin Pamirs (dutsen kewayon located in Central Asia a jamsin na Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan da India), saman kunya Zaalay kira Dzerzhinsky ganiya.

Monuments a kan ƙasa na Rasha Federation

Monuments da busts kishin ƙwaƙwalwar daga cikin manyan shugaban na juyin juya hali, akwai a birane da yawa a Rasha da kuma a wasu CIS kasashe. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin shahararrun abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky dauke a Volgograd, wanda aka kafa nan da nan bayan mutuwar Feliksa Edmundovicha. Babu shakka, a cikin birni, mai suna girmama na dattaku, akwai wani abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky Square. Ko a pun jũya: Dzerzhinsk a kan Dzerzhinsky Dzerzhinsky tunawa tsaye. Samara ma yana da nasa sirri shugaban na Cheka, saita shi a kan forecourt birnin. Sauran Monuments da obelisks suna located in Izhevsk, Ufa, Donetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan da Penza.

Musamman hankali ya kamata a lura da abin tunawa, dake a cikin birnin Dzerzhinsk. Gaskiyar cewa akwai sau daya wanzu daya daga cikin communes, halitta musamman ga matasa rashin gida. Wannan da mazauni na makarantun, wanda baya gudanar da "karya fitar a cikin mutane," kuma sa a kan nasu kudi na farko, sa'an nan a plaster, wani abin tunawa da sanannen neman sauyi. Ya tsaya unchallenged a garin square dama a gaban ja ƙungiya, da zarar tsohon gini na gida sufi. Duk da haka, plaster - yana da ba wani sosai m abu, sabili da haka da fall na 2004 da tunawa karshe rushe. Sa'an nan birnin gwamnati da aka yanke shawarar mayar da abin tunawa, amma yanzu an yi shi da tagulla.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, da bambanci ga Monuments na wannan Lenin, Dzerzhinsky abin tunawa a kowane birni ne daban-daban. Canza ba kawai tufafi, da matsayin da hannaye da kai na Iron Felix, amma ko da juyin juya halin Musulunci shekaru ne daban-daban. Wannan sabon abu ga Soviet makaranta na sassaka alama za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar yunkurin nuna daban-daban halaye da lokutan Dzerzhinsky rayuwa. Bayan duk, ga mazauna Volgograd Zheleznyy Feliks - wannan shi ne sanannen Cheka da NKVD m shugaban, da kuma a cikin kananan daga Dzerzhinsk tuna da girmama matsayin babban mai kyautata, tabbatar da wani farin ciki da kuma m yara ga dama da ɗari Soviet Communards.

Busts kuma Monuments a kan ƙasa na CIS kasashe

A post-Soviet Monuments ga wannan dattaku ajiye wasu. Mafi yawa daga cikin sculptures da busts an dismantled a cikin farkon shekaru na perestroika. The sauri tare da wanda wadannan matakan da aka dauka, sa yi imani da cewa kau na tunawa zuwa Dzerzhinsky da m al'ada cewa shi ne da muhimmanci ga mika mulki ga zamanin "daji" jari-hujja.

Duk da jerin tarzoma a wasu birane ne har yanzu kiyaye ambata kasancewar Feliksa Edmundovicha. Irin wannan "da masu tuni" za a iya samu a jama'a lambuna da gonakin Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Transnistria, Kyrgyzstan.

Ka lura da cewa a cikin wadannan kasashe da abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky ba ya wakiltar wani musamman al'adu darajar. Amma babu daya nemi su rabu da su. Bayan duk, shi ne har yanzu ɓangare na tarihin mu.

The rushe abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a Moscow

Kuma yanzu mafi muhimmanci tunawa. Monument zuwa Dzerzhinsky a Moscow, da aka kafa a tarihi da kuma kusan sufi wuri - Lubyanka Square. Yana da aka located dama a gaban ginin inda a shekaru daban-daban su ne tsakiyar ofisoshin jami'an tsaro, da KGB, da MGB, NKVD, NKGB da OGPU. Yau, a wannan wuri shi ne Rasha FSB. A sassaka da aka halitta da tsari na jam'iyyar da Stalin ta sirri umarni da aikin nan gaba abin tunawa tsara da aka sani a lokacin da sculptor Evgeniem Vuchetichem.

A sassaka da aka a rightful wuri har da 1991 juyin mulki , a lokacin da fushi da kuma takaici taron zahiri share "satrap da tanƙwasawa" tare da rightful pedestal. A wani yanayi na m tashin hankali da kuma marar tushe ta'adi da rushe abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky shi da jũna da kalla daga cikin matsalolin ta sabuwar gwamnatin. Ta yana da isasshen matsala ba tare da shi.

Saboda haka, a lokacin da rushe Kabarin zuwa Dzerzhinsky zuwa Lubyanka Square, wa kansa al'amudi kawai cire da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa wani wurin shakatawa yankin. Bayan duk da tashin hankali hade da mulki daga tsarin siyasa zuwa wani, ya kwanta, ya juya daga cewa, mafi yawan jama'ar na Moscow ba ji dangane da abin tunawa daga dukan na haihuwa ƙiyayya, wanda aka haka yadu watsa shirye-shirye a talabijin fuska da kuma "mai zuba" daga shafukan Rasha da kuma kasashen yammacin jaridu. Game da tunawa da kanta, da kuma game da rawar da hali a tarihin kwatsam manta ...

A kara rabo daga abin tunawa

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, bayan duk juyin mulki ne abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a kan Lubyanka Square da aka dismantled da kuma mayar da su a kasa shahararren wuri, wato Moscow Art Park. Akwai zai yi shi tsaya har zuwa karshen lokaci, amma jama'a, "zuga" baya a 2013 da kuma sanya wani sabon tsari. Yanzu da rushe abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a Moscow alama, kusan mafi jahilci da kuma m yi na duk lokacin gyara.

Russia nace a kan cewa, ko da abin da ya shahara Soviet shugaban, to manta game da rawar da ya taka a cikin tarihin kasar ne ba zai yiwu ba. Bisa ga sakamakon jin ra'ayoyin jama'a ya nuna cewa game da rabi daga cikin babban birnin kasar ta mazauna sun bayar da shawarwari game da wani abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a Moscow da aka mayar. Bayyane da irin wannan himma bayar da shawarar da a total na game da ashirin da tara bisa dari na weights, tare da mafi m ba sosai cancanci sake erection na tunawa, a matsayin kudin da wannan aiki.

Duk da haka, mu dawo da abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky har yanzu aka gudanar a 2014, riga bayan tunawa tsira maimaita dismantling da kuma na sosai gyara. Vozvrasheniya abin tunawa ga ta rightful wuri da aka sadaukar da 137th ranar tunawa da Feliksa Edmundovicha. Saboda haka, tarihi adalci ga rinjãya, samu ta tsohon bayyanar da Lubyanka Square. Dzerzhinsky tunawa da baya zuwa ta rightful wuri.

Gwani ra'ayi: kuri'un for kuma da

A wani lokaci a lokacin da Rasha ra'ayin jama'a Research Center gudanar da wani binciken na yawan game da ko suna so su mayar da abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa bincika da kuma ra'ayi na Russia game da hali na wani sauyi.

Sai ya juya daga cewa, mafi yawan weights (game da saba'in da tara bisa dari) na tarihi da kuma ayyukan da Iron Felix saba approvingly na shi, shi da ayyuka a cikin wannan harka echoed arba'in da bakwai cikin dari na weights. A wannan yanayin, kowane uku Rasha ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa, duk da sabani a kan hanyoyin amfani, da aiki daga cikin shahararrun Chekist alhẽri. Ashirin da shida bisa dari na weights ce cewa abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky Square ya zama, ko da yake ba su ji dangane da wannan mutum wani karfi da motsin zuciyarmu. Taƙaita dukan sama, mun iya lura cewa dukan zamani al'umma da aka kafa a dangane da wannan tarihi adadi na tsaka tsaki-tabbatacce.

Duk da haka, bayan da abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky a kan Lubyanka da baya cikin sa, kuma akwai gwani ra'ayin domin wannan ba zato canji na abokan adawar.

Saboda haka, misali, korau ra'ayi bayyana ta a zaman kansa jarida Konstantin Eggert. Ya yi imanin cewa irin wannan karrama abin tunawa ga Dzerzhinsky bai cancanci. A irin wannan ra'ayi da aka raba da sauran wakilan zamani masana. A cewar su, da abin tunawa, kazalika da Lenin ta kabarin a kan Red Square - a relic na baya zamanin, wadda sanya m kuma gaba daya cancanci ci gaba da rayuwa a zamani Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, domin da yawa shi ne wani m samu na gaskiya cewa Monuments ga wadanda ke fama da NKVD danniya da su manyan tormentor aka kafa (ko sake saita) a kan jinkiri na watanni da dama. Wannan "biyuntakar", a cewar da yawa, aka kẽwayesu da duplicity. Kuma bãbu abin da kyau mu kawo jama'a iya ba.

A daya hannun, a yawan masana, wanda ya yi maraba da dawowar abin tunawa ga asalin wuri, lura da cewa ya zama dole da farko, in tabbatar da cewa jama'a ba manta game da tarihi da kuma ta al'adunmu. Kuna ɓõyẽwa da real facts, suka yi imani, zai kawai kai ga wata maimaitawa da kuskure.