Ayyukan Malevich a kowace shekara: bayanin, hoto

Ayyukan Malevich na wakilci daya daga cikin mafi kyawun bayyane na zane-zane na zamani. Wanda ya kafa Suprematism, dan wasan Rasha da Soviet, ya shiga tarihi na zane-zane na duniya da zanen "Black Square", amma wannan aiki ba shi da iyaka ga wannan aikin. Ayyukan shahararren masanin zane ya kamata saba wa kowane mutum al'adu.

Theorist da kuma aiki na zamani art

Ayyukan Malevich sun nuna halin da ake ciki a cikin al'umma a farkon karni na 20. An zana hoton ta a Kiev a shekarar 1879.

Bisa ga labarun kansa a cikin tarihin tarihin kansa, zane-zane na zane-zane ya fara a Kursk a shekarar 1898, kodayake ba a tabbatar da shaidar tabbatar da wannan ba.

A shekara ta 1905 ya yi ƙoƙarin shigar da Makarantar Zane-zane na Makarantu, Zane-zane da Tsarin gine-ginen Moscow. Duk da haka, ba a yarda da shi ba. A wannan lokacin, iyalin Malevich a Kursk yana da iyali - matar Kazimir Zgleits da yara. A cikin rayuwarsu, an raba raga, don haka, ba tare da amsa ba, Malevich ba ya son komawa Kursk. Zane-zane ya zauna a Lefortovo a cikin zane-zane. A cikin babban gida na dan wasan kwaikwayo Kurdyumov ya kasance kusan kimanin mashãwarta 300. Malevich ya kasance a cikin sanarwa na watanni shida, amma, duk da rashin biyan bashin gidaje, bayan watanni shida sai kudi ya fita, har yanzu ya koma Kursk.

Malevich ya koma Moscow ne kawai a 1907. Shahararren masanin fim Fedor Rerberg. A 1910 ya fara taka rawa cikin nune-nunen da m ƙungiya daga farkon avant-garde , "Jack na Diamonds." Hotuna sun fara bayyana cewa sun kawo shi duniya da daraja da sanarwa.

"Suprematist abun da ke ciki"

A shekarar 1916 ayyukan Malevich sun riga sun sani sosai a babban birnin kasar. A wancan lokacin babban abun da ake kira Suprematist ya bayyana. An rubuta shi a man a kan zane. A shekara ta 2008, an sayar da shi a wani sigar Sotheby na kimanin dala miliyan 60.

An hayar da haɗin gwargwadon gwargwadon magajin. A shekarar 1927, an nuna shi a wani zane a Berlin.

Malevich da kansa ya wakilci shi a bude hoton, amma nan da nan ya dawo, yayin da hukumomin Soviet ba su mika takardar visa ba. Dole ne ya bar duk aikin. Akwai kimanin mutum 70. An tsara Hugo Hering na Jamus a matsayin alhakin. Malevich ana sa ran dawowa don zane-zane a nan gaba, amma ba a sake shi ba waje.

Kafin mutuwarsa, Hering ya ba da dukan ayyukan Malevich, wanda ya ajiye shekaru masu yawa, zuwa Amsterdam gidan tarihi na birnin (wanda aka fi sani da Stealinguk Museum). Hering ya kammala kwangila, bisa ga abin da kowace shekara ta shekaru 12 da gidan kayan gargajiya ya biya masa wani adadi. Daga bisani, nan da nan bayan mutuwar masanin, danginsa, waɗanda suka yi rajistar gado, sun karbi duk adadin a lokaci guda. Saboda haka, "Ƙaddamarwa" ya shiga cikin kuɗin gidan kayan gargajiya na Amsterdam.

Malevich ta magada sunyi ƙoƙarin dawowa wadannan zane-zane, tun daga shekarun 70 na karni na XX. Amma ba su da nasara.

A shekarar 2002 ne kawai aka gabatar da 14 daga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Amsterdam a wannan hoton "Kazimir Malevich." Suprematism ". Yana da aka gudanar a cikin Guggenheim Museum a Amurka. Mazaunan Malevich, wasu daga cikinsu 'yan ƙasar Amirka ne, suka yi wa gidan kayan gargajiya na Holland. Gudanar da hotunan gallery ya tafi wata yarjejeniya kafin fitina. Bisa ga sakamakonsa, an mayar da 5 daga cikin 36 zane na zane-zane ga zuriyarsa. A musayar, magada sun ki amincewa.

Wannan hotuna har yanzu shine hoto mafi tsada na kamfani na Rasha wanda aka sayar da shi a kan siya.

"Black Square"

"Black Square" da Malevich ne daya daga cikin mafi yi magana game da ayyukansu. Yana cikin ɓangare na zane-zane na ayyukan da aka ba da Suprematism. A cikin wannan, ya binciko hanyoyin da za'a iya samarwa da haske. Bugu da ƙari, a fili, a cikin wannan kyauta akwai zane-zane "Black Cross" da "Black Circle".

Painting Malevich ya rubuta a 1915. An yi aikin ne don zane na karshe na Futurists. Ayyukan Malevich a zauren "0.10" a 1915 an rataye su, kamar yadda suke cewa, a cikin "kusurwar ja". A wurin da aka sanya alamar ta al'ada a cikin dakunan Rasha, an kafa "Black Square". Hoton mafi ban mamaki kuma mafi banƙyama a tarihin tarihin Rashanci.

Kalmomi guda uku Maɗaukaki - siffofi, gicciye da zagaye, an dauke su matsayin ka'idodi a ka'idar fasaha, wanda ya sa daɗaɗɗen ƙaddamar da tsarin duka Suprematist. Yana da daga gare su cewa a nan gaba sabuwar ƙwararren ƙwararrun sunadaran.

Mutane da yawa masu bincike na aikin kwaikwayo sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari su samo ainihin sakon hoton, wanda zai kasance a ƙarƙashin sashin launi. Don haka, a cikin shekarar 2015, an gudanar da bincike mai zurfi. A sakamakon haka, yana yiwuwa a ware hotuna biyu masu launi, waɗanda aka samo a kan zane. Da farko dai, an yi amfani da nau'in kwalliya na gaba-gaba, kuma a sama da shi kuma yana da tsinkaye. Sai kawai duk abin da aka cika da baki baki.

Har ila yau, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da rubutun rubutun, wanda zane ya bar ta. Wadannan kalmomin "Yakin Negroes a Cikin Duhun", wanda ya nuna alamar fasahar fasaha ta Alfons Allais, wanda ya kirkiri a 1882.

Ba abin haɗari ba ne kuma sunan wannan nuni, wanda ya nuna aikin Malevich. Za'a iya samo hotunan hotuna a cikin tsoffin tarihin da mujallu na lokaci. Maganin adadi na 10 ya ƙididdige yawan mahalarta da aka sa ran su. Amma zero ya ce za a nuna "Black Square", wanda, bisa ga nufin marubucin, zai rage kome da kome ba kome ba.

Noma uku

Bugu da ƙari, "Black Square" a cikin aikin Malevich sun kasance da dama daga cikin waɗannan siffofin lissafi. Haka ne, kuma "Black Square" a farkon wani mai sauƙi mai sauƙi. Ba shi da kuskuren kuskure. Sabili da haka, daga yanayin zane na zane-zane, zane ne kawai a fili. Masana tarihi na tarihi sun lura cewa ba aikin kulawa ne na marubucin ba, amma matsayi mai mahimmanci. Malevich yayi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tsari, wanda zai kasance mai dadi da kuma wayar hannu.

Har ila yau, Malevich yana da karin ayyuka biyu - murabba'i. Wannan ita ce "Red Square" da "White Square". An nuna zanen "Red Square" a zane na masu zane-zane a gaban "garuruwan" 0.10 ". Yaren farin ya bayyana a 1918. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan Malevich, hotuna na cikin kowane littafi na fasaha a yau, sun sami mataki na lokacin "farin" na Suprematism.

"Harkokin Addini"

Daga 1920 zuwa 1922 Malevich yayi aiki akan zanen "Mystical Suprematism". An kuma san shi da Black Cross a kan Red Oval. An rubuta zane a man a kan zane. Har ila yau an sayar da shi a Sotheby ta kimanin kusan $ 37,000.

Yawanci, wannan zane ya sake maimaita sakamakon da ake yi na "Suprematist construction", wanda aka riga ya fada. Ta kuma samo kanta a tarihin gidan kayan gargajiya na Amsterdam, kuma bayan da aka yi kira ga magada na Malevich zuwa kotun, sun gudanar da sake dawowa a wani sashi na zane-zane.

"Tsarin Mulki 18 Ginin"

Ayyukan Malevich, hotuna da sunayensu ana iya samuwa a cikin kowane littafi a kan tarihin fasaha, mai ban sha'awa da kuma jawo hankali ga kansu.

Wani zane mai ban sha'awa shine zanen "Suprematism, 18 Design," da aka rubuta a 1915. A maimaita, "Sotheby's" an sayar da shi a shekarar 2015 don kimanin kusan dala miliyan 34. Ta kuma ƙare a hannun masu zane-zane a bayan fitina tare da gidan kayan gargajiya na Amsterdam.

Wani hoton, wanda Yaren mutanen Holland ya rabu, shine "Suprematism: ainihin hakikanin ainihin dan kwallon". Ta sami majinta a shekarar 2011. Ita ta Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci a Birnin Chicago ta samu ta da yawa don ba ta son bayyanawa jama'a. Amma aikin 1913 - "Desk da Room" za a iya ganinsa a wani babban hoto na Malevich a cikin tashar "Tate" ta Madrid. Kuma an nuna hotunan ba tare da anonymously ba. Abin da masu shiryawa ke tunani ba shi da tabbas. Bayan haka, a lokuta idan mai mallakar mai zane na zane yana ci gaba da zama incognito, ana sanar da cewa hoton yana cikin tarin mai zaman kansa. A nan, ana amfani da tsari daban daban.

"Suprematist abun da ke ciki"

Ayyukan Malevich, bayanin da za ku samu a wannan labarin, zai ba ku cikakkiyar fahimtar aikinsa. Alal misali, zane-zanen "Ƙaƙƙarwar Maɗaukaki" an halicce shi a 1919-1920. A shekara ta 2000, a kantin sayar da farashi, "Phillips" an sayar da shi don dala miliyan 17.

Wannan hoton, ba kamar na baya ba, bayan tashi daga Malevich daga Berlin zuwa Soviet Union, ya kasance a Jamus. A shekara ta 1935, darektan New York Museum of Modern Art, Alfred Barr, ya kai Amurka zuwa Amurka. Shekaru 20 an nuna ta a Amurka a cikin tsarin koli "Cubism and Art Abstract". Gaskiyar cewa dole ne a cire hoton nan da nan - a Jamus a wannan lokacin da Nazi suka zo kan mulki, aikin kirki na Malevich ya fadi cikin kunya. Ya Nazi magabatansu tana nufin wani samfurin na "degenerate art." Na farko, darekta na masarautar Hanover ya ɓoye zane a cikin gininsa, sa'an nan kuma ya ba Barra asirinsa, wanda ya yi aiki mai ban mamaki a Amurka.

A shekarar 1999, gidan wasan kwaikwayon na New York ya mayar da magada na Malevich wannan hoton da kuma yawan ayyukansa.

Hoton kai tsaye na mai zane

A 1910, Malevich ya rubuta hoton kansa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin hotunansa guda uku waɗanda aka rubuta a wannan lokacin. An san cewa an ajiye wasu biyu a gidajen tarihi na gida. Ana iya ganin waɗannan ayyukan Malevich a cikin Gallery na Tretyakov.

An sayar da hoton mutum na uku a kan siya. Da farko, ya kasance a cikin kamfanonin George Costaki. A shekara ta 2004, a kantin sayar da "Christie" a London, wani hoto mai kama da kansa ya samo mai shi don kawai 162,000 fam din. A cikin duka, saboda a cikin shekaru 35 masu zuwa, darajarta ta girma kusan sau 35. Tuni a shekara ta 2015, an tsara zane a Sotheby ta kusan kusan dala miliyan 9. Lalle ne, haɗin kuɗar kuɗi mai kyau.

"Shugaban wani baƙauye"

Idan ka yi nazari akan aikin Malevich na tsawon shekaru, zaka iya kafa wani ƙari, ta hanyar abin da zai gano yadda aikinsa ya ci gaba.

Misali mai kyau ga wannan shine hoton "Shugaban wani ƙauye," da aka rubuta a 1911. A cikin shekara ta 2014, a kantin sayar da "Sotheby's" a London, ta tafi karkashin guduma don dala miliyan 3.5.

A karo na farko da jama'a suka ga wannan hoton Malevich a shekarar 1912 a zauren "Jakar Donkey", wanda Natalia Goncharova da Mikhail Larionov sun shirya. Bayan wannan, ta halarci zanga-zangar Berlin a shekarar 1927. Malevich kansa ya gabatar da shi ga Hugo Hering. Tuni daga gare shi, ta gaji matarsa da 'yarta. Hirs na magajin sayar da hoton kawai a 1975, bayan mutuwarsa.

A cikin Rasha Museum

Ayyukan Malevich a cikin Rumunan Rasha suna da yawa. A nan, watakila, shine mafi kyaun tarin ayyukansa. Don ƙirƙirar wannan mai gyara da malami suna bi da shi da taƙawa, ana sanya tasirinsa ga wurare masu daraja.

Bugu da ƙari, kudade na Musamman na Rasha a yau suna da kimanin 100 zane-zane, tare da akalla 40 ayyuka masu ban mamaki. Yawancin su da sababbin bayanan. Fiye da haka. Hannun da suka bambanta da tarin, wanda aka gabatar a cikin Museum na Rasha, ma a cikin gaskiyar cewa ayyukan ba kawai ba ne kawai, har yanzu suna ɗaukar nauyin kwarewa mafi girma. An gabatar da shi a farkon aikin, kusan farkon gwaje-gwaje a zane, da kuma bayanan da suka dace, waɗanda ba su san burbushin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zana "Black Square" ba.

Mutuwar mai zane

Kazimir Malevich ya mutu a Leningrad a shekarar 1935. Bisa ga son zuciyarsa, an sanya jikin a cikin wani akwati na Suprematist, wanda shine gicciye tare da makamai masu yadawa, kuma sunyi wuta.