Abubuwa masu hasara: misalai da kaddarorin

Har yanzu, an san game da wanzuwar abubuwa fiye da miliyan 3. Kuma wannan adadi yana girma a kowace shekara, yayin da masu ilimin chemists-synthetics da sauran masana kimiyya suna yin gwaje-gwajen kullum don samun sababbin mahadi waɗanda ke da wasu kaddarorin masu amfani.

Wasu daga cikin abubuwa masu halitta ne, wanda aka kafa ta halitta. Sauran rabi ne na wucin gadi da kuma roba. Duk da haka, a cikin shari'o'i na farko da na biyu, wani ɓangare mai yawa ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu haɗari, misalai da halaye waɗanda za mu tattauna a wannan labarin.

Tattara jihohin abubuwa

Tun daga karni na arni na 17 an yarda da cewa dukkanin masu sanannun sanannun zasu iya wanzu a cikin jihohi uku: ruwa mai karfi, ruwa, abubuwa masu ciwo. Duk da haka, bincike mai zurfi na shekarun da suka gabata a fagen astronomy, ilimin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, nazarin halittu da sauran ilimin kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa akwai wani tsari. Wannan plasma.

Mene ne? Wadannan sune gasassun ko'ina. Kuma ya juya, irin waɗannan abubuwa a duniya sunyi yawa. Saboda haka, yana cikin jihar plasma cewa:

• Matsalar kwayar halitta;
• Matakan sarari;
• Ƙarshen filayen yanayi;
• Ƙarshe;
• Hadin abubuwa da yawa na taurari;
• Stars.

Saboda haka, a yau suna cewa akwai m, ruwa, abubuwa masu ciwo da ƙwayar cuta. A hanyar, kowace gas za a iya canzawa zuwa ga irin wannan jiha, idan an sanya shi cikin ionization, wato, don sa shi ya zama ions.

Abubuwa masu hasara: misalai

Misalan abubuwan da ake la'akari da su shine taro. Bayan haka, ana san gas daga tunanin karni na 17, lokacin da van Helmont, mai halitta, ya fara karbi carbon dioxide kuma ya fara gano dukiyarsa. A hanya, ya kuma ba da suna zuwa wannan rukuni na mahadi, domin, a cikin ra'ayi, gas sune wani abu mai lalata, m, haɗawa da ruhohi da wani abu marar ganuwa, amma maras kyau. Wannan sunan ya dauki tushe a Rasha.

Zai yiwu a rarraba dukan abubuwa masu ciwo, to, misalai zasu zama sauƙi don samarwa. Bayan haka, to rungumi duk nau'o'in da wuya.

An kirkiro abun da ke ciki:

• M,
• Ƙananan kwayoyi.

Ƙungiyar ta farko sun haɗa da wadanda suka ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na ainihi a kowane adadin su. Misali: Oxygen - Ya _2, lemar sararin samaniya - Ya ₃ H - H ₂ chloro - CL ₂ fluoro - F ₂ nitrogen - N _2, da sauransu.

Sashe na biyu ya kamata ya hada da waɗannan mahadi, wanda ya haɗa da nau'i-nau'i da yawa. Wannan zai zama abubuwa masu hadari. Misalan sune:

• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S;
• Hydrochloric acid - HCL;
• methane - CH _4;
• sulfur dioxide - SO _2;
• ruwan kasa gas - NO _2;
• Freon - CF ₂ CL _2;
• ammonia - NH ₃ da sauransu.

Ƙayyade ta yanayin abubuwa

Har ila yau, yana iya rarraba irin nau'o'in abubuwa masu haɗari kamar yadda suke cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da maras kyau. Wato, ta hanyar yanayin halittu. Organic gases sune:

• farko biyar wakilan na da cikakken hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane). A general dabara na C _n H _{2n + 2;}
• ethylene - C ₂ H _4;
• ethyne ko acetylene - C ₂ H _2;
• methylamine - CH ₃ NH ₂ da sauransu.

A category na inorganic gas hada da chlorine, sunadarin flourine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, silane, dariya gas, inert ko daraja gas, da sauransu.

Wani jinsin wanda mahalarta da ke da la'akari za a iya haɗuwa ita ce fission bisa tushen ƙwayoyin. Tana daga halittun da ba dukkanin kwayoyin cutar ba. Misalan tsarin da ions, kwayoyin, photons, electrons, Brownian barbashi, da kuma plasma sun kasance suna da alaka da mahadi a cikin irin wannan jihar.

Abubuwan da ke cikin gases

Hanyoyin abubuwa a cikin wannan jiha sun bambanta da wadanda ke da magunguna ko masu ruwa. Abinda ake nufi shi ne kaddarorin abubuwa masu gasa sune na musamman. Sakamakon su yana da sauƙi kuma suna tafiya da sauri, duk wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, wato, dukiya ba a ƙayyade ta hanyar jagorancin motsi na tsarin da ke tsara tsarin ba.

Zai yiwu a tsara abubuwa masu mahimmanci na abubuwa masu lalata, wanda zai rarrabe su daga dukkanin siffofin kwayoyin halitta.

1. Wadannan irin wadannan abubuwa ne wadanda ba za a iya ganin su ba kuma suna sarrafawa, wanda mutane ke nufi. Don fahimtar kaddarorin kuma gano wani gas, sun dogara da sigogi huɗu waɗanda suke kwatanta su: matsa lamba, zazzabi, adadin abu (tawadar Allah), ƙarar.
2. Ba kamar yadi ba, gas zai iya zama cikin sararin samaniya ba tare da sauran ba, iyakance kawai ga girman jirgin ruwa ko dakin.
3. Dukkan gas ana sauƙin haɗuwa tare, kuma waɗannan mahadi basu da wani karamin aiki.
4. Akwai wasu wakilai masu haske da yawa, don haka a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi da lokaci, yana yiwuwa a ga rabuwa.
5. Rarraba shi ne ɗaya daga cikin muhimman magunguna na waɗannan mahadi. Rashin iya shiga cikin wasu abubuwa kuma ya saturate su daga cikin ciki, yayin da suke yin ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa a cikin tsarin su.
6. Gidan lantarki na ainihi ba zai iya gudanar da gas ba, amma idan mukayi magana game da abubuwa masu tasowa da abubuwa masu tasowa, haɗakarwa ta kara ƙaruwa.
7. Hakanan zafi da kuma haɓakar wutar lantarki na iskar gas suna da ƙasa kuma suna haɓaka cikin nau'in jinsin.
8. Rikicin iska yana ƙaruwa tare da kara matsa lamba da zafin jiki.
9. Akwai nau'i-nau'i guda biyu na rikice-rikice na interphase: evaporation - ruwan ya juya cikin tururi, sublimation - mai ƙarfi, wucewa cikin ruwa, ya zama mai haɗari.

Wani fasalin nau'i daga iska daga gashin gas shine cewa tsohon zai iya zama ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi ya zama ruwa ko wani lokaci mai ƙarfi, yayin da ba a yi ba. Har ila yau a lura da karfin mahalarta da aka yi la'akari da su don tsayayya da lalacewa da kuma zama masu ruwa.

Kasuwanci irin na abubuwa masu haɗari sun sa ya yiwu su yada su a cikin sassan kimiyya da fasaha, masana'antu da kuma tattalin arzikin kasa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun halaye na musamman ne ga kowane wakilin. Munyi la'akari ne kawai siffofi na kowa na ainihin sifofi.

Ƙarfin ƙwarewa

A yanayin yanayi daban-daban, da kuma ƙarƙashin rinjayar matsa lamba, gases suna iya yin kwangila, ƙara haɓaka da rage ƙwanƙwasa. A yanayin zafi mai girma suna fadadawa, a yanayin yanayin zafi suna yin kwangila.

A matsin lamba, canje-canje ma faruwa. Yawan nau'o'in abubuwa masu ciwo suna ƙaruwa, kuma lokacin da aka kai wani muhimmin mahimmanci, wanda kowane wakilin yana da kansa, wani canje-canje zuwa wani rukuni na iya faruwa.

Babban masana kimiyyar da suka ba da gudummawa wajen bunkasa ka'idar gas

Akwai mutane da yawa irin wannan, tun da binciken da ake yi na iskar gas wani aiki ne mai wuyar gaske da tarihi. Bari mu zauna a kan mutane mafi shahararrun waɗanda suka gudanar da bincike mafi muhimmanci.

1. A shekara ta 1811, Amedeo Avodrodro ya yi bincike. Ba kome bace gas, ainihin abu shi ne cewa a karkashin irin yanayin da suke cikin rukuni guda ɗaya sun ƙunshi nau'i nau'i na kwayoyin. Akwai darajar lissafi, mai suna bayan sunan masanin kimiyya. Daidai ne a 6.03 * ^{23 Oktoba} kwayoyin zuwa 1 mole na wani gas.
2. Fermi - ya halicci ka'idar gas mai yawa.
3. Gay-Lussac, Boyle-Marriott - sunayen masana kimiyya wadanda suka kirkiro lissafin asali na lissafi.
4. Robert Boyle.
5. John Dalton.
6. Jacques Charles da sauran masana kimiyya.

Tsarin abubuwa masu gauraya

Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin gine-ginen abin da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke cikin la'akari shi ne cewa a cikin ƙugiyoyi ko dai kwayoyin halitta ne ko kwayoyin da suka haɗa tare ta hanyar kwakwalwa. Har ila yau, akwai sojojin da ke tsakanin van der Waals idan yazo da ions, electrons da sauran tsarin tsarin.

Sabili da haka, babban nau'in tsarin sassauci ga gas shine:

• Atomic;
• Kwayoyin halitta.

Abubuwan da ke ciki suna iya hawaye, don haka wadannan mahadi basu da siffar da ta dace, amma sun cika girman sararin samaniya. Wannan kuma ya bayyana rashin haɓakar lantarki da rashin tasirin wutar lantarki mara kyau. Amma dakatar da gas din yana da kyau, saboda, saboda rarrabawa, sun sami damar shiga cikin daskararru kuma suna cikin sararin samaniya a ciki. Ba a yarda da iska ta wuce ta ba, ana kiyaye zafi. Wannan shine dalili don yin amfani da iskar gas da daskararru don tarawa don ginin gida.

Abubuwa masu sauki tsakanin gas

Menene tsari da tsarin gas sun kasance cikin wannan rukuni, mun riga mun tattauna a sama. Wadannan su ne wadanda ke kunshe da nau'ikan guda ɗaya. Misali za a iya ba da yawa, saboda wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci daga wadanda ba a samo asali ba daga dukan tsarin zamani a karkashin yanayi na al'ada ya wanzu daidai a cikin irin wannan ƙaddara. Alal misali:

• White phosphorus - daya allotropic gyara daga cikin kashi.
• Nitrogen;
• Oxygen;
• Fluorine;
• Chlorine;
• Halium;
• Neon;
• Argon;
• Krypton;
• Xenon.

Kwayoyin na wadannan gas iya zama duka mono- (daraja gas), da kuma polyhydric (lemar sararin samaniya - Ya _3). Nau'in haɗi yana haɓaka ne ba, kuma a mafi yawancin lokuta yana da rauni, amma ba komai ba. Nauyin ƙwayoyin murƙushe na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya ba da damar waɗannan abubuwa don sauƙi daga wuri guda zuwa wani. Don haka, alal misali, iodine a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada - lu'ulu'u masu lu'ulu'u masu launin fata tare da luster mota. Duk da haka, a lokacin da ya kona wa sublimate kulake haske Violet gas - I _2.

Ta hanyar, duk wani abu, ciki har da ƙananan ƙarfe, a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na iya wanzu a cikin jijiyar jijiya.

Ƙananan mahaɗin na yanayi mai laushi

Daga cikin wadannan gas, ba shakka, mafi yawa. Bambanta daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta, da haɗin kai da haɗin kai da kuma van der Waals ya haɓaka, ya ba da damar daruruwan wakilai daban-daban na jihohin da aka yi la'akari da su.

Misalan abubuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin gas zai iya zama dukkanin mahaɗin dake tattare da abubuwa biyu ko fiye. Anan zaka iya hada da:

• Propane;
• Butane;
• Acetylene;
• Ammonawa.
• Silane;
• Phosphine;
• Methane;
• Rashin karfin Carbon;
• Sulfur dioxide;
• Gas gas;
• Freon;
• Ethylene da sauransu.

Nauyin ƙwayoyin crystalline na kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta. Da dama daga cikin wakilan sunyi narkewa cikin ruwa, suna samar da acid din. Yawancin waɗannan mahadi sune muhimmin sashi na sinadarai sun hada da masana'antu.

Methane da homologues

Wani lokaci ma'anar "gas" shine ma'adinai na halitta, wanda shine dukkanin cakuda samfurori na samfurori masu yawan gaske. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar:

• Methane;
• Ethan;
• Propane;
• Butane;
• Ethylene;
• Acetylene;
• Pentane da wasu.

A cikin masana'antu, suna da mahimmanci, saboda shine cakuda propane-butane wanda shine gashin gas wanda mutane ke dafa abincin da aka yi amfani dashi a matsayin tushen makamashi da zafi.

Yawancin su ana amfani da su don sunadarai na haya, aldehydes, acid da wasu abubuwa masu kwayoyin halitta. An kiyasta amfani da gas na yau da kullum a tarin miliyoyin mita mita, kuma wannan ya zama daidai.

Oxygen da carbon dioxide

Wadanne abubuwa masu haɗari zasu iya kiran su mafi yawanci kuma sun san ko da na farko? Amsar ita ce bayyane - oxygen da carbon dioxide. Bayan haka, su ne masu halartar kai tsaye a cikin musayar gas wanda ke faruwa a cikin dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya.

An san cewa yana da godiya ga oxygen cewa rayuwa mai yiwuwa ne, saboda kawai wasu kwayoyin anaerobic zasu iya zama ba tare da shi ba. Kuma carbon dioxide wani abu ne mai "abincin" don kowane tsire-tsire da ke shafe shi don manufar aiwatar da tsarin photosynthesis.

Daga ra'ayi na sunadaran, duka oxygen da carbon dioxide sune abubuwa masu muhimmanci don hada haɗin mahadi. Na farko shine mai karfi oxidizer, na biyu shine mafi yawan wakili mai sauƙi.

Halogens

Wannan rukuni ne na mahadi wanda samfurori su ne barbashi na wani abu mai laushi, wanda aka haɗa ta nau'i ta hanyar haɗin kai maras amfani. Duk da haka, ba duk halogens ba ne gas. Bromine ruwa ne a karkashin yanayi na al'ada, kuma iodine mai sauƙi ne mai sauƙi. Fluorine da chlorine su ne abubuwa masu guba masu hatsari ga lafiyar abubuwa masu rai, waxannan su ne masu karfi da kuma masu amfani da kwayoyi.