Aluminum tama: mine, ma'adinai,

A zamani masana'antu, haƙar ne mafi nemi-bayan albarkatun kasa. A m ci gaba na kimiyya da fasaha ya yarda ya fadada shirin na ta aikace-aikace. Mene ne wani aluminum tama, da kuma inda an samar - aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Industrial aluminum darajar

Aluminum ne ya fi kowa karfe. By yawan adibas, ya ranked uku a cikin ɓawon burodi. Aluminum da aka sani ga duk da kyau kamar yadda wani kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur, wadda ke da alaka da wani haske karfe.

Aluminum tama - wata halitta albarkatun kasa daga wanda da karfe da aka samu. M shi ne cirewa daga haƙar, wanda dauke da aluminum oxide (alumina) a cikin most adadin - daga 28 zuwa 80%. Sauran breeds - alunite, nepheline, nepheline-apatite da kuma amfani da wani albarkatun kasa domin aluminum samar, amma suna da mafi mũnin quality, da kuma dauke da ma kasa alumina.

A ba-ferrous karafa aluminum, shi ranked farko. Gaskiyar ita ce, saboda da halaye, da shi da ake amfani a da yawa masana'antu. Kamar wancan ne, da karfe amfani a kai injiniya, marufi masana'antu, yi da kuma ga yi na daban-daban mabukaci kaya. Har ila yau, aluminum ne yadu a yi amfani da lantarki aikin injiniya.

Don gane da yadda muhimmanci aluminum ga mutãne, duba isa ga yau da kullum abubuwa da muka yi amfani da kowace rana. Mutane da yawa iyali abubuwa sanya daga aluminum sassa na lantarki kayan (refrigerators, wanka inji, da dai sauransu ...), faranti, wasanni kayan aiki, tsarabobi, ciki abubuwa. Aluminum ne sau da yawa amfani da samar da iri dabam dabam marufi. Alal misali, gwangwani ko kwantena na yarwa tsare.

Iri aluminum ores

Aluminum yana kunshe ne a cikin fiye da 250 ma'adanai. Daga cikin wadannan, mafi muhimmanci ga masana'antu su ne haƙar nepheline da alunite. Bari mu tattauna su a mafi daki-daki.

haƙar tama

A yanayi, m aluminum ba ya faruwa. M an samar daga aluminum tama - haƙar. Wannan ma'adinai, wanda mafi yawa kunshi aluminum hydroxide, kazalika da baƙin ƙarfe, da silicon oxides. Saboda da manyan abun ciki na alumina (40 zuwa 60%) ta amfani da haƙar a matsayin albarkatun kasa domin aluminum samar.

The jiki Properties na aluminum tama:

• opaque ma'adinai ja da launin toka a cikin daban-daban tabarau.
• taurin daga cikin karfi samfurori na 6 a Mohs 'sikelin.
• yawa haƙar dangane da sinadaran abun da ke ciki dabam a cikin kewayon 2900-3500 kg / m³.

Adibas na haƙar tama sun mayar da hankali a Equatorial kuma wurare masu zafi bangarori na duniya. Mazan adibas suna located a Rasha.

Kamar yadda aka kafa haƙar aluminum tama

Haƙar an kafa daga alumina hydrate monohydrate, boehmite da diaspore, trehvodnogo hydrate - hydrargillite hydroxides da related ma'adanai, da na baƙin ƙarfe oxide.

Dangane da abun da ke ciki prirodoobrazuyuschih abubuwa rarrabe uku kungiyoyin na haƙar tama:

1. Monohydrate haƙar - dauke da alumina monohydrate form.
2. Trigidratnye - irin ma'adanai an hada da alumina a trehvodnoy form.
3. Gauraye - Wannan kungiyar qunshi a hade baya aluminum tama.

Adibas kafa albarkatun kasa saboda weathering na acid, Alkali, da kuma wani lokacin da manyan jinsin, ko daga sauka a hankali shaida a kan tushe na cikin teku da kuma lake yawa alumina.

alunite tama

Wannan irin tafki ƙunshi har zuwa 40% alumina. Alunite tama da aka kafa a ruwa daruna da ga ~ ar teku a karkashin zafin hydrothermal da volcanic aiki. An misali na irin wannan adibas - Zaglinskoe lake a cikin Karami Caucasus.

Porous dutse. Advantageously ya qunshi hydromicas da kaolinites. Industrial amfani alunite tama abun ciki mafi girma daga 50%.

nepheline

Wannan aluminum tama magmatic asalin. Yana da wani holocrystalline alkaline kankara. Dangane da abun da ke ciki da kuma aiki na fasaha siffofin rarrabe dama irin nepheline tama:

• Class I - 60-90% nepheline. shi ya ƙunshi fiye da 25% na alumina. Sake amfani ne da za'ayi ta sintering.
• Class II - 40-60% nepheline, dan kadan ƙananan adadin alumina - 22-25%. ake bukata enrichment a lokacin aiki.
• uku sa - nepheline ma'adanai, wanda babu wani kasuwanci darajar.

Duniya samar da aluminum ores

Da farko aluminum tama mined a farkon rabin na XIX karni a kudu-maso-gabashin Faransa, kusa da kauyen na Box. Saboda haka, kamar sunan haƙar. A farko, da masana'antu ci gaba sannu a hankali. Amma a lokacin da Adam ne mai daraja, abin da haƙar amfani domin samar, da ikon yinsa, daga aikace-aikace na aluminum sun karu da yawa. Kasashe da dama sun fara bincika a cikin yankuna adibas adibas. Saboda haka, duniya samar da aluminum ores fara a hankali kara. Tabbacin wannan al'amari ne da lambobi. Saboda haka, a cikin 1913, a duniya girma mined tama ya 540 ton, sa'an nan a shekarar 2014 godu -. More fiye da 180 ton miliyan.

Har ila yau, a hankali kara yawan kasashe da samar da aluminum tama. Don kwanan wata, akwai game da 30. Amma a cikin past shekaru 100, manyan kasashe da yankuna suna kullum canja. Saboda haka, a farkon na XX karni, shugabannin duniya a samar da aluminum tama da ta samar sun North America da yammacin Turai. Wadannan yankuna biyu lissafta game da 98% na duniya samar. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata cikin sharuddan yawa daga aluminum masana'antu shugabannin sun zama kasashe na gabashin Turai, Latin Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma a cikin 1950-1960-ies shugaban a samar size ya zama Latin America. Kuma a cikin 1980-1990 shekaru. akwai wani m nasara a cikin aluminum masana'antu a Australia da kuma nahiyar Afrika. A yau duniya Trend manyan manyan kasashen for aluminum samar da su ne Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Jamaica, India, Rasha, Suriname, Venezuela da kuma Girka.

Ore adibas a Rasha

Domin aluminum tama samarwa girma Rasha da aka ranked bakwai a duniya martaba. Ko da yake saurar aluminum ores a Rasha don samar da karfe a cikin manyan yawa, shi ne ba su isa ba da cikakken hadu da masana'antu. Saboda haka, jihar da aka tilasta saya haƙar a cikin wasu kasashe.

Total a Rasha located 50 tama adibas. Wannan ya hada da kamar yadda wani wuri inda ma'adanai suna mined, kuma bai ci gaba adibas.

Mafi yawa daga cikin tama reserves dake a cikin Turai bangare na kasar. Ga su suna located in Sverdlovsk, Arkhangelsk, Belgorod yankin, a cikin Komi Jamhuriyar. Duk wadannan yankuna dauke da 70% na kasar ta tabbatar da reserves na tama.

Aluminum ores ake mined a Rasha ne har yanzu a cikin tsohon haƙar adibas. Irin wannan yankuna da dangantaka Radynskoe filin a Birnin Leningrad yankin. Har ila yau, saboda da karancin albarkatun kasa Rasha yana amfani da wasu aluminum tama adibas ne halin da poorer quality ma'adinai adibas. Amma su ma dace da masana'antu dalilai. Alal misali, a Rasha da aka samar a cikin manyan yawa nepheline ores, wanda su ma zai yiwu a samu aluminum.