AIDS: abubuwan da Al'amurra

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ko mutum immunodeficiency cutar (HIV), ya kasance a cikin retrovirus iyali da kuma HALITTAR Lentivirus. Wannan HALITTAR hada da wakilan da sa daban-daban cututtuka na jini da kuma rigakafi da karanci a dabba mai shayarwa.

The asalin da kuma katin shaida na

Wannan irin aka wakilta biyu ba salula jamiái - HIV-1 da kwayar cutar HIV-2, iya haddasa Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS (Engl Acquired immunodeficiency ciwo, AIDS.). Duk da haka, wadannan subtypes bambanta a cikin gudun cuta ci gaba. An yi imani da cewa na biyu HIV-2 irin kasa m ga mutum rigakafi da tsarin. Ya aka yadu rarraba a Asiya, Turai, Amurka da kuma Afirka.

A sa mamaki samu aka buga a mujallar Science, lokacin da aka gano da gaban da cututtuka wakili a cikin Lymph nodes 'yan luwadi da suka sha wahala sama ciwo. DNA bincike ya nuna cewa biyu subspecies na mutum immunodeficiency cutar da daban-daban asalin. A kusa dangi na HIV-1 juya a kira su da cutar da cewa yana sa da ci gaban immunodeficiency a birai, sa'an nan suka fara la'akari da su a matsayin wani subspecies daga cikin wannan jinsin. An yi imani da cewa mutumin da aka kamu da ita ta hanyar lamba tare da kamuwa da dabbobi. Nau'i na biyu da aka hade da lymphadenopathy.

Wannan talifin zai dubi yadda AIDS ya auku, da sakamakon na yaduwar da goyon baya ga jikin mutum.

kwangilar aiwatar

Kamuwa aiwatar da hankula dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ciki da cell, dauke da kwayar cutar wakili integrates da DNA cikin rundunar chromosomal Helix, ta haka sun canza yanayin ta gene magana, sakamakon da karuwa a yawan m siffofin maruran.

AIDS tasowa tare da ingestion na dauke da kwayar cutar HIV wakili. Yana infects duk Kwayoyin a farfajiya na wanda yana da wani takamaiman immunoglobulin tsoka mai amsa sigina. A lokacin jima'i hulɗa da mai cutar da abokin tarayya aka shirya farko cutar dendritic Kwayoyin kuma macrophages, patrolling da epithelium na al'aurar, wadannan rabe da kuma T lymphocytes (T Kwayoyin cewa gano da kuma hallaka waje antigens) ba a wani jam'i a mucous membranes. Idan wani virus shiga jiki ta hanyar nono madara, da ƙofa ga bauta wa M-Kwayoyin Peyer ta faci.

A karshe, idan cutar ta shiga cikin jini, shi babu makawa shiga Lymph nodes, wanda suke ko da yaushe ba m rundunar Kwayoyin bayyana T-lymphocytes. A Lymph nodes ne ma a cikin antigen-gabatar sel (halaka antigens), wanda za a iya aika da da cutar kanjamau. A sakamakon ne ko da yaushe ƙwarai da gaske.

mataki da cutar

A farkon kwanaki bayan kamuwa da cuta tasowa m lokaci da cutar a lokacin da cutar ne ya riɓaɓɓanya hanzari dako ne kusan duk sel immunoglobulin rabe, mafi yawansu ba su mutu. Sa'an nan dauke da kwayar cutar wakili zama latent jihar da kuma aka adana yafi a matsayin provirus (rajista a rundunar cell), sarrafa, yafi a T-lymphocytes. Suna kafa bayan wani taro tare da wani takamaiman antigen, kuma aka kunna a lokacin da shi reappears. Ba su haifa a cikin wani karamin adadin circulating a cikin jini.

Sa'an nan ya zo da asymptomatic mataki na cuta, a lokacin da kwayar yawan zama genetically iri-irin saboda da jari na maye gurbi. Imperceptibly rage yawan T-Kwayoyin saboda sun mutu kamar yadda kwayar kwafi.

Wannan shi ne m da AIDS. A sakamakon cutar kunshi a gaskiyar cewa a baya mataki na ciwo yawan T Kwayoyin rage-rage mummunan, multiplication da cutar a cikin tsokoki na Lymph nodes take kaiwa zuwa degeneration da suka gabata, kuma mafi cutar kamuwa da cuta zama samuwa ga mai fadi da kewayon rundunar Kwayoyin. Kunna cytotoxic mahalarta salula rigakafi martani, da juriya ga anti-kwayar antibodies, a wasu lokuta, daban-daban nama tropism.

A lokacin na ci gaba da cutar da kuma wani yiwu kamuwa da cuta na iya zama m ga kwayoyin. Kan bango na AIDS a mutane da compromised rigakafi da tsarin sau da yawa samar da wasu kwayar cututtuka. Alal misali, cutar HIV ya dade da aka dauke da wani dalili na cutar daji, amma shi daga baya ya haifar cewa weakening na rigakafi da matsayi na ciwon daji ne ya sa ta a gaba daya daban-daban pathogens, kuma shi ne ba da tasiri na HIV da kuma AIDS.

Me mutum rigakafi da tsarin shi ne iya jimre HIV?

Gaskiyar ita ce, da kwayoyin cutar HIV juya a kira su da wani gwani "jan kafar", upsetting harsãshin rigakafi da kuma biyan shi su amfani. "Riba" ne da ikon da HIV dogon su zauna a wani latent form. Idan nan da nan bayan da farko kamuwa da cuta da wani pathogenic tsari ne mur, sa'an nan a hankali (shekara da shekaru) da ke halaka tsarin na rigakafi. Babban manufa da cutar ne T-lymphocytes. Kullum da suka gudu da dama rigakafi martani a cikin halayen da cutar rasa su ikon radiyo, da kuma jummillar adadin rage-rage. A wasu rigakafi da tsarin sel (B-lymphocytes, monocytes da NK-cell) don gane daina sakonni matsakanci na T Kwayoyin sau da yawa fara wani autoimmune dauki. Gushe aiki kullum da kuma duk antigen-gabatar Kwayoyin, kamar yadda su ma kamuwa da cutar.

Me ya sa ni ina da ciwon irin wannan illa da cutar kanjamau din?

The kamu jiki samar neutralizing antibodies da cutar HIV. Duk da haka, adadin su ne ba high, da kuma a wasu ji su ba har ma da kare matsayin stimulant ga canzawa da cutar. A a layi daya, da yawan hada antibodies, epitopes cewa zoba (moiety gane da wani antibody) kwayar ambulan, da kuma ba tare da kadan m saboda su musamman tabbatar da glycoproteins. Irin wannan antibodies ko ta yaya talauci gane da sel da rigakafi da tsarin.

A wasu lokuta, da macrophages hašawa da cutar ta ikon hulɗa tare da ƙarin rabe a farfajiya na manufa Kwayoyin da shiga cikin su ta hanyar endocytosis. Saboda haka, humoral rigakafi mayar da martani, cikin mafi iko makami na rigakafi da tsarin a cikin HIV ne gaba daya karye.

cututtuka

Nan da nan gane da cutar ne wuya, saboda a farkon matakai na kamuwa da cuta da wani bayyanar cututtuka. A m bayyanar cututtuka za a iya sauƙi gauraye da sauran cututtuka. Alal misali, kara girman Lymph nodes, na kullum gajiya da wani rauni, asarar ci, nauyi asara, memory asarar, m hankali - duk wadannan cututtuka za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar sinadirai ƙarara. Kuma wannan, kamar yadda yake wani lokacin da sakamakon HIV da AIDS.

Saboda haka, da wadannan cututtuka bukatar musamman kula: wuce kima sweating ko jin sanyi, musamman a cikin dare lokaci, fitowan da iri daban-daban spots ko rashes a kan fata, shortness na numfashi da kuma m tari, da zazzabi, rushewa daga al'ada hanji aiki.

An muhimmanci siginar da aka dauke su wani ƙara aukuwar fungal cututtuka. Wannan ya shafi duka jima'i da kuma a herpes ƙwayoyin cuta, kamuwa da cuta da na baka rami, da sauransu. Saboda haka, bayyanar a lokaci guda fiye na masu biyowa cututtuka yana da muhimmanci don gwada, ba a ma maganar da shekara-shekara likita Nazarin don gane asali AIDS a lokacin. Gurbin da cutar iya bayyana kanta a kowane lokaci.

cuta statistics

Duk da kokarin da likitoci, masana kimiyya, da jama'a, da goyon bayan lokuta, matsalar rage talauci sarrafawa, da kuma halin da ake ciki har aka ba da damar. Bisa ga World Health Organization, a karshen 80s zuwa 2006, daga "annoba karni na ashirin da" kashe fiye da 25 da mutane miliyan. Ga} asashe da dama, wannan matsala ta zama mafi m. Bisa ga bayanan sanar a taron kasa da kasa kan cutar kanjamau a shekara ta 2010, fiye da 40 da mutane miliyan suna dauke da za a cutar dako da cutar. Sanadin da kuma sakamakon cutar kanjamau aka tattauna a sama.

Data a kan kamuwa da cuta

Rasha kimiyya-methodical cibiyar na anti-immunodeficiency ciwo ba da wadannan bayanai a kan kamuwa da, tun 1994:

• 1994 - 887 mutane.;
• 1999 - 30647 mutane.;
• 2004 - 296 045 mutane,.
• 2009 - 516 167 mutane.

By nazarin wadannan bayanai, shi ne zai yiwu a gano masu kuzarin kawo cikas da ke da cutar. Zamani al'umma da kuma har yanzu yana bukatar cigaba da bincike jikin ta ji na ƙwarai to kwayar jamiái cewa ba haka muni tasirin AIDS. A jiki da cutar ayyukan kasance a fili korau.

Magani da kuma rigakafin

Ruwaito HIV ta ikon kafa wata babbar matsala a cikin search for hanyoyi zuwa AIDS far. Mutane da yawa da matakan kariya kan kwayar cututtuka suna hade da kara kuzari na rigakafi da kuma tsarin da cutar ne gaba daya kauce ta hadewa mataki, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin zai iya haifar da unpredictable sakamakon.

Ba shi yiwuwa a yakin HIV, ya halaka dukan kamu da Kwayoyin saboda wannan zai kai ga babu ja asarar rigakafi memory. Wannan shi ne tasiri na AIDS. A jikin mutum bukatar ka yi wasu sauran effects.

Alamar rahama shugabanci a cikin ci gaban AIDS far - a search for kwayoyi da kashe da kwafi na cutar da fari aiwatar da baya da kwafi, wanda kamar yadda irin wannan shi ne kusan ba ya nan a eukaryotes. A wannan shugabanci, tare da wasu nasara. Saboda haka, idan a cikin makon trimester ciki, uwar shan kwayoyi da zarar "AZT" ko "Lamivudine", da yaro a 99% na lokuta ba su haife kamu da cutar HIV. A amfani da sosai antiretrotvirusnoy far lokacin da haƙuri da aka jurewa magani a lokaci guda baya transcriptase hanawa da kuma wani protease hanawa, domin kyale shekaru don rage gudu ci gaban da cutar.

ƙarshe

Alurar riga kafi yaki da cutar kanjamau ya zauna daidai ba, tun da shi ba ya bayyana da yawa al'amurran da anfani na HIV a kan rigakafi da tsarin. Ba saukar fi immunogenic epitopes na kwayar sunadaran. The gudun maye gurbi na cutar da cewa ya shiga cikin jikin mutum ne sosai high, abin da gusar da yiwuwar dogon lokaci cigaban magani, yayin da m lamba iya ta da ci gaban da kamuwa da cuta. Waɗannan su ne m sakamakon yana da AIDS.