Architect Bazhenov: ban sha'awa facts. Moscow gine na biyu da rabi na 18th karni

A labarin game da gine-gine na birnin Moscow ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da ambata sunan shahararren Rasha m kamar yadda Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

M Gothic - wannan ne style of mafi yawan tsira ayyukan Bazhenov. A cikin wannan hanya, da hadaddun aka gina Tsaritsyno. Mafi yawa daga cikin gine-gine da kuma Tsarin suna sosai shafa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, amma maido aikin gudanar a lokacin Soviet da kuma post-Soviet sau, ya taimaka, wajen mayar da yawancin su.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

A daidai wurin da ranar haihuwa ba a san Vasily Bazhenov. Ya aka haife Maris 1, 1737, ko 1738, ya mutu a kan Agusta 2, 1799. Great Rasha m ya daga wani iyali na kananan coci hukuma. A cewar wasu kafofin da aka haife shi a Moscow, a kan sauran - a Maloyaroslavets, da kuma mayar da su Moscow a uku-wata-wata shekaru. A 1753 Vasily shiga almajiransa su Dmitry Uhtomtsevu. Daga shi ya samu ya fara darussa a gine da kuma yi. Complete horo gaba m Bazhenov bai wuce tun da wuya kudi halin da ake ciki na iyali ta tilasta masa ya daina karatu da kuma je aiki. A 1755 sai ya fara karatu a Moscow Jami'ar Jihar. Bazhenov ta farko biographer, Lardi na Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, rubuta cewa Basil kuma yi karatu a Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. M masu bincike, wannan al'amari ya karyata. Kila, a cikin wannan hanya ta ruhaniya mutum yayi kokarin tada girma na subordinated cibiyoyin da shi.

bayyanuwar iyawa

A 1758 Vasily Bazhenov daga saman 16 dalibai a kan shawarwarin na Ivan Shuvalov ya aka aika zuwa St. Petersburg a cikin sabon kafa Academy of Fine Arts. A farko jarrabawa talented almajiri Vasily Bazhenov shige brilliantly kuma lashe farko wuri a cikin ranking na yi. Manyan m na Rasha Admiralty Chevakinsky ya zama wani sirri malami sosai alamar rahama, sosai m kuma na fasaha saurayi.

Bayan shekaru uku Vasily Bazhenov da Anton Losenko zama na farko da dalibai na Academy of Arts, lambar yabo-malanta.

Bugu da ari karatu ya faru a Paris a cikin studio na Charles de Wailly. Daga bisani, da m Bazhenov shi ne babban mai kiran kasuwa na Faransa neoclassicism a Rasha da kuma a kan ra'ayoyin De Wailly saita stylistic Canon na neoclassical Moscow.

Ya koma zuwa Rasha a watan Mayu 1765 tare da glowing shaidar game da impeccable sana'a da kuma halin kirki halaye. Duk da haka, sabon management na Academy hõre shi zuwa wani tsaurara jarrabawa na aikin da ake bukata da kuma samar da wani sabon shiri rubutun aikin. The matasa Rasha m da aka hange da Catherine II da ɗanta Paul. The magaji a kan karaga, da umarnin Bazhenov zane da kuma gina gidan a kan Stone Island, da kuma a 1766 Grigory Orlov da umurnin da ya yi na Arsenal. A wannan aiki na Vasily Ivanovich a St. Petersburg ƙare. Architect Bazhenov koma Moscow, inda ya rayu da kuma aiki har mutuwarsa.

Kremlin Palace

Catherine shawarar da ra'ayin gyara na dilapidated manyan gidãje daga Moscow Kremlin. Bazhenov farincikin saita zuwa aiki. Tuni a 1767 ya gabatar da mafi shawara na dama zane na Big Kremlin Palace. Orlov tambaya yiwuwa na yi na irin wannan babban gini, amma m, a cikin tunaninsa na na sarki zama zauna m da kuma karshen lokacin rani 1768 kammala halittar aikin. Bisa ga shirin da shi ya juya Turai ta most fadar hadaddun, hukuncin kisa a neoclassical style. Ya ya kamata ya maye gurbin tsohon Kremlin gaba daya. A canzawa shirya ya ci gaba kawai da majami'u, wanda ya zama ba a bayyane daga kogin, saboda nan gaba rufe bangon gidan sarauta. A karkashin shirin, duk kudu ta, watau shestisotmetrovuyu garun Konstantinovskaya hasumiya a gabas zuwa yamma da kuma Borovitskaya kara tare bangon yamma na Arsenal da arewa, ya dauki wani sabon hudu-labarin gidan sarauta. Ya Bazhenov shirya ya sanya kai tsaye a kan m gangara tsakanin Filato da kuma cikin Kremlin bango, wanda ya kamata ya kawo. The m bayar stacking dutse buttresses su hana zamiya da tsarin a cikin kõgi. Shirya don ƙarfafa embankment gaci, kuma tarred rajistan ayyukan.

Bisa ga aikin tarihi babban coci yankin da aka kiyaye su, da kuma a cikin gabashin ɓangare na Kremlin sun karya sabon. Ta ya fara wani sabon radial tituna, za daga cibiyar da arewa, arewa maso yammacin kuma arewa-maso-gabas. A fadar aka shirya fita a kan Tverskaya Street. Aikin da aka kamata ya zama farkon zamani na dukan na Moscow. A 1775, da kokari a karkashin jagorancin Bitrus da Nikolai Kozhin Legrand shirin da aka ƙa'ida amince.

Tsaritsyno

A lokacin rani na 1775 Bazhenov ya ɓullo da wani farko na kudirin Tsaritsyno, wanda ya kwanan wata ba a kiyaye su. Gine-gine Bazhenova sun m sa na free-tsaye gine-gine a Rasha neo-gargajiya style. Bayan kammala da kuma amincewa da Empress na shirin da aka amince. The rinjaye batu ya zama mai fada, kunsha na biyu gine-gine, a haɗa kide. Wanda reshe da aka yi nufi ga Catherine, da kuma na biyu - ɗanta, gama ɗan da magaji Paul. A matsayin mai zane shirya gargajiya Rasha launin tiles da ado. Catherine a'a da kuma nace a kan wani sauki version - garun ja bulo da fari ado da kuma rawaya glazed tiles a kan rufin.

Bazhenov fara yi na hadaddun zuwa gaban jere daga kananan gine-gine, da ƙofofi, da gadoji, da ado da lafiya m gama abin da ya tun da aka rasa. A 1776, an karshe kammala ado siffa gada a kan wani kwazazzabo. The ayyukansu wuya saboda rashin gwani sana'a da kuma katsalandan] a] e.

A 1777 Bazhenov rushe tsohon katako, gidan da tsohon masu na Estate da kuma fara gina babban gidan sarauta. Yana da aka gina a cikin shekaru takwas. The biyu main gawarwakin da aka kara daya fi - tsakiyar Bulus yara. Gwamna James Bruce, wanda ya ziyarci Tsarina a 1784, aka ruxani da babu manyan, da hukuma ginin. Amma ya aiko amma duk da haka wani m rahoton zuwa Catherine.

Lõkacin fatara daga aiki a kan aikin Tsaritsyn

A Yuni 1785 Catherine abke ziyarci Tsaritsyno zauna m tare da jinkirin taki na aiki. Empress Palace kiyasta a matsayin m ga mai rai: wani sosai duhu dakuna, low ceilings, kunkuntar bene. Wannan shekara, dangantakar tsakanin Catherine da Paul mafita rincabewa. A Empress aka tsunduma a al'amura na maye. Kuma da Palace na twin sabon abu ya zama siyasa ba daidai ba. Catherine umurni da rushe ginin da kuma gina wani sabon babban gidan sarauta. Bazhenov da Kazakov aka umurce su da su ci gaba da sabon ayyukan. Architect Bazhenov ya gabatar da aikin da ƙarshen 1785, amma sai aka ƙaryata, kuma Vasili sallame. Ekaterina Kazakova zaba aikin. Bazhenov fādar da aka rushe a lokacin rani na 1786. An yi imani da cewa Catherine bai dauki Bazhenov ta aikin saboda Masonic symbolism da Gothic style. Yana ba zai iya zama gaskiya, kamar yadda Cossacks a cikin ayyukan kiyaye kuma maimaita Gothic da Masonic alamomin.

kitchen Building

A Tsaritsyno zauna daya more tsarin Bazhenova - kitchen gini, ko da Bread House. Yana da wani square gini da taso sasanninta asali tsara don kitchens, warehouses, ɗakunan ajiya da gidaje ga ma'aikatan. Bayanai suna sanya wa shi a ciki - don daban-daban tattalin arziki da kuma bawan ba matsawa fadin ido na baƙi da kuma Runduna gidan gona. A kan benen kasa na dutse liyi da fari glaciers cewa mai girma ne a ci gaba da zazzabi. A duka facade aka yi wa ado da daban-daban alamomin :. gurasa tare da castors, da tabarau tutocin furanni, Masonic line, da dai sauransu. A halin yanzu, Bread House da ake amfani da kide da sauran al'adu events. Wani lokaci, akwai banquets.

Medium Palace

Opera House, ko Tsakiya Dvorets Ekateriny, tare da biyu-gangarawa gaggafa a kan parapets facades asali nufin amfani ga kananan hukuma receptions, kazalika ga kide da kuma wasanni a lokacin rani. Na dogon lokaci da fada da aka ba a yi amfani da kowace irin hanya. Daga shi akwai kawai katangu. A shekarar 1988 ya fara shekaru takwas sabuntawa aiki. Excellent acoustics ginin damar da shi zuwa kide. Akwai ma runduna nune-nunen da ayyukan art.

Pashkov gidan

Vasily Bazhenov - da m wanda Ya halitta daya daga cikin duniya-sanannen alamomin na Moscow. Yana da aka gina a 1785-1786 shekaru Pashkov House. Recognizable tsarin sau da yawa za a samu a cikin zane-zane, zana rubutu, katunan gaisuwa, kudin sufurin kan sarki, kwalaye na alewa, da dai sauransu Bayan kau daga aikin "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov fara shan zaman kwamitocin daga m Muscovites. Saboda haka, a kan wani tudu Vagankovsky ya gina wani m fadar fari dutse ga kyaftin-leftana Semenov rajimanti da matarsa. gini facade dubi zuwa ga Starovagankovsky rariya, da kuma Kremlin juya da baya gefe. An zaci cewa a wannan hanya da m ya nuna fushi da Empress Tsaritsyno.

Bayan rasuwar bai bar 'ya'ya masu Pashkov House gaji mai nĩsa dangi, wanda, da farin ciki auri wani gado,' yar Gold Mining ya iya ƙunsar tsarin dama. Daga bisani, Pashkov House sayar taskar.

Rasha Revival style of gine

Rasha shigeba, na neoclassical makaranta na gine-gine, mai hoto artist, theoretician na gine-gine da kuma malama Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov da abokan aiki da kuma dalibai Matvey Kazakov da kuma Ivan Starov ƙirƙirar Rasha kasa gine-gine da harshen cewa an katse Peter I. A wannan lokacin, da Rasha raya birane saita sautin na waje gine-ginen - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron da kuma sauransu.

A bakin ciki da wani rabo talented m

An farkon buɗi na talanti ɗaya na m Bazhenov jagoranci cikin da'irar da arziki a cikin dalĩli tycoons da kuma 'yan siyasa, majalisarsa. Inexperience a kasuwanci da kuma diflomasiyya sa da bala'in a cikin sirri da kuma sana'a duniyoyin rayuwa Vasily Ivanovich. Biyu na ta main yi ayyukan da aka yi watsi da harkokin siyasa ko kudi dalilai. Ya bai iya gudanar da fitar da aikin domin da maimaitawa na Grand Kremlin Palace. The na mallaka Palace a Tsaritsyno, wanda ya zama ainihin abin Tsaritsyno hadaddun aka halaka su da Catherine II. Wani aikin, da Moscow Jami'ar Jihar ginin, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa kaifi rikice-rikice da tsohon mai kyautata, m, Prokofiev Demidov, kuma ya kai ga cikakken fatarar Bazhenov. Kafin mutuwarsa, Vasily mafi damu game da makomar 'ya'yansu, saboda ya ji tsoron kada su sami kansu da hannu a cikin shiri kasuwanci, wanda ya daukarsa a matsayin wani al'amari na rashin gaskiya da kuma mayaudara.

Legacy Bazhenova

Bazhenova al'adunmu har yanzu ya kasance ba da cikakken gane. Akwai shakku game da marubucin dangana a gare shi da wasu abubuwa. A musamman, ya ga ko da ginin Bazhenov Architect Pashkov House? An yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne aikin da almajiransa, wanda ya shirya, gama shekaru masu yawa na koyarwa a Academy of Arts. Bayan rasuwar Catherine Paul na nada Vasily Ivanovich mataimakin shugaban Academy. Nazarin ya yi wasiyya da yawa masu bincike, musamman, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy DO Godiya ga su da yawa, amma ba duk abin da ya bayyana. A "Notes a kan gani na Moscow" Karamzin kwantanta Bazhenova ayyukan da Plato ta Tsakiya da kuma Thomas More ta Utopia. Watakila wannan ne ya sa su ba da aka aiwatar.