Akinfiy Demidov (1678-1745): biography, na sirri rayuwa, magada

Industrialist Akinfiy N. Demidov (1678-1745) ya dan Nikita Demidov - wanda ya kafa daular daga cikin mafi girma ma'aikata na Rasha Empire. Ya ɓullo da mahaifinsa aiki, da kuma bude wani yawa na masana'antu, wanda sun zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na cikin gida da tattalin arzikin kasar.

harafin

Akinfiy N. aka haife shi a Tula a 1678 (ainihin ranar da aka haife shi ne ba a sani ba). Demidov ta haifuwa ya dade sanannen domin ta sana'a da maƙera. A Tula Akinfy iyali mallakar factory for baƙin ƙarfe smelting, kazalika da ma'aikata don samar da bindigogi. A nuna na XVII da XVIII ƙarni. Demidov ta kasuwanci haura tudu. Nikita gana da Bitrus da na zama da manyan makamai maroki a lokacin da Mai girma Arewa War.

A 1702, Demidov samu na farko a ƙasar Urals, inda suka zama majagaba na cikin gida da masana'antu. Akinfiy koma kusa da "Stone Belt" bayan mahaifinsa. Industrialist magaji da kaina da hannu a cikin shiri da kuma equipping na sabon shuke-shuke. Daga mahaifinsa ya gaji ba kawai da sha'anin, amma kuma da ikon kare maslahar su a gaban manyan jami'an gwamnatin grandees. Alal misali, Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich samu da daraja na Jihar Councillor, kuma yana da wani majiɓinci a cikin mutum na fi so na Empress Anna Biron.

A tattaunawa tare da mahukuntan Akinfiy dogara a kan taimakon da sauran muhimmanci jami'ai. Daga cikin abokansa ne shugaban cinikayyar College Petr Shafirov da kuma Ivan Cherkasov - ofishin sakataren Sarauniya Elizabeth. Wadannan mutane da gudummawar Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov shekaru ashirin da zare jiki jin master daga cikin lokuta alaka da kasuwanci.

A shugaban iyali kasuwanci

Nikita Demidov mutu a 1725. A babban dan nan da nan ya fara tafiyad da mahaifinsa daular. Ya ci gaba da factory kayayyakin more rayuwa, deben hanyoyi, gina sabon kasuwanci. Domin shekaru ashirin, da dukiya mallaki Akinfiy Demidov, tripled. Lokacin da ta fara bayyana a cikin Urals masana'antu a kan hakar kuma aiki na asbestos, malachite da sauran daraja kankara da kuma ma'adanai.

Total Akinfiy Demidov ya gina 17 Enterprises daga smelting baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla. Babban aikin da ransa ya zama Nizhny Tagil factory. A kan halaye da cewa abu ne ba na baya zuwa Yammacin Turai fafatawa a gasa. Kamfanin ya samu cikin latest kayan aiki a lokacin. Masana, shi ya ci gaba da aiki a yau. A Nizhniy Tagil shuka tsãwa makera da aka bude, wanda ya zama mafi girma a duniya. Mataki-mataki Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich Karuwan Production na baƙin ƙarfe sau biyar. By karshen rayuwarsa ya kasance mai shi na 25 masana'antu, inda 23,000 mutane aiki.

Bayan Nizhny Tagil shuka, wanda ya fara aiki a 1725, aka sa Shaitansky (a 1727-m Shaytanka - mai tributary na Chusovaya) Chernoistochensky (a 1728-m a kan kogin Black Source - mai tributary Tagil) da kuma Utkinsky (a 1729th a kan Duck River - mai tributary na Chusovaya).

sababbin kamfanoni

Ko Nikita Demidov samu dama wajen samar da wani m wuri a kan kogin Revda a Wolf Mountain. Gudanar da aikin kafa daular basu da lokaci. Construction dauki Akinfiy. Da farko akwai aka gina ancillary Nizhnechugunsky, Verhnechugunsky da Korelskiy shuke-shuke (da suka yarda a 1730). Kuma kawai bayan da cewa shi ya fara gina babban shuka. Revdinsky shuka don aiki na baƙin ƙarfe da aka gina a 1734.

Nikita Akinfiy Demidovy taba manta game da tsohon dukiya. Dan cikakken sabunta Vyisky shuka ya bayyana tare da mahaifinsa. Yawan kilns shi ya karu zuwa goma. A 1729 akwai wata wuta a shuka, saboda abin da shi ne rago don wani lokaci. Akwai wani matsala. Its tama dauke da yawa baƙin ƙarfe da na matalauta quality. A dangane da wannan reorganization Akinfiy ɓatar na dũkiya. Da farko, da shuka ya zama maimaita jan Semi-ƙãre samfurin samar a wasu mahakar. Sa'an nan kuma ya bayyana a cikin fashewar gagarumar wuta.

A 1729, da umarnin Mining College aka gina wani shuka Akinfy Demidova - Copper Suksunsky. An located mil 45 daga garin Kungur. Location ga shuka a kan kogin banki zaba Sukusun - a kananan tributary Sylva. Ya dutse dam yana da tsawon 120 da makarai. Da shi shi ne babban birnin kasar da ginin. A tama da aka tsĩrar da su da shuka daga bym Basin. Makala da aka ba mafi nasara. Tun lokacin da tama da aka gida, ba wanda zai iya daidai kimanta sikelin da hannun jari na raw kayan. Sai ya juya daga cewa shi ne kawai isa ga 'yan shekaru. Tun tsakiyar 1730 ta. Suksunsky factory tsunduma a tsaftacewa da jan Semi-ƙãre kayayyakin.

A karkashin matsin lamba na gudanar da bincike

A mafi wuya tsawon rayuwa Akinfiya Nikiticha 1733-1735 gg. A 'yan shekaru Demidov ne da hannu a high-profile harka, ya bullo da wani "sakamako na particularistic shuke-shuke." A 1733, Empress Anna izini gama da tabbaci na kudi kalamai na duk metallopromyshlennikov kasar. A tsari da aka gudanar kasuwanci jirgin. A cikin Demidov shuke-shuke zo auditors. Bayan 'yan watanni da suka tattara takardu da kuma hira da sandarka.

Bayan dubawa a St. Petersburg kawo fiye da 500 litattafan rubutunku kalamai. Saukar da facts kin biyan haraji da kuma zagi. Mutane da yawa data karya. Demidov envied da Akinfiy matsayin shugaban iyali, ya zama abu na denunciations. Sai da na ɗauki dama jiragen ruwa. Akinfi ya biya babbar tarar da baya haraji. Domin a yayin da ya ko da an hana su bar babban birnin kasar, inda m aikace-aikace. A karshen, Demidov gudanar da yaki. Abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne zafi Altay masana'antu. Duk da haka, su Akinfiy riƙe.

A Altai

Akinfiy industrialist Demidov, wanda biography magana akan shi a matsayin wani mutum daga mafi girman burinsu, na farko da na daular ta fara bazuwa a Yammacin Siberia. Daga cikin matasa yana sha'awar a cikin dũkiyar Altai Abuja, inda ya lokaci-lokaci aika wani balaguro don neman tama. Da farko, jan aka samu a can.

Duk da haka, mafi Akinfiy so a sami azurfa. Don fara samar da wannan daraja karfe Yã yi wa'adi ga Bitrus I har yanzu Nikita Demidov. Great monarch jira Altai farin ciki labarai, amma bai jira. A farko azurfa Akinfiy samfurori samu a 1726. Duk da haka, analysis yi da masana ya nuna cewa tama ne ma talakawa ga masana'antu samar. Amma bayan da cewa Demidov bai daina.

azurfa Rush

Kokarin warware rudanin, Akinfiy Nikitich kira ga kasashen waje da kwararru da sabis. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka Philip Treyger. Wannan Saxon ya riga ya gwaninta na yin aiki tare da azurfa. A 1733 ya shiga cikin bincike a kan Bear Island a White Sea. A wannan lokaci, da Jamus nasara ba a cimma.

Rashin kawai tsokane industrialist. Akinfiy Demidov, wanda biography ne wasiya ga ƙarfi daga hali na mutumin, idan dai saba da gwaji da kuma kasada. Bayan da karewa da kwangila Treygera ya yi ijara da sauran kasashen waje masana: Yunggansa Johann da Ioganna Hristiani. Turawa samu insanely high albashi na 600 da kuma 400 rubles. Demidov bai skimp, bukata kawai sakamakon, kuma a karshe samu shi.

An masu sauraro tare da Empress

A 1744 Akinfiy samu Altai azurfa. Ya nan da nan ya tafi zuwa Moscow, inda a wancan lokacin ya kasance a wucin gadi yadi Elizabeth. A sauraro industrialist zuwa Empress ingot Altai azurfa. Gift juya a kira su a kan lokaci. Baitul kawai rasa daraja karfe. Yana nuna farin ciki samu, dan kasuwa nan da nan lashe dama gina masana'antu na Altai. Bugu da kari, ya rarrashi Empress zuwa biyaya da harkokin kasuwanci kai tsaye zuwa ga na mallaka majalisar (watau shugaban kasa), ba da yawa abokan aiki da kuma jami'an kasar.

A rabo daga cikin Tula shuka

By karshen rayuwarsa Akinfiy Nikitich via da Altai da Ural mahakar bayar da iyali wani m nan gaba. Duk da haka, akwai a cikin maganin shafawa gardama a cikin maganin shafawa. A hankali agonized Tula factory - na farko kamfani na Demidov. Ya jinkirin mutuwa da aka hade da wani gaira na ci, saboda wanda ya zama m don amfani da yankin. Bugu da kari, a cikin Tula industrialist ya tsanani gasar a fuskar hukuma gwamnati makamin nukiliya.

Fiye da shekaru ashirin da m management na iyali kasuwanci Akinfiy ba gina guda factory a Jamhuriyar ɓangare na Rasha. An ƙara kõma zuwa gabas - zuwa Urals da Altai. A cikin wadannan yanayi, don kula da marasa amfani baki ɗaya samar Tula bai sa hankali. A 1744, Demidov ya tsaya a tsãwa guda makera shuka Danzig, gina ta mahaifinsa.

gina majami'u

An sani cewa zuciya Akinfy uba a san Littafi Mai Tsarki. Dan ma kuwa mai mutum. A 'yan qasar Tula shi a kansa kudi gina majami'u biyu. Nicholas-Zaretsky wani biyu-labarin tubali kuma. An located kabarin Demidov da kabari kanta Akinfy Demidov. A haikalin da aka tsarkake a cikin 1735, da sunan ta m tarihi bai kiyaye su. Wani coci (ma a cikin sunan St. Nicholas) da aka gina a Akinfiy Chulkova shiri, a cikin kusanci da Tula. Ga shi aka binne farko da matar Evdokia Tarasovna industrialist.

Akinfiy da schismatics

A 1730. Hukumomin na Rasha Empire suka fara wani yaƙi gāba da Old Muminai. Ural ne a yankin inda adadin ya musamman high. Tsohon Muminai gudu a can a cikin XVII karni, bayan da tsaga a Rasha Orthodox Church, ya sa ta sake fasalin na sarki Nikon. Nikita Demidov Kerzhakov rayayye janyo hankalin zuwa aiki a masana'antu. A wannan da aka yi da kuma Akinfiy.

Game da Demidov dissenters ya natsu lissãfi. Ƙarin cheap aiki albarkatun damar zuwa samu mafi girma riba, da kuma rage ta halin kaka. A jihar nemi ya gane dissenters domin sanya su a cikin na musamman lists, bisa ga dokokin, don gabatar da wani ƙarin haraji. Demidov rufe Muminai. Ya zauna a rigima tambaya ko shi da kansa ya a schismatic. Gaskiyar cewa iyalinsa na industrialists Tula a XVII karni aka dauke a cibiyar haduwa ga mutane tserewa zalunci da coci. Duk da haka, babu warar shaidar da cewa Akinfiy Demidov, na sirri rai wanda ya kasance m, an Old mũminai, masana tarihi sun ba da aka samu.

mutuwa

Mafi yawa daga rai Akinfiya Nikiticha tafi a kan hanya. Matsayin mai mulkin, ya kasance a cikin Urals, Tula, ko a St. Petersburg. Ta ƙarshe lokacin da shugaban iyali ya koma gida a 1745. Daga can kuma ya tafi zuwa ga Urals. A kan hanya sai ya tsaya a Nizhny Novgorod Akinfiy patrimony. Ci gaba da kara hanyar jagoranci ta hanyar da Kama tasa. Ga Akinfiy Nikitich ji dadi. Ya mutu a kan Agusta 5, 1745, bai isa su masana'antu.

Malaman tarihi sun yi imani da wuri na mutuwa na industrialist kauyen Yatskoe bakinsa. Babi na daular binne shi a Tula. Akinfi ya da sabain shekara na rayuwa. Shi ne mai karfi-Yã so, kuma enterprising mutum, ta haifi wani kasa Legends da asirai fiye da ya shahara uba.

Personal rai

Industrialist bikin aure taka leda sau biyu (na farko a kan Evdokia Korobkova, a karo na biyu a 1723 - on Efmi Paltseva). Akinfiya Demidova matarsa ta haifa masa 'ya'ya biyu. Daga cikin aure da Evdokia 'ya'ya maza ne na Procopius da Gregory, daga ya aure tare da Efim - dan Nikita da ya Euphemia.

Kamar mahaifinsa, Akinfiy Demidov ya tafin mai na iyali kasuwanci. A wani kokarin kiyaye mutuncin dukiya, in an jima kafin mutuwarsa ya yi wasiya a wanda kusan duk dukiyar da aka je ƙaramin ɗan Nikita. A wasu biyu magada - Prokofiev da Gregory - samu suna fadin dũkiyarku da mahakar a Turai larduna. Wannan ne ya kõma har Akinfiev ƙarƙashin rinjayar matarsa ta biyu Efimov.

magãda

Prokofiev Gregory m tare da nasu hannun jari, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa kai} arar da a cikin sunan Elizabeth. Empress bã da wani adalci kuka. Ikon revalued dukiya da kuma raba shi a cikin uku daidai sassa. Prokofy samu Nevyansky da Nizhny Novgorod shuka, Gregory - Enterprises daga Tula da Urals, Nikita - Nizhnetagilskye masana'antu.

Saboda haka yara Akinfy Demidova shared kafin guda hadaddun cewa mallakar kakan kuma uba. Bugu da kari, yanki daga dũkiyõyin canjawa wuri zuwa jihar. Mallakar gwamnati karfe Altai mahakar. Duk da haka magada Akinfy adana da kuma kara abin da aka bar a hannuwansu. Demidov daular zama daya daga cikin mafi arziki a Rasha yana da shekaru da yawa.