Austria Empire. A Austria Empire

A Austria Empire aka zayyana a matsayin monarchic jihar a 1804 da kuma dade har 1867, sa'an nan aka canza a cikin Austro-Hungary. In ba haka ba, aka kira Habsburg Empire, da sunan karshe na daya daga cikin Habsburgs, France, wanda, kamar Napoleon, ma, ya yi kira a kansa sarki.

gādo

Austria Empire a cikin karni na 19th, idan ka dubi taswirar, yana kama da wani patchwork bargo. Mun nan da nan ga cewa wannan shi ne wani multiethnic jihar. Kuma, mafi m, shi ne, kamar yadda shi ne sau da yawa haka al'amarin, hana zaman lafiya. Neman ta hanyar shafukan na tarihi, za mu iya ganin cewa shi ya faru a nan. Tiny launin specks tattara a karkashin daya iyakar - wannan ne Hapsburg Austria. Map nuna musamman da kyau yadda ƙasar da aka fragmented daular. Hereditary Holdings na Habsburgs - kananan yankin yankunan, lugar ta gaba daya mutane daban-daban. Austria Empire kafa game da irin wannan.

• Slovakia, da Hungary, da Jamhuriyar Czech.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Galicia, Bukovina.
• Northern Italy (Lombardi da Venice).

Ba kawai asalin dukan al'ummai da aka daban-daban, amma addini ba daidaita. Mutanen Austria Empire (talatin miliyan hudu), rabin sun Slavs (Slovaks, Czechs, Croats, Dogayen sanda, Ukrainians, Serbs. Magyar (Hungarians) sun kasance game da miliyan biyar, game da irin adadin Italiya.

A tsaka-tsaki na tarihi

Feudalism cewa lokaci bai yi ba tukuna gudu tafarkinsa, amma Austria da Czech sana'a riga iya da kyau kira kansa aiki a matsayin masana'antu a cikin wadannan yankunan da aka quite ɓullo da su jari hujja.

Habsburgs da suke kewaye da nobility ya rinjaye ikon daular, suka kwashe dukan daga cikin mafi m matsayi - biyu soja da ba komai haqqinsa. Absolutism, da dominance na arbitrariness - ba komai haqqinsa da kuma ikon a fuskar 'yan sanda, umurnin na cocin Katolika, da arziki ma'aikata a cikin daular - duk da wannan ko ta yaya raunana kananan al'ummai, shiga tare a matsayin irreconcilable ko a cikin mahautsini man fetur da kuma ruwa.

Austria Empire a kan Hauwa'u na da juyin juya halin

Czech Germanize da sauri, musamman ma bourgeoisie da aristocracy. A gonaki daga Hungary shake da miliyoyin Slavic manoma, amma suna da kuma sosai a dogara a kan gwamnati-Austrians. A Austria Empire aka latsa tukuru a kan Italian larduna. Ko da wuya a rarrabe tsakanin irin zalunci da cewa shi ne: gwagwarmaya da feudalism, jari hujja, ko na zalla kasa bambance-bambance.

Metternich, Firayim Ministan da kuma wani outspoken reactionary, shekara talatin haramta wani harshe wasu fiye da Jamus a duk cibiyoyin, ciki har da kotuna da kuma makarantu. A jama'ar ya yafi baƙauye. A matsayin free, wadannan mutane su ne gaba daya dogara a kan gidan haya, biya sadãkõkinsu, aikata conscription kama serfdom.

Ba kawai talakawa na mutane groaned karkiyar da mulkin gargajiya tsarin da saura cikakken iko tare da arbitrariness. A bourgeoisie ya kuma m, kuma a fili turawa mutane a yi tawaye. Juyin juya halin a kasar Austria Empire a sama dalilai ne kawai makawa.

kasa kai-kafiya

All yanci-m al'ummai da tare da trepidation dangantaka da ci gaba da kuma adana na kasa da al'adunsu. Musamman Slavic. Sa'an nan, a karkashin nauyi na taya Austria, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians da Italiya kokarin kai gwamnati, da ci gaban wallafe-wallafe da kuma zane-zane, ya nemi wa'azi a cikin harshe makarantu. Writers, da malamai sõyayya da wanda ra'ayin - kasa kai-shiba.

A wannan tafiyar matakai su ne Serbs, Croats. The mutum ya zama mai rai yanayi, da haske ta wadãta mafarki da 'yanci, wanda aka nuna a cikin ayyukan artists, kasida da kuma masu kida. National al'ada tashi sama gaskiya da kuma wahayi zuwa gare compatriots a kan hukunci matakai don 'yanci, daidaito, fraternity - misali na Faransanci juyin juya halin.

A tawaye a Vienna

A 1847, da Austria Empire "ya samu" quite neman sauyi halin da ake ciki. Acuity ta kara da janar tattalin arziki da rikicin da shekaru biyu da matalauta girbin da kuma tura shi ne kifar da daular mulkinsu a Faransa. Tuni a cikin Maris 1848 juyin juya halin a kasar Austria Empire balaga da kuma m.

Ma'aikata, dalibai, sana'a da aka gina barricades a titunan Vienna da murabus din da gwamnatin, ba tsoro na na sarki dakarun, ya zabi zuwa kashe tashin hankali. The gwamnatin sanya asasshe, koran Metternich da kuma wasu ministoci. Yana da aka yi wa'adi ko da wani tsarin mulki.

A jama'a, duk da haka, an hanzari tara makamai: ma'aikatan a wani hali bai samu wani abu - ko da 'yancin kada kuri'a. Dalibai halitta Academic Tuli, da kuma bourgeoisie - National Guard. Kuma suka sanya har da juriya a lokacin da wadannan doka kungiyoyin mayakan yunkurin soke fiye da sarki da kuma tilasta gwamnatin gudu daga Vienna.

Manoma, kamar yadda ya saba, a cikin juyin juya halin da suka sashi ba shi da lokaci. Places spontaneously tayar, sun ƙi biya haya da maigidan haya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yankan saukar da itatuwa. Sani, kuma kungiyar na aiki aji ya, ba shakka, mafi. Fragmentation da individualism na aiki Solidarity ba kara da cewa.

incompleteness

Kamar dukan Jamus, Austria da juyin juya halin da aka ba su kammala, ko da yake bourgeois-demokra] iyya kiran ta riga yiwu. The aiki aji ba tukuna isasshe balaga, da bourgeoisie, kamar yadda ko da yaushe, da sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma girman amana, da ya samuwa ga kasa jayayya da soja counter-juyin juya halin.

iya cin nasara ba. A daular mulkinsu ya sabunta da kuma ƙarfafa babban rabo zalunci na matalauta, kuma ance gaskiyar al'amurra al'ummai. Shi ne tabbatacce cewa wasu sauye-sauye sun faru, da kuma babban abu - da juyin juya halin karshe kashe da mulkin gargajiya tsarin. Good da cewa kasar ta kiyaye da ƙasa, domin bayan juyin juya hali m up kuma mafi kama kasa fiye da Austria. Empire Card ya canza ba.

shugabanni

A farkon rabin karni na sha tara, har sai 1835, duk da harkokin jihar gudanar da harkokin mulki da Sarkin sarakuna Franz I. Chancellor Metternich ya kaifin baki da kuma ya mai girma nauyi a siyasa, amma don shawo sarki ya sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba. Bayan da m sakamakon na Faransa juyin juya halin a kasar Austria, da azabar da Napoleonic yaƙe-yaƙe, Metternich mafi nemi in kawo wannan domin kasar a zaman lafiya.

Amma Metternich kasa ƙirƙirar majalisar dokokin kasar tare da wakilan dukan al'umman da na daular, lardin abun da ake ci kuwa ba ta karɓe wani real iko. Duk da haka, quite tattalin arziki da baya da baya Austria, tare da mulkin gargajiya reactionary gwamnatin shekara talatin Metternich juya a cikin karfi jihar a Turai. Great ne rawar da ya taka a cikin halittar wani counter-neman sauyi Mai Tsarki Alliance a 1915.

A wani kokarin ci gaba da daular daga scraps na cikakken auka, da Austria sojojin gilla murƙushe da tawaye a Naples da Piedmont a 1821, yayin da rike cikakken mamayar a kasar Austrians kan neavstriytsami. Sau da yawa sosai suppressed tarzoma waje Austria, saboda wanda sojojin wannan kasa ya sami wani m suna tsakanin mabiya na kasa kai-shiba.

Excellent jami'in diflomasiyyar Metternich aka tsunduma da ma'aikatar harkokin waje na kasar, da kuma Sarkin sarakuna Franz tafiyad da harkokin jihar. A bincika shi tracks dukkan zirga-zirga a yankin na ilimi: Jami'an tsananin bari duk abin da za a iya karatu da kuma karanta. Idon ya m. Manema labarai da aka ba a yarda ko a tuna da kalmar "kundin tsarin mulki".

A cikin addini, aka gwada da shiru, akwai wasu haƙuri. Farfado da Order na Jesuits, Katolika jagoranci da ilimi, da kuma ba su bar kowa ba tare da yardarka da sarki daga coci. Yahudawa saki daga duhun kai, kuma ko da a Vienna aka gina majami'a. Yana nan fito daga bankers Solomon Rothschild, sanya abokai da Metternich. Kuma ko da samu baronial title. A waɗannan kwanaki - wani m aukuwa.

A karshen wani babban iko

A kasashen waje da manufofin da Austria domin biyu da rabi na karni na cike da setbacks. Cigaba da shan kashi a yakin.

• The Crimean War (1853-1856).
• Austro-Prussian War (1866).
• Da farko Italian War of Independence (1866).
• yaki da Sardinia da Faransa (1859).

A wannan lokaci, akwai mai kaifi hutu a dangantaka da Rasha, sa'an nan halittar ta Arewa Jamus Confederation. Duk wannan ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Habsburgs rasa su da tasiri a kan gwamnatin, ba kawai a Jamus amma kuma cikin Turai. Kuma - a sakamakon - da matsayi na mai girma da iko.